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<meta name="keywords" content="C0231679, finding, finger bends toward pinky, ulnar angulation deformity, ulnar deformity, ulnar deviation, ulnar deviation of finger, ulnar deviation of fingers, ulnar deviation of the fingers, ulnar drift, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Bending or curvature of a finger toward the ulnar side (i.e., away from the thumb). The deviation is at the metacarpal-phalangeal joint, and this finding is distinct from clinodactyly." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<title>Ulnar deviation of finger (Concept Id: C0231679)
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<!--
UID=68543
ConceptID=C0231679
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><div class="ncbi_carousel" data-ncbicarousel-config="imageWidth:'100px',numItemsVisible:2,toggler:false"><div class="nc_header"><span class="img_strip_title">Image</span></div><div class="nc_content"><div class="nc_item"><a class="figpopup"><img alt="Figure 1" src="/projects/medgen/images/thumb/a9be81a22176edf4.1.thumb.jpg" src-large="/projects/medgen/images/a9be81a22176edf4.1.jpg" /></a><br /><a href="http://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=a9be81a22176edf4" target="_blank" title="Elements of Morphology: Human Malformation Terminology - NHGRI">details</a></div></div></div><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Ulnar deviation of finger</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>68543</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0231679</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>Ulnar deviation of fingers; Ulnar deviation of the fingers; Ulnar drift</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Ulnar deviation of fingers (367510009); Ulnar drift (367510009); Ulnar deviation (1293023007); Ulnar drift (1293023007); Ulnar deformity (1293023007); Ulnar angulation deformity (1293023007)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0009465">HP:0009465</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Bending or curvature of a finger toward the ulnar side (i.e., away from the thumb). The deviation is at the metacarpal-phalangeal joint, and this finding is distinct from clinodactyly. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline">Ulnar deviation of finger</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/536898" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of limbs">Abnormality of limbs</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/866555" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the upper limb">Abnormality of the upper limb</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/6715" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the hand">Abnormality of the hand</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870655" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal hand morphology">Abnormal hand morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/869907" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Deviation of the hand or of fingers of the hand">Deviation of the hand or of fingers of the hand</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1680949" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Deviation of finger">Deviation of finger</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Ulnar deviation of finger</span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/767528" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Ulnar deviation of the 3rd finger">Ulnar deviation of the 3rd finger</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870043" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Ulnar deviation of the 4th finger">Ulnar deviation of the 4th finger</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870122" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Ulnar deviation of the 5th finger">Ulnar deviation of the 5th finger</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_67391"><div><strong>Congenital contractural arachnodactyly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>67391</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0220668</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital contractural arachnodactyly (CCA) appears to comprise a broad phenotypic spectrum. Classic CCA is characterized by arachnodactyly; flexion contractures of multiple joints including elbows, knees, hips, ankles, and/or fingers; kyphoscoliosis (usually progressive); a marfanoid habitus (a long and slender build, dolichostenomelia, pectus deformity, muscular hypoplasia, highly arched palate); and abnormal "crumpled" ears. At the mildest end, parents who are diagnosed retrospectively upon evaluation of their more severely affected child may show a lean body build, mild arachnodactyly, mild contractures without impairment, and minor ear abnormalities. At the most severe end is "severe CCA with cardiovascular and/or gastrointestinal anomalies," a rare phenotype in infants with pronounced features of CCA (severe crumpling of the ears, arachnodactyly, contractures, congenital scoliosis, and/or hypotonia) and severe cardiovascular and/or gastrointestinal anomalies. Phenotypic expression can vary within and between families.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/67391">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_113103"><div><strong>Diastrophic dysplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>113103</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0220726</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) is characterized by limb shortening, normal-sized head, hitchhiker thumbs, spinal deformities (scoliosis, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, cervical kyphosis), and contractures of the large joints with deformities and early-onset osteoarthritis. Other typical findings are ulnar deviation of the fingers, gap between the first and second toes, and clubfoot. On occasion, the disease can be lethal at birth, but most affected individuals survive the neonatal period and develop physical limitations with normal intelligence.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/113103">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_82696"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive multiple pterygium syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>82696</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0265261</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Multiple pterygium syndromes comprise a group of multiple congenital anomaly disorders characterized by webbing (pterygia) of the neck, elbows, and/or knees and joint contractures (arthrogryposis) (Morgan et al., 2006). The multiple pterygium syndromes are phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous but are traditionally divided into prenatally lethal (253290) and nonlethal (Escobar) types.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/82696">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_167105"><div><strong>C syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>167105</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0796095</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The C syndrome, also known as Opitz trigonocephaly syndrome, is a malformation syndrome characterized by trigonocephaly, severe mental retardation, hypotonia, variable cardiac defects, redundant skin, and dysmorphic facial features, including upslanted palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, depressed nasal bridge, and low-set, posteriorly rotated ears (summary by Kaname et al., 2007).&#13; C syndrome shows phenotypic overlap with Bohring-Opitz syndrome, or C-like syndrome (605039), a disorder with more severe features than C syndrome, caused by heterozygous mutation in the ASXL1 gene (612990) on chromosome 20q11.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/167105">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_322764"><div><strong>Epiphyseal dysplasia, Baumann type</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>322764</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1835830</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/322764">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_376364"><div><strong>Whistling face syndrome, recessive form</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>376364</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1848470</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Whistling face syndrome is characterized by an atypical facial appearance with anomalies of the hands and feet. Most cases show autosomal dominant inheritance: see distal arthrogryposis 2A (DA2A; 193700). There are rare reports of presumably autosomal recessive inheritance (summary by Altunhan et al., 2010).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/376364">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_342156"><div><strong>Digitotalar dysmorphism; ulnar drift, hereditary</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>342156</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1852085</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/342156">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_346429"><div><strong>Fuhrmann syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>346429</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1856728</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Fuhrmann syndrome is an autosomal recessive limb reduction disorder characterized by severe bowing of the femora and aplasia or hypoplasia of the fibulae and ulnae. The radius may be shortened and bowed. Patients also exhibit variable poly- and/or oligodactyly, including absence or coalescence of tarsal bones, absence of various metatarsals, hypoplasia and aplasia of toes, clinodactyly, hypoplasia of fingers and fingernails, and postaxial polydactyly. Hypoplasia of the pelvis and congenital dislocation of the hip have also been observed (Fuhrmann et al., 1980; Pfeiffer et al., 1988).&#13; Overlapping limb reduction syndromes that are also caused by homozygous mutation in the WNT7A gene include Al-Awadi/Raas-Rothschild syndrome (AARRS; 276820), consisting of absence of ulna and fibula with severe limb deficiency, and Santos syndrome (228930), consisting of fibular agenesis/hypoplasia, oligodactylous clubfeet, and anonychia/nail hypoplasia.&#13; Al-Qattan et al. (2013) stated that AARRS and Fuhrmann syndrome can be differentiated by the following features, which are seen only in AARRS: complete aplasia of 1 or both lower limbs, and absent elbow with radiohumeral synostosis. In addition, the number of digits per hand is 1 to 3 in AARRS, whereas there are 4 to 5 digits in Fuhrmann syndrome. AlQattan et al. (2013) also noted that phocomelia is not a feature of Fuhrmann syndrome.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/346429">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_443957"><div><strong>COG1 congenital disorder of glycosylation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>443957</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2931011</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An extremely rare form of carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome with, in the few cases reported to date, variable signs including microcephaly, growth retardation, psychomotor retardation and facial dysmorphism.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/443957">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1648330"><div><strong>Cardiac, facial, and digital anomalies with developmental delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1648330</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4748484</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">CAFDADD is a multisystemic developmental disorder with variable cardiac and digital anomalies and facial dysmorphism. Some patients may have seizures and ocular/aural abnormalities (Tokita et al., 2018).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1648330">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1803541"><div><strong>Stüve-Wiedemann syndrome 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1803541</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5676888</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by bowing of the long bones and other skeletal anomalies, episodic hyperthermia, respiratory distress, and feeding difficulties usually resulting in early death (Dagoneau et al., 2004).&#13; See also 'classic' Schwartz-Jampel syndrome type 1 (SJS1; 255800), a phenotypically similar but genetically distinct disorder caused by mutation in the HSPG2 gene (142461) on chromosome 1p36.&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Stuve-Wiedemann Syndrome&#13; Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome-2 (STWS2; 619751) is caused by mutation in the IL6ST gene (600694) on chromosome 5q11.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1803541">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_82696" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Autosomal recessive multiple pterygium syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_167105" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">C syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1648330" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cardiac, facial, and digital anomalies with developmental delay</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_443957" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">COG1 congenital disorder of glycosylation</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_67391" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital contractural arachnodactyly</a></div><div class="jig-moreless" data-jigconfig="class: 'moveDown', moreText: 'See full list (11)', lessText: 'Show less', nodeBefore: 0"><span id="clinMore">
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_113103" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Diastrophic dysplasia</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_342156" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Digitotalar dysmorphism; ulnar drift, hereditary</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_322764" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Epiphyseal dysplasia, Baumann type</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_346429" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Fuhrmann syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1803541" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Stüve-Wiedemann syndrome 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_376364" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Whistling face syndrome, recessive form</a></div></span></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34455102">Early vs late surgical treatment of radial instability of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint. A retrospective cohort study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">George S,
Rizkallah M,
Leviet D,
Leclercq C,
El Abiad R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hand Surg Rehabil</span>
2021 Dec;40(6):771-776.
Epub 2021 Aug 26
doi: 10.1016/j.hansur.2021.08.008.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34455102" target="_blank">34455102</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21955970">Pathogenesis and management of deformities of the elbow, wrist, and hand in late neonatal brachial plexus palsy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sebastin SJ,
Chung KC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Rehabil Med</span>
2011;4(2):119-30.
doi: 10.3233/PRM-2011-0169.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21955970" target="_blank">21955970</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/3978937">Hand assessment and management of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bayne LG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Orthop Relat Res</span>
1985 Apr;(194):68-73.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/3978937" target="_blank">3978937</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(ulnar%20deviation%20of%20finger)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (8)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30760140">Clinical Findings and Treatments of a Radially Deviated Type of Thumb Polydactyly.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Suzuki A,
Kawabata H,
Hayashi J,
Tamura D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol</span>
2019 Mar;24(1):17-23.
doi: 10.1142/S2424835519500048.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30760140" target="_blank">30760140</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30361046">Little finger abduction and adduction testing in ulnar nerve lesions.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bertelli JA,
Tavares KE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hand Surg Rehabil</span>
2018 Dec;37(6):368-371.
Epub 2018 Oct 23
doi: 10.1016/j.hansur.2018.09.006.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30361046" target="_blank">30361046</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/2584657">Crossed intrinsic transfer.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Oster LH,
Blair WF,
Steyers CM,
Flatt AE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hand Surg Am</span>
1989 Nov;14(6):963-71.
doi: 10.1016/s0363-5023(89)80045-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/2584657" target="_blank">2584657</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/4078264">Radiolunate arthrodesis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Linscheid RL,
Dobyns JH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hand Surg Am</span>
1985 Nov;10(6 Pt 1):821-9.
doi: 10.1016/s0363-5023(85)80157-x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/4078264" target="_blank">4078264</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/818089">Ulnar dysmelia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ogden JA,
Watson HK,
Bohne W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Bone Joint Surg Am</span>
1976 Jun;58(4):467-75.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/818089" target="_blank">818089</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ulnar%20deviation%20of%20finger%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (119)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33086366">Clinical Characteristics and Surgical Outcomes of Congenital Ulnar-deviated Thumbs: Delta Triphalangeal Thumbs and Irregular Epiphyses.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Han B,
Shen K,
Wang Z,
Xu Y</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Orthop</span>
2021 Jan;41(1):28-32.
doi: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000001679.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33086366" target="_blank">33086366</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7727465" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30760140">Clinical Findings and Treatments of a Radially Deviated Type of Thumb Polydactyly.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Suzuki A,
Kawabata H,
Hayashi J,
Tamura D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol</span>
2019 Mar;24(1):17-23.
doi: 10.1142/S2424835519500048.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30760140" target="_blank">30760140</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30361046">Little finger abduction and adduction testing in ulnar nerve lesions.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bertelli JA,
Tavares KE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hand Surg Rehabil</span>
2018 Dec;37(6):368-371.
Epub 2018 Oct 23
doi: 10.1016/j.hansur.2018.09.006.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30361046" target="_blank">30361046</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25455399">Thumb ulnar collateral and radial collateral ligament injuries.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Schroeder NS,
Goldfarb CA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Sports Med</span>
2015 Jan;34(1):117-26.
Epub 2014 Oct 11
doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2014.09.004.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25455399" target="_blank">25455399</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/5902795">Fracture-dislocation of an index metacarpophalangeal joint and an ulnar deviating force in the flexor tendons.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Flatt AE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Bone Joint Surg Am</span>
1966 Jan;48(1):100-4.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/5902795" target="_blank">5902795</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ulnar%20deviation%20of%20finger%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (69)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33086366">Clinical Characteristics and Surgical Outcomes of Congenital Ulnar-deviated Thumbs: Delta Triphalangeal Thumbs and Irregular Epiphyses.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Han B,
Shen K,
Wang Z,
Xu Y</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Orthop</span>
2021 Jan;41(1):28-32.
doi: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000001679.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33086366" target="_blank">33086366</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7727465" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28774254">Can Physical Examination Create a Stener Lesion?</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lankachandra M,
Eggers JP,
Bogener JW,
Hutchison RL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol</span>
2017 Sep;22(3):350-354.
doi: 10.1142/S0218810417500411.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28774254" target="_blank">28774254</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28608275">Robert Mathys Finger prosthesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint: a retrospective case series of 19 joints in 17 patients.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Rijnja JP,
Kouwenberg PPGM,
Ray S,
Walbeehm ET</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Orthop Trauma Surg</span>
2017 Aug;137(8):1155-1160.
Epub 2017 Jun 12
doi: 10.1007/s00402-017-2725-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28608275" target="_blank">28608275</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18254021">Post-operative therapy for metacarpophalangeal arthroplasty.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Massy-Westropp N,
Johnston RV,
Hill C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2008 Jan 23;2008(1):CD003522.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003522.pub2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18254021" target="_blank">18254021</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8715905" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/8014550">The A1 pulley in rheumatoid flexor tenosynovectomy. To retain or divide?</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">de Jager LT,
Jaffe R,
Learmonth ID,
Heywood AW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hand Surg Br</span>
1994 Apr;19(2):202-4.
doi: 10.1016/0266-7681(94)90166-x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/8014550" target="_blank">8014550</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ulnar%20deviation%20of%20finger%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (35)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36204982">Use of the duplication range concept for understanding morphology and predicting prognosis in thumb polydactyly.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Saito S,
Makino A,
Yamanaka H,
Tsuge I,
Morimoto N</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hand Surg Eur Vol</span>
2023 Jan;48(1):10-19.
Epub 2022 Oct 6
doi: 10.1177/17531934221126864.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36204982" target="_blank">36204982</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30760140">Clinical Findings and Treatments of a Radially Deviated Type of Thumb Polydactyly.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Suzuki A,
Kawabata H,
Hayashi J,
Tamura D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol</span>
2019 Mar;24(1):17-23.
doi: 10.1142/S2424835519500048.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30760140" target="_blank">30760140</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/2584657">Crossed intrinsic transfer.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Oster LH,
Blair WF,
Steyers CM,
Flatt AE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hand Surg Am</span>
1989 Nov;14(6):963-71.
doi: 10.1016/s0363-5023(89)80045-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/2584657" target="_blank">2584657</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/4078264">Radiolunate arthrodesis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Linscheid RL,
Dobyns JH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hand Surg Am</span>
1985 Nov;10(6 Pt 1):821-9.
doi: 10.1016/s0363-5023(85)80157-x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/4078264" target="_blank">4078264</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/818089">Ulnar dysmelia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ogden JA,
Watson HK,
Bohne W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Bone Joint Surg Am</span>
1976 Jun;58(4):467-75.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/818089" target="_blank">818089</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ulnar%20deviation%20of%20finger%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (54)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35354533">Surgical Results of Ulnar Component Excision and Radial Component Reconstruction in Patients With Preaxial Polydactyly of the Hand.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ku KH,
Yoon JO,
Kim HY,
Shin YH,
Kim JK</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hand Surg Am</span>
2023 Aug;48(8):829.e1-829.e9.
Epub 2022 Mar 27
doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.01.029.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35354533" target="_blank">35354533</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32452216">The Long-term Results of Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthroplasty of the Osteoarthritic Index Finger.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Richards T,
Ingham L,
Russell I,
Newington D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hand (N Y)</span>
2022 Mar;17(2):266-270.
Epub 2020 May 26
doi: 10.1177/1558944720921468.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32452216" target="_blank">32452216</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8984708" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33086366">Clinical Characteristics and Surgical Outcomes of Congenital Ulnar-deviated Thumbs: Delta Triphalangeal Thumbs and Irregular Epiphyses.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Han B,
Shen K,
Wang Z,
Xu Y</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Orthop</span>
2021 Jan;41(1):28-32.
doi: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000001679.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33086366" target="_blank">33086366</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7727465" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30760140">Clinical Findings and Treatments of a Radially Deviated Type of Thumb Polydactyly.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Suzuki A,
Kawabata H,
Hayashi J,
Tamura D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol</span>
2019 Mar;24(1):17-23.
doi: 10.1142/S2424835519500048.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30760140" target="_blank">30760140</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/818089">Ulnar dysmelia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ogden JA,
Watson HK,
Bohne W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Bone Joint Surg Am</span>
1976 Jun;58(4):467-75.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/818089" target="_blank">818089</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ulnar%20deviation%20of%20finger%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (90)</a></div></div>
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Johnston RV,
Hill C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2008 Jan 23;2008(1):CD003522.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003522.pub2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18254021" target="_blank">18254021</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8715905" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
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