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<meta name="keywords" content="C0018564, abnormal hands, abnormality of the hand, anatomical abnormality, deformities, hand, deformity of hand, deformity, hand, hand anomalies, hand deformities, hand deformity, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="An abnormality affecting one or both hands." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
UID=6715
ConceptID=C0018564
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Abnormality of the hand</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>6715</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0018564</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>Deformities, Hand; Deformity, Hand; Hand Deformities; Hand Deformity</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Deformity of hand (299033004)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001155">HP:0001155</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="rprt-body jig-ncbiinpagenav" data-jigconfig="smoothScroll: false, gotoTopLink: true, gotoTopLinkText: '', gotoTopLinkAttrs: {'title': 'Go to the top of the page'},allHeadingLevels: ['h1'], topOfPageTOC: true, tocId: 'my-toc'"><div id="rprt-tabs-1" class="rprt-tab"><div id="tb-termsProp-1"><div class="leftCol mgCol"><div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">An abnormality affecting one or both hands. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0018564[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=6715">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the hand</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867443" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Phenotypic abnormality">Phenotypic abnormality</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/536898" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of limbs">Abnormality of limbs</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/866555" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the upper limb">Abnormality of the upper limb</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Abnormality of the hand</span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870655" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal hand morphology">Abnormal hand morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/866888" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal hand bone ossification">Abnormal hand bone ossification</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1053869" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal finger phalanx ossification">Abnormal finger phalanx ossification</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1864164" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal metacarpal ossification">Abnormal metacarpal ossification</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870624" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of carpal bone ossification">Abnormality of carpal bone ossification</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/866538" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Advanced ossification of the hand bones">Advanced ossification of the hand bones</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870914" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Deficient ossification of hand bones">Deficient ossification of hand bones</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/892344" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Delayed ossification of the hand bones">Delayed ossification of the hand bones</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/866948" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Epiphyseal stippling of finger phalanges">Epiphyseal stippling of finger phalanges</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867156" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Epiphyseal stippling of the metacarpals">Epiphyseal stippling of the metacarpals</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870912" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Irregular ossification of hand bones">Irregular ossification of hand bones</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870651" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal hand cortical bone morphology">Abnormal hand cortical bone morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870916" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Cortical thinning of hand bones">Cortical thinning of hand bones</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870653" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal hand epiphysis morphology">Abnormal hand epiphysis morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867253" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal epiphysis morphology of the phalanges of the hand">Abnormal epiphysis morphology of the phalanges of the hand</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870656" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal metacarpal epiphysis morphology">Abnormal metacarpal epiphysis morphology</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/338090" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Rounded epiphyses">Rounded epiphyses</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/343770" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autoamputation of digits">Autoamputation of digits</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870950" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Curved fingers">Curved fingers</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/869907" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Deviation of the hand or of fingers of the hand">Deviation of the hand or of fingers of the hand</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1680949" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Deviation of finger">Deviation of finger</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/869906" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Radial deviation of the hand or of fingers of the hand">Radial deviation of the hand or of fingers of the hand</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/892857" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Ulnar deviation of the hand or of fingers of the hand">Ulnar deviation of the hand or of fingers of the hand</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1722692" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Fractured manual digit">Fractured manual digit</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/65994" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Hand clenching">Hand clenching</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/98097" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Large hands">Large hands</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/369963" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Mitten deformity">Mitten deformity</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870910" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Notched hand bones">Notched hand bones</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870909" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Overmodelled hand bones">Overmodelled hand bones</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870907" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Pointed hand bones">Pointed hand bones</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/871307" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Short tubular bones of the hand">Short tubular bones of the hand</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/871311" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Ulnar claw">Ulnar claw</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870902" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Undermodelled hand bones">Undermodelled hand bones</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/348042" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Valgus hand deformity">Valgus hand deformity</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867564" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal palm morphology">Abnormal palm morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/892900" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal skin morphology of the palm">Abnormal skin morphology of the palm</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/871322" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal palmar dermatoglyphics">Abnormal palmar dermatoglyphics</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867214" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Excessive wrinkling of palmar skin">Excessive wrinkling of palmar skin</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1385026" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Palmar edema">Palmar edema</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/346478" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Palmar hyperhidrosis">Palmar hyperhidrosis</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/869284" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Palmar hyperkeratosis">Palmar hyperkeratosis</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/400466" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Palmar hyperlinearity">Palmar hyperlinearity</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1715513" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Palmar warts">Palmar warts</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/75535" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Broad palm">Broad palm</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/869005" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Long palm">Long palm</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/346628" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Narrow palm">Narrow palm</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870396" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Palmar neurofibroma">Palmar neurofibroma</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/334684" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Short palm">Short palm</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/6717" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Congenital deformity of hand">Congenital deformity of hand</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_8083"><div><strong>Fabry disease</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>8083</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0002986</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Fabry disease is the most common of the lysosomal storage disorders and results from deficient activity of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (a-Gal A), leading to progressive lysosomal deposition of globotriaosylceramide and its derivatives in cells throughout the body. The classic form, occurring in males with less than 1% a-Gal A enzyme activity, usually has its onset in childhood or adolescence with periodic crises of severe pain in the extremities (acroparesthesia), the appearance of vascular cutaneous lesions (angiokeratomas), sweating abnormalities (anhidrosis, hypohidrosis, and rarely hyperhidrosis), characteristic corneal and lenticular opacities, and proteinuria. Gradual deterioration of kidney function to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) usually occurs in men in the third to fifth decade. In middle age, most males successfully treated for ESKD develop cardiac and/or cerebrovascular disease, a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Heterozygous females typically have milder symptoms at a later age of onset than males. Rarely, females may be relatively asymptomatic throughout a normal life span or may have symptoms as severe as those observed in males with the classic phenotype. In contrast, late-onset forms occur in males with greater than 1% a-Gal A activity. Clinical manifestations include cardiac disease, which usually presents in the sixth to eighth decade with left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, and proteinuria; kidney failure, associated with ESKD but without the skin lesions or pain; or cerebrovascular disease presenting as stroke or transient ischemic attack.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/8083">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_5414"><div><strong>Hallermann-Streiff syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>5414</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0018522</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hallermann-Streiff syndrome is characterized by a typical skull shape (brachycephaly with frontal bossing), hypotrichosis, microphthalmia, cataracts, beaked nose, micrognathia, skin atrophy, dental anomalies, and proportionate short stature (Hallermann, 1948; Streiff, 1950; Francois, 1958). Mental retardation is present in a minority of cases (Gorlin et al., 1990).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/5414">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_44078"><div><strong>Laurence-Moon syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>44078</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0023138</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">PNPLA6 disorders span a phenotypic continuum characterized by variable combinations of cerebellar ataxia; upper motor neuron involvement manifesting as spasticity and/or brisk reflexes; chorioretinal dystrophy associated with variable degrees of reduced visual function; and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (delayed puberty and lack of secondary sex characteristics). The hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occurs either in isolation or as part of anterior hypopituitarism (growth hormone, thyroid hormone, or gonadotropin deficiencies). Common but less frequent features are peripheral neuropathy (usually of axonal type manifesting as reduced distal reflexes, diminished vibratory sensation, and/or distal muscle wasting); hair anomalies (long eyelashes, bushy eyebrows, or scalp alopecia); short stature; and impaired cognitive functioning (learning disabilities in children; deficits in attention, visuospatial abilities, and recall in adults). Some of these features can occur in distinct clusters on the phenotypic continuum: Boucher-Neuhäuser syndrome (cerebellar ataxia, chorioretinal dystrophy, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism); Gordon Holmes syndrome (cerebellar ataxia, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and to a variable degree brisk reflexes); Oliver-McFarlane syndrome (trichomegaly, chorioretinal dystrophy, short stature, intellectual disability, and hypopituitarism); Laurence-Moon syndrome; and spastic paraplegia type 39 (SPG39) (upper motor neuron involvement, peripheral neuropathy, and sometimes reduced cognitive functioning and/or cerebellar ataxia).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/44078">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_56416"><div><strong>Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>56416</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0162361</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia 2, or Clouston syndrome (referred to as HED2 throughout this GeneReview) is characterized by a triad of major clinical features including partial-to-complete alopecia, nail dystrophy, and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. Sweating is preserved and there are usually no dental anomalies. Sparse scalp hair and dysplastic nails are seen early in life. In infancy, scalp hair is fine, sparse, and brittle. Progressive hair loss may lead to total alopecia by puberty. The nails may be milky white in early childhood; they gradually become dystrophic, thick, and distally separated from the nail bed. Palmoplantar keratoderma may develop during childhood and increases in severity with age. Associated features may include cutaneous hyperpigmentation (particularly over the joints) and finger clubbing. The clinical manifestations are highly variable even within the same family.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/56416">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_65085"><div><strong>Velocardiofacial syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>65085</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0220704</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) can present with a wide range of features that are highly variable, even within families. The major clinical manifestations of 22q11.2DS include congenital heart disease, particularly conotruncal malformations (ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, interrupted aortic arch, and truncus arteriosus), palatal abnormalities (velopharyngeal incompetence, submucosal cleft palate, bifid uvula, and cleft palate), immune deficiency, characteristic facial features, and learning difficulties. Hearing loss can be sensorineural and/or conductive. Laryngotracheoesophageal, gastrointestinal, ophthalmologic, central nervous system, skeletal, and genitourinary anomalies also occur. Psychiatric illness and autoimmune disorders are more common in individuals with 22q11.2DS.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/65085">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_98151"><div><strong>Francois syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98151</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0432288</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Dermochondrocorneal dystrophy, or Francois syndrome, is a rare disorder characterized by the development of skin nodules, acquired deformities of the extremities, and a corneal dystrophy. The corneal dystrophy is central and superficial with whitish subepithelial opacities (summary by Bierly et al., 1992).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98151">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_318554"><div><strong>Episodic ataxia type 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>318554</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C1719788</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1) is a potassium channelopathy characterized by constant myokymia and dramatic episodes of spastic contractions of the skeletal muscles of the head, arms, and legs with loss of both motor coordination and balance. During attacks individuals may experience a number of variable symptoms including vertigo, blurred vision, diplopia, nausea, headache, diaphoresis, clumsiness, stiffening of the body, dysarthric speech, and difficulty in breathing, among others. EA1 may be associated with epilepsy. Other possible associations include delayed motor development, cognitive disability, choreoathetosis, and carpal spasm. Usually, onset is in childhood or early adolescence.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/318554">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_316921"><div><strong>Congenital hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>316921</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1832162</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy (HJMD) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hair loss followed by progressive macular degeneration and early blindness. Scalp hair is lost during the first months of life, with onset of retinal degeneration and vision loss a few years to 2 decades later (summary by Sprecher et al., 2001 and Indelman et al., 2002).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/316921">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_324484"><div><strong>Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, with severe proximal femoral dysplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>324484</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836315</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A rare primary bone dysplasia characterised by severe early-onset dysplasia of the proximal femurs, with almost complete absence of the secondary ossification centres and abnormal development of the femoral necks (short and broad with irregular metaphyses). It is associated with gait abnormality, mild short stature, arthralgia, and joint stiffness with limited mobility of the hips and irregular acetabula, and hip and knee pain. Coxa vara and mild spinal changes are also associated.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/324484">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_343129"><div><strong>Mesomelic dysplasia, Savarirayan type</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>343129</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1854470</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Severely hypoplastic and triangular-shaped tibiae and absence of the fibulae.Two sporadic cases have been described. Moderate mesomelia of the upper limbs, proximal widening of the ulnas, pelvic anomalies and marked bilateral glenoid hypoplasia also reported.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/343129">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_340887"><div><strong>Fibular aplasia, tibial campomelia, and oligosyndactyly syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>340887</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1855499</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">FATCO syndrome comprises fibular aplasia, tibial campomelia, and oligosyndactyly (Courtens et al., 2005).&#13; See also ectrodactyly (split-hand/foot malformation) associated with fibular hypoplasia/aplasia (113310).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/340887">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_355268"><div><strong>Microphthalmia with brain and digit anomalies</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>355268</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1864689</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">This syndrome has characteristics of anophthalmia or microphthalmia, retinal dystrophy, and/or myopia, associated in some cases with cerebral anomalies. It has been described in two families. Polydactyly may also be present. Linkage analysis allowed identification of mutations in the BMP4 gene, which has already been shown to play a role in eye development.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/355268">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1648386"><div><strong>Polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1648386</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4721893</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy (PLOSL) is characterized by fractures (resulting from radiologically demonstrable polycystic osseous lesions), frontal lobe syndrome, and progressive presenile dementia beginning in the fourth decade. The clinical course of PLOSL can be divided into four stages: 1.. The latent stage is characterized by normal early development. 2.. The osseous stage (3rd decade of life) is characterized by pain and tenderness, mostly in ankles and feet, usually following strain or injury. Fractures are typically diagnosed several years later, most commonly in the bones of the extremities. 3.. In the early neurologic stage (4th decade of life), a change of personality begins to develop insidiously. Affected individuals show a frontal lobe syndrome (loss of judgment, euphoria, loss of social inhibitions, disturbance of concentration, and lack of insight, libido, and motor persistence) leading to serious social issues. 4.. The late neurologic stage is characterized by progressive dementia and loss of mobility. Death usually occurs before age 50 years.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1648386">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_316921" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_318554" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Episodic ataxia type 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_8083" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Fabry disease</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_340887" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Fibular aplasia, tibial campomelia, and oligosyndactyly syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_98151" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Francois syndrome</a></div><div class="jig-moreless" data-jigconfig="class: 'moveDown', moreText: 'See full list (13)', lessText: 'Show less', nodeBefore: 0"><span id="clinMore">
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_5414" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hallermann-Streiff syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_56416" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_44078" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Laurence-Moon syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_343129" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Mesomelic dysplasia, Savarirayan type</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_355268" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Microphthalmia with brain and digit anomalies</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_324484" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, with severe proximal femoral dysplasia</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1648386" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_65085" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Velocardiofacial syndrome</a></div></span></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36227449">Role of Melatonin in the Management of Sleep and Circadian Disorders in the Context of Psychiatric Illness.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Moon E,
Kim K,
Partonen T,
Linnaranta O</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Psychiatry Rep</span>
2022 Nov;24(11):623-634.
Epub 2022 Oct 13
doi: 10.1007/s11920-022-01369-6.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36227449" target="_blank">36227449</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9633504" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18981805">Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cerebral palsy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">O'Shea TM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Obstet Gynecol</span>
2008 Dec;51(4):816-28.
doi: 10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181870ba7.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18981805" target="_blank">18981805</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3051278" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/14572299">Role of topical emollients and moisturizers in the treatment of dry skin barrier disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lodén M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Clin Dermatol</span>
2003;4(11):771-88.
doi: 10.2165/00128071-200304110-00005.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/14572299" target="_blank">14572299</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(abnormality%20of%20the%20hand)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (312)</a></div></div>
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<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24709170">Safety and feasibility of transulnar versus transradial artery approach for coronary catheterization in non-selective patients.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Geng W,
Fu X,
Gu X,
Jiang Y,
Fan W,
Wang Y,
Li W,
Xing K,
Liu C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Chin Med J (Engl)</span>
2014;127(7):1222-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24709170" target="_blank">24709170</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Abnormality%20of%20the%20hand%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22476516">A new skill for treating unclassified thumb polydactyly: ablation via a periosteal incision.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wang C,
Huang X,
Tan W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Aesthetic Plast Surg</span>
2012 Aug;36(4):928-33.
Epub 2012 Apr 5
doi: 10.1007/s00266-011-9861-2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22476516" target="_blank">22476516</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Abnormality%20of%20the%20hand%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24709170">Safety and feasibility of transulnar versus transradial artery approach for coronary catheterization in non-selective patients.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Geng W,
Fu X,
Gu X,
Jiang Y,
Fan W,
Wang Y,
Li W,
Xing K,
Liu C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Chin Med J (Engl)</span>
2014;127(7):1222-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24709170" target="_blank">24709170</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Abnormality%20of%20the%20hand%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24709170">Safety and feasibility of transulnar versus transradial artery approach for coronary catheterization in non-selective patients.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Geng W,
Fu X,
Gu X,
Jiang Y,
Fan W,
Wang Y,
Li W,
Xing K,
Liu C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Chin Med J (Engl)</span>
2014;127(7):1222-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24709170" target="_blank">24709170</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Abnormality%20of%20the%20hand%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0018564%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (5)</a></li>
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