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<!--
UID=66690
ConceptID=C0233844
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Clumsiness</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66690</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0233844</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
<td>Awkwardness</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Awkwardness (7006003); Clumsiness (7006003)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002312">HP:0002312</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Lack of physical coordination resulting in an abnormal tendency to drop items or bump into objects. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0233844[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=66690">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=66690" ref="ncbi_uid=66690">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Clumsiness</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/474891" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Congenital Systemic Disorder">Congenital Systemic Disorder</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/105425" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the nervous system">Abnormality of the nervous system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/868417" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal nervous system physiology">Abnormal nervous system physiology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/868940" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal central motor function">Abnormal central motor function</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/868939" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of coordination">Abnormality of coordination</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/141714" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Incoordination">Incoordination</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Clumsiness</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_58144"><div><strong>Angelman syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>58144</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C0162635</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Angelman syndrome (AS) is characterized by severe developmental delay or intellectual disability, severe speech impairment, gait ataxia and/or tremulousness of the limbs, and unique behavior with an apparent happy demeanor that includes frequent laughing, smiling, and excitability. Microcephaly and seizures are also common. Developmental delays are first noted at around age six months; however, the unique clinical features of AS do not become manifest until after age one year.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/58144">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_66357"><div><strong>Oromandibular-limb hypogenesis spectrum</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66357</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0221060</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The most basic description of Moebius syndrome is a congenital facial palsy with impairment of ocular abduction. The facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) and abducens nerve (CN VI) are most frequently involved, but other cranial nerves may be involved as well. Other variable features include orofacial dysmorphism and limb malformations. Mental retardation has been reported in a subset of patients. Most cases of Moebius syndrome are sporadic, but familial occurrence has been reported (Verzijl et al., 2003).&#13; The definition of and diagnostic criteria for Moebius syndrome have been controversial and problematic. The syndrome has most frequently been confused with hereditary congenital facial paresis (HCFP; see 601471), which is restricted to involvement of the facial nerve and no other abnormalities. Verzijl et al. (2003) and Verzijl et al. (2005) concluded that HCFP and Moebius syndrome are distinct disorders, and that Moebius syndrome is a complex developmental disorder of the brainstem.&#13; Moebius syndrome was defined at the Moebius Syndrome Foundation Research Conference in 2007 as congenital, nonprogressive facial weakness with limited abduction of one or both eyes. Additional features can include hearing loss and other cranial nerve dysfunction, as well as motor, orofacial, musculoskeletal, neurodevelopmental, and social problems (summary by Webb et al., 2012).&#13; Kumar (1990) provided a review of Moebius syndrome, which was critiqued by Lipson et al. (1990). Briegel (2006) provided a review of Moebius sequence with special emphasis on neuropsychiatric findings.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66357">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_82816"><div><strong>Hyperlysinemia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>82816</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0268553</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hyperlysinemia type I is an autosomal recessive metabolic condition with variable clinical features. Some patients who present in infancy with nonspecific seizures, hypotonia, or mildly delayed psychomotor development have been found to have increased serum lysine and pipecolic acid on laboratory analysis. However, about 50% of probands are reported to be asymptomatic, and hyperlysinemia is generally considered to be a benign metabolic variant (summary by Tondo et al., 2013; Houten et al., 2013).&#13; The AASS gene encodes a bifunctional enzyme: lysine alpha-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase. In hyperlysinemia type I, both enzymatic functions of AASS are defective; in hyperlysinemia type II, also known as saccharopinuria (268700), some of the first enzymatic function is retained (Cox, 1985; Cox et al., 1986).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/82816">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_163235"><div><strong>Intellectual disability, X-linked 30</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>163235</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0796237</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Any non-syndromic X-linked intellectual disability in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the PAK3 gene.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/163235">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_163239"><div><strong>Brown-Vialetto-van Laere syndrome 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>163239</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0796274</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive neurologic disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss and a variety of cranial nerve palsies, usually involving the motor components of the seventh and ninth to twelfth (more rarely the third, fifth, and sixth) cranial nerves. Spinal motor nerves and, less commonly, upper motor neurons are sometimes affected, giving a picture resembling amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; 105400). The onset of the disease is usually in the second decade, but earlier and later onset have been reported. Hearing loss tends to precede the onset of neurologic signs, mostly progressive muscle weakness causing respiratory compromise. However, patients with very early onset may present with bulbar palsy and may not develop hearing loss until later. The symptoms, severity, and disease duration are variable (summary by Green et al., 2010).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere Syndrome&#13; See also BVVLS2 (614707), caused by mutation in the SLC52A2 gene (607882) on chromosome 8q.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/163239">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_324520"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia 7</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>324520</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836474</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia is a neurologic disorder characterized by onset of progressive gait difficulties, eye movement abnormalities, and dysarthria in the first or second decade of life (summary by Dy et al., 2015).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/324520">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_334220"><div><strong>Infantile-onset autosomal recessive nonprogressive cerebellar ataxia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>334220</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1842676</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A rare genetic autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia disease with characteristics of nonprogressive cerebellar ataxia, with onset in infancy, manifesting with delayed motor and speech development, gait ataxia, dysmetria, hypotonia, increased deep tendon reflexes and dysarthria. Additional variable manifestations include moderate nystagmus on lateral gaze, mild spasticity, intention tremor, short stature and pes planus. Brain imaging reveals cerebellar vermis atrophy.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/334220">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_341248"><div><strong>Familial isolated deficiency of vitamin E</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>341248</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1848533</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Untreated ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED) generally manifests between ages five and 15 years. The first manifestations include progressive ataxia, clumsiness of the hands, loss of proprioception, and areflexia. Other features often observed are dysdiadochokinesia, dysarthria, positive Romberg sign, head titubation, decreased visual acuity, and positive Babinski sign. Although age of onset and disease course are more uniform within a given family, disease manifestations and their severity can vary even among sibs. When lifelong high-dose vitamin E supplementation is initiated in presymptomatic individuals, manifestations of AVED do not develop.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/341248">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_338613"><div><strong>Infantile onset spinocerebellar ataxia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>338613</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1849096</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome-7 is an autosomal recessive severe neurodegenerative disorder characterized primarily by hypotonia, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, hearing loss, seizures, and sensory axonal neuropathy. Although originally classified as a form of spinocerebellar ataxia (see, e.g., SCA1, 164400) (Koskinen et al., 1994), it has been reclassified as a mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (Hakonen et al., 2008) based on the finding of mtDNA depletion in the brain and liver of affected individuals.&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal recessive mtDNA depletion syndromes, see MTDPS1 (603041).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/338613">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_376792"><div><strong>Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 5</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>376792</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1850442</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL; CLN) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigment storage material in different patterns ultrastructurally. The lipopigment patterns observed most often in CLN5 comprise mixed combinations of 'granular,' 'curvilinear,' and 'fingerprint' profiles. The clinical course includes progressive dementia, seizures, and progressive visual failure (Mole et al., 2005).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of CLN, see CLN1 (256730).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/376792">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_400595"><div><strong>Finnish upper limb-onset distal myopathy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>400595</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1864706</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Distal myopathy-3 (MPD3) is an autosomal dominant skeletal muscle disorder characterized by adult onset of slowly progressive distal muscular weakness and atrophy affecting the upper and lower limbs, leading to difficulties using the hands and walking difficulties. Proximal muscle involvement may occur later in the disease, but patients typically remain ambulatory. Muscle biopsy shows myopathic changes with rimmed vacuoles (Hackman et al., 2021).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/400595">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_355328"><div><strong>Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 8 northern epilepsy variant</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>355328</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1864923</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL; CLN) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigment storage material in different patterns ultrastructurally. The lipopigment patterns observed most often in CLN8 comprise mixed combinations of 'granular,' 'curvilinear,' and 'fingerprint' profiles (Mole et al., 2005).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of CLN, see CLN1 (256730).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/355328">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_355560"><div><strong>Torsion dystonia 7</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>355560</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1865818</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Idiopathic torsion dystonia (ITD) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of movement disorders characterized by sustained dystonic muscle contractions causing involuntary twisting movements and/or postures, where causes such as cerebral lesions (especially of the basal ganglia), drugs, or other neurologic disorders have not been found. Adult-onset torsion dystonia usually remains focal and is localized in the upper part of the body (summary by Leube et al., 1996).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/355560">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_358391"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>358391</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1869123</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Calpainopathy is characterized by symmetric and progressive weakness of proximal limb-girdle muscles. Clinical findings of calpainopathy include the tendency to walk on tiptoe, difficulty in running, scapular winging, waddling gait, laxity of the abdominal muscles, Achilles tendon shortening, and scoliosis. Affected individuals typically do not have cardiac involvement or intellectual disability. Three autosomal recessive calpainopathy phenotypes have been identified based on the distribution of muscle weakness and age at onset: Pelvifemoral limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) (Leyden-Möbius LGMD) phenotype, the most frequently observed calpainopathy phenotype, in which muscle weakness is first evident in the pelvic girdle and later in the shoulder girdle, with onset that may occur as early as before age 12 years or as late as after age 30 years. Scapulohumeral LGMD (Erb LGMD) phenotype, usually a milder phenotype with infrequent early onset, in which muscle weakness is first evident in the shoulder girdle and later in the pelvic girdle. HyperCKemia, usually observed in children or young individuals, in which individuals are asymptomatic and have high serum creatine kinase (CK) concentrations. The autosomal dominant form of calpainopathy is clinically variable, ranging from almost asymptomatic to wheelchair dependence after age 60 years in a few individuals; phenotype is generally milder than the recessive form.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/358391">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_414488"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive Parkinson disease 14</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>414488</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2751842</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Parkinson's disease can also affect emotions and thinking ability (cognition). Some affected individuals develop psychiatric conditions such as depression and visual hallucinations. People with Parkinson's disease also have an increased risk of developing dementia, which is a decline in intellectual functions including judgment and memory.\n\nOften the first symptom of Parkinson's disease is trembling or shaking (tremor) of a limb, especially when the body is at rest. Typically, the tremor begins on one side of the body, usually in one hand. Tremors can also affect the arms, legs, feet, and face. Other characteristic symptoms of Parkinson's disease include rigidity or stiffness of the limbs and torso, slow movement (bradykinesia) or an inability to move (akinesia), and impaired balance and coordination (postural instability). These symptoms worsen slowly over time.\n\nGenerally, Parkinson's disease that begins after age 50 is called late-onset disease. The condition is described as early-onset disease if signs and symptoms begin before age 50. Early-onset cases that begin before age 20 are sometimes referred to as juvenile-onset Parkinson's disease.\n\nParkinson's disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system. The disorder affects several regions of the brain, especially an area called the substantia nigra that controls balance and movement.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/414488">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462706"><div><strong>Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts 2B, remitting, with or without intellectual disability</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462706</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3151356</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) is characterized by two phenotypes: classic MLC and improving MLC. Individuals with classic MLC present with macrocephaly, often in association with seizures, gradual onset of ataxia, spasticity, and sometimes extrapyramidal findings, mild gross motor developmental delays, and late-onset cognitive deterioration. Macrocephaly, observed in most affected individuals, may be present at birth but more frequently develops during the first year of life. The degree of macrocephaly is variable, with head circumferences reaching four to six standard deviations greater than the mean. After the first year of life, head growth trajectory typically normalizes and growth follows a line parallel to, although several standard deviations above, the 98th centile. Initial mental and motor development is normal in most individuals. Walking is often unstable, followed by ataxia of the trunk and extremities, pyramidal dysfunction, and brisk deep tendon reflexes. Early-onset seizures are common, and approximately 60% of individuals have epilepsy that is typically well controlled with anti-seizure medication, but status epilepticus occurs relatively frequently. Cognitive deterioration occurs later in the course of the disease and is usually mild in severity. Overall disease severity varies, with some individuals being able to ambulate independently for only a few years from disease onset to other individuals continuing to independently walk in the fifth decade of life. Individuals with improving MLC have a similar initial presentation with delayed cognitive or motor development, followed by an improving clinical course: macrocephaly usually persists, but some children become normocephalic; motor function improves or normalizes; hypotonia and clumsiness may persist in some or neurologic examination may become normal. Some individuals have intellectual disability that is stable, with or without autism spectrum disorder. Epilepsy is much less frequent than in classic MLC.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462706">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_467404"><div><strong>Chromosome 15q11.2 deletion syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>467404</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3180937</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A heterozygous deletion of chromosome 15q11.2 may increase the susceptibility to neuropsychiatric or neurodevelopmental problems, including delayed psychomotor development, speech delay, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and possibly seizures (summary by Doornbos et al., 2009 and Burnside et al., 2011).&#13; See also chromosome 15q11.2 duplication syndrome (608636).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/467404">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_766452"><div><strong>Brown-Vialetto-van Laere syndrome 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>766452</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3553538</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome-2 (BVVLS2) is an autosomal recessive progressive neurologic disorder characterized by early childhood onset of sensorineural deafness, bulbar dysfunction, and severe diffuse muscle weakness and wasting of the upper and lower limbs and axial muscles, resulting in respiratory insufficiency. Some patients may lose independent ambulation. Because it results from a defect in riboflavin metabolism, some patients may benefit from high-dose riboflavin supplementation (summary by Johnson et al., 2012; Foley et al., 2014).&#13; For discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome, see BVVLS1 (211530).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/766452">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_766992"><div><strong>Branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>766992</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3554078</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase deficiency (BCKDKD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by autism, impaired intellectual development, and microcephaly (Tangeraas et al., 2023).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/766992">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_767287"><div><strong>Intellectual developmental disorder with autism and macrocephaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>767287</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3554373</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">CHD8-related neurodevelopmental disorder with overgrowth (CHD8-NDD) is characterized by generalized overgrowth, developmental delay / intellectual disability (DD/ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), neuropsychiatric issues, neurologic problems, sleep disturbance, and gastrointestinal issues The most common findings are the development of macrocephaly (most often during infancy) and tall stature (most typically during puberty), which is often accompanied by ASD and/or DD/ID. Most, if not all, affected individuals have some degree of DD, most commonly speech and motor delays. When present, ID is most often in the mild-to-moderate range. Sleep disturbance is characterized by difficulty with both initiation (delayed sleep onset) and maintenance (frequent night awakenings) of sleep. The most common gastrointestinal issue is constipation with or without periods of diarrhea. Less common features are hypotonia (about 30% of affected individuals), seizures (10%-15%), dystonia (rare), and Chiari I malformation (rare).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/767287">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_816615"><div><strong>Proximal myopathy with extrapyramidal signs</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>816615</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3810285</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Myopathy with extrapyramidal signs is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early childhood onset of proximal muscle weakness and learning disabilities. While the muscle weakness is static, most patients develop progressive extrapyramidal signs that may become disabling (summary by Logan et al., 2014). Brain MRI in 1 patient showed congenital malformations, including polymicrogyria and cerebellar dysplasia (Wilton et al., 2020).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/816615">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_863738"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia 17</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>863738</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4015301</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia-17 (SCAR17) is a neurologic disorder characterized by onset of gait ataxia and cerebellar signs in early childhood. Patients also have variably impaired intellectual development (summary by Evers et al., 2016).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/863738">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_864147"><div><strong>Tenorio syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>864147</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4015710</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Tenorio syndrome (TNORS) is characterized by overgrowth, macrocephaly, and impaired intellectual development. Some patients may have mild hydrocephaly, hypoglycemia, and inflammatory diseases resembling Sjogren syndrome (270150) (summary by Tenorio et al., 2014).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/864147">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_934601"><div><strong>Dystonia, childhood-onset, with optic atrophy and basal ganglia abnormalities</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>934601</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4310634</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">MECR-related neurologic disorder is characterized by a progressive childhood-onset movement disorder and optic atrophy; intellect is often but not always preserved. The movement disorder typically presents between ages one and 6.5 years and is mainly dystonia that can be accompanied by chorea and/or ataxia. Over time some affected individuals require assistive devices for mobility. Speech fluency and intelligibility are progressively impaired due to dysarthria. Optic atrophy typically develops between ages four and 12 years and manifests as reduced visual acuity, which can include functional blindness (also known as legal blindness) in adulthood. Because only 13 affected individuals are known to the authors, and because nearly half of them were diagnosed retrospectively as adults, the natural history of disease progression and other aspects of the phenotype have not yet been completely defined.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/934601">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_934732"><div><strong>Hypermanganesemia with dystonia 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>934732</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4310765</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">SLC39A14 deficiency is typically characterized by evidence of delay or loss of motor developmental milestones (e.g., delayed walking, gait disturbance) between ages six months and three years. Early in the disease course, children show axial hypotonia followed by dystonia, spasticity, dysarthria, bulbar dysfunction, and signs of parkinsonism including bradykinesia, hypomimia, and tremor. By the end of the first decade, they develop severe, generalized, pharmaco-resistant dystonia, limb contractures, and scoliosis, and lose independent ambulation. Cognitive impairment appears to be less prominent than motor disability. Some affected children have died in their first decade due to secondary complications such as respiratory infections. One individual with disease onset during the late teens has been reported, suggesting that milder adult presentation can occur.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/934732">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1638835"><div><strong>Intellectual disability, autosomal dominant 56</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1638835</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4693389</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1638835">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1713491"><div><strong>Kostmann syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1713491</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5235141</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Severe congenital neutropenia-3 is an autosomal recessive bone marrow failure disorder characterized by low numbers of neutrophils, increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections, and increased risk of developing myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia. In addition, patients with HAX1 mutations affecting both isoform A and B of the gene develop neurologic abnormalities (summary by Boztug et al., 2010).&#13; The Swedish physician Rolf Kostmann (1956) described an autosomal recessive hematologic disorder, termed infantile agranulocytosis, with severe neutropenia with an absolute neutrophil count below 0.5 x 10(9)/l and early onset of severe bacterial infections. The disorder was later termed Kostmann syndrome (Skokowa et al., 2007). Lekstrom-Himes and Gallin (2000) discussed severe congenital neutropenia in a review of immunodeficiencies caused by defects in phagocytes.&#13; In addition to Kostmann agranulocytosis, recessively inherited neutropenic syndromes include congenital neutropenia with eosinophilia (257100), Chediak-Higashi syndrome (214500), and Fanconi pancytopenic syndrome (see 227650).&#13; For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of severe congenital neutropenia, see SCN1 (202700).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1713491">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1714342"><div><strong>Mitchell syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1714342</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5394554</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Mitchell syndrome (MITCH) is a progressive disorder characterized by episodic demyelination, sensorimotor polyneuropathy, and hearing loss (Chung et al., 2020).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1714342">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1779901"><div><strong>Neurodegeneration with ataxia and late-onset optic atrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1779901</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5543254</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Neurodegeneration with ataxia and late-onset optic atrophy (NDAXOA) is an autosomal dominant disorder with somewhat variable manifestations. Most affected individuals present in mid-adulthood with slowly progressive cerebellar and gait ataxia, optic atrophy, and myopathy or myalgia. Some patients may have a childhood history of neurologic features, including limited extraocular movements. Additional features can include cardiomyopathy, psychiatric disturbances, and peripheral sensory impairment (summary by Taylor et al., 1996 and Courage et al., 2017).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1779901">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1787923"><div><strong>Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 65</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1787923</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5543371</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal dominant intellectual developmental disorder-65 (MRD65) is characterized by delayed motor and speech acquisition, variably impaired intellectual development, and behavioral abnormalities. Affected individuals also have dysmorphic facial features. Brain imaging may be normal or may show abnormalities, including cerebellar hypoplasia, poor development of the corpus callosum, dysmorphic hippocampus, and polymicrogyria. Feeding difficulties, hypotonia, and seizures may also be observed (Duncan et al., 2020).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1787923">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1800448"><div><strong>Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease axonal type 2Z</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1800448</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5569025</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2Z (CMT2Z) is an autosomal dominant axonal peripheral neuropathy characterized by onset, usually in the first decade, of distal lower limb muscle weakness and sensory impairment. The disorder is progressive, and affected individuals tend to develop upper limb and proximal muscle involvement in an asymmetric pattern, resulting in severe disability late in adulthood. Rare occurrence of global developmental delay with impaired intellectual development or learning difficulties has been observed. In some instances, the same mutation may result in different phenotypic manifestations (CMT2Z or DIGFAN), which highlights the clinical spectrum associated with MORC2 mutations and may render the classification of patients into one or the other disorder challenging (summary by Sevilla et al., 2016, Ando et al., 2017, Guillen Sacoto et al., 2020).&#13; For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of axonal CMT, see CMT2A1 (118210).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1800448">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1805453"><div><strong>Intellectual developmental disorder with language impairment and early-onset DOPA-responsive dystonia-parkinsonism</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1805453</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5677001</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Intellectual developmental disorder with language impairment and early-onset dopa-responsive dystonia-parkinsonism (IDLDP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by global developmental delay affecting motor, cognitive, and speech domains apparent in early childhood or infancy. Some patients may have normal early development in infancy before symptom onset. There is phenotypic heterogeneity and the severity is highly variable; less severely affected individuals have only mild deficits and are able to attend special schools. About half of patients develop various types of seizures that may be refractory or responsive to treatment. Most patients also show movement abnormalities, often hypotonia early in the disease course with later development of dopa-responsive dystonia or parkinsonism (Ramos et al., 2019, Wirth et al., 2020; Singh et al., 2020).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1805453">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1841261"><div><strong>Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts 3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1841261</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5830625</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts-3 (MLC3) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by increased head circumference in infancy followed by progressive motor and cognitive decline in early childhood. Affected individuals either do not achieve walking or lose independent ambulation in the first or second decades. Cognitive impairment is variable and accompanied by poor speech and dysarthria. Most patients have early-onset seizures, which may be mild or refractory. Brain imaging shows unremitting megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts and swelling of the cerebral white matter (Passchier et al., 2023).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, see MLC1 (604004).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1841261">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1841264"><div><strong>Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts 4, remitting</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1841264</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5830628</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Remitting megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts-4 (MLC4) is an autosomal recessive neurologic disorder characterized by macrocephaly in infancy associated with developmental delay, delayed walking, variable cognitive decline, behavioral abnormalities, and early-onset seizures. The severity of neurologic dysfunction is variable, even within a family, but tends to show improvement with time. Brain imaging shows swelling of the cerebral white matter and subcortical cysts in the anterior temporal region, consistent with MLC. Brain imaging abnormalities also tend to improve with time, indicating a remitting disease course (Passchier et al., 2023).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, see MLC1 (604004).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1841264">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1849676"><div><strong>Neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, autosomal dominant 11</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1849676</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5882697</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal dominant distal hereditary motor neuronopathy-11 (HMND11) is a peripheral axonal motor neuropathy characterized by juvenile or young-adult onset of distal limb muscle weakness and atrophy mainly affecting the lower limbs, resulting in gait instability and walking difficulties. Foot deformities may also be present. The disorder is usually slowly progressive, and patients remain ambulatory until late adulthood. Some affected individuals may have distal upper limb and hand involvement or mild distal sensory abnormalities, but motor symptoms dominate the clinical picture. Electrophysiologic studies are consistent with a length-dependent axonal motor or sensorimotor neuropathy. Seizures are not present and brain imaging is normal (Beijer et al., 2019). One reported affected individual had a marfanoid habitus and mild speech delay with learning disabilities, suggesting possible expansion of the phenotypic spectrum (Ylikallio et al., 2020).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal dominant distal HMN, see HMND1 (182960).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1849676">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36729635">BCKDK deficiency: a treatable neurodevelopmental disease amenable to newborn screening.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tangeraas T,
Constante JR,
Backe PH,
Oyarzábal A,
Neugebauer J,
Weinhold N,
Boemer F,
Debray FG,
Ozturk-Hism B,
Evren G,
Tuba EF,
Ummuhan O,
Footitt E,
Davison J,
Martinez C,
Bueno C,
Machado I,
Rodríguez-Pombo P,
Al-Sannaa N,
De Los Santos M,
López JM,
Ozturkmen-Akay H,
Karaca M,
Tekin M,
Pajares S,
Ormazabal A,
Stoway SD,
Artuch R,
Dixon M,
Mørkrid L,
García-Cazorla A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2023 Jul 3;146(7):3003-3013.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awad010.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36729635" target="_blank">36729635</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/14640317">Discussion: significance and treatment of clumsiness in children.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hadders-Algra M,
Gramsbergen A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neural Plast</span>
2003;10(1-2):165-78.
doi: 10.1155/NP.2003.165.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/14640317" target="_blank">14640317</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2565412" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/8954273">Outcomes of neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Dattani M,
Brook CG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Opin Pediatr</span>
1996 Aug;8(4):389-95.
doi: 10.1097/00008480-199608000-00016.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/8954273" target="_blank">8954273</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22clumsiness%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (12)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26439077">Childhood dyspraxia predicts adult-onset nonaffective-psychosis-spectrum disorder.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Schiffman J,
Mittal V,
Kline E,
Mortensen EL,
Michelsen N,
Ekstrøm M,
Millman ZB,
Mednick SA,
Sørensen HJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Dev Psychopathol</span>
2015 Nov;27(4 Pt 1):1323-30.
doi: 10.1017/S0954579414001436.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26439077" target="_blank">26439077</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24084629">Carpal tunnel syndrome in children.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Potulska-Chromik A,
Lipowska M,
Gawel M,
Ryniewicz B,
Maj E,
Kostera-Pruszczyk A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Child Neurol</span>
2014 Feb;29(2):227-31.
Epub 2013 Oct 1
doi: 10.1177/0883073813504458.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24084629" target="_blank">24084629</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20176575">Attenuated variants of Lesch-Nyhan disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Jinnah HA,
Ceballos-Picot I,
Torres RJ,
Visser JE,
Schretlen DJ,
Verdu A,
Laróvere LE,
Chen CJ,
Cossu A,
Wu CH,
Sampat R,
Chang SJ,
de Kremer RD,
Nyhan W,
Harris JC,
Reich SG,
Puig JG;
Lesch-Nyhan Disease International Study Group</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2010 Mar;133(Pt 3):671-89.
Epub 2010 Feb 22
doi: 10.1093/brain/awq013.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20176575" target="_blank">20176575</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2842514" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/2215879">Handedness, clumsiness and developmental language disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bishop DV</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuropsychologia</span>
1990;28(7):681-90.
doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(90)90123-6.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/2215879" target="_blank">2215879</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/6198974">Outcome for congenital hypothyroidism.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hulse JA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Dis Child</span>
1984 Jan;59(1):23-9.
doi: 10.1136/adc.59.1.23.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/6198974" target="_blank">6198974</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1628400" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Clumsiness%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (241)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36751092">Neurological pathologies associated with acute acquired comitant esotropia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Nouraeinejad A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Neurosci</span>
2024 Sep;134(9):1026-1027.
Epub 2023 Feb 13
doi: 10.1080/00207454.2023.2178432.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36751092" target="_blank">36751092</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28745216">Insights in Developmental Coordination Disorder.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Farmer M,
Echenne B,
Drouin R,
Bentourkia M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Pediatr Rev</span>
2017;13(2):111-119.
doi: 10.2174/1573396313666170726113550.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28745216" target="_blank">28745216</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21551112">The Pulfrich phenomenon; clumsiness and collisions which can be ameliorated.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">McGowan G,
Ahmed TY,
Heron G,
Diaper C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pract Neurol</span>
2011 Jun;11(3):173-6.
doi: 10.1136/practneurol-2011-000013.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21551112" target="_blank">21551112</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20525256">Niemann-Pick disease type C.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Vanier MT</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2010 Jun 3;5:16.
doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-16.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20525256" target="_blank">20525256</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2902432" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20176575">Attenuated variants of Lesch-Nyhan disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Jinnah HA,
Ceballos-Picot I,
Torres RJ,
Visser JE,
Schretlen DJ,
Verdu A,
Laróvere LE,
Chen CJ,
Cossu A,
Wu CH,
Sampat R,
Chang SJ,
de Kremer RD,
Nyhan W,
Harris JC,
Reich SG,
Puig JG;
Lesch-Nyhan Disease International Study Group</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2010 Mar;133(Pt 3):671-89.
Epub 2010 Feb 22
doi: 10.1093/brain/awq013.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20176575" target="_blank">20176575</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2842514" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Clumsiness%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (332)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38423756">Paroxysmal dysarthria-ataxia syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Cauchi M,
Abela J,
Dingli N,
Vella N</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pract Neurol</span>
2024 Jul 16;24(4):310-312.
doi: 10.1136/pn-2023-004023.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38423756" target="_blank">38423756</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20525256">Niemann-Pick disease type C.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Vanier MT</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2010 Jun 3;5:16.
doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-16.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20525256" target="_blank">20525256</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2902432" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/17205075">Superficial siderosis: a case report and review of the literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Levy M,
Turtzo C,
Llinas RH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Nat Clin Pract Neurol</span>
2007 Jan;3(1):54-8; quiz 59.
doi: 10.1038/ncpneuro0356.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/17205075" target="_blank">17205075</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/8954273">Outcomes of neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Dattani M,
Brook CG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Opin Pediatr</span>
1996 Aug;8(4):389-95.
doi: 10.1097/00008480-199608000-00016.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/8954273" target="_blank">8954273</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/8461241">Sydenham's chorea: a new look at an old disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">al-Eissa A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Br J Clin Pract</span>
1993 Jan-Feb;47(1):14-6.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/8461241" target="_blank">8461241</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Clumsiness%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (129)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26439077">Childhood dyspraxia predicts adult-onset nonaffective-psychosis-spectrum disorder.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Schiffman J,
Mittal V,
Kline E,
Mortensen EL,
Michelsen N,
Ekstrøm M,
Millman ZB,
Mednick SA,
Sørensen HJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Dev Psychopathol</span>
2015 Nov;27(4 Pt 1):1323-30.
doi: 10.1017/S0954579414001436.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26439077" target="_blank">26439077</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26423663">Developmental coordination disorder: core sensori-motor deficits, neurobiology and etiology.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gomez A,
Sirigu A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuropsychologia</span>
2015 Dec;79(Pt B):272-87.
Epub 2015 Sep 28
doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.09.032.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26423663" target="_blank">26423663</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20525256">Niemann-Pick disease type C.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Vanier MT</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2010 Jun 3;5:16.
doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-16.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20525256" target="_blank">20525256</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2902432" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/17097537">The assessment of cervical myelopathy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Salvi FJ,
Jones JC,
Weigert BJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Spine J</span>
2006 Nov-Dec;6(6 Suppl):182S-189S.
doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2006.05.006.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/17097537" target="_blank">17097537</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/16209748">A dynamic developmental theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sagvolden T,
Johansen EB,
Aase H,
Russell VA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Behav Brain Sci</span>
2005 Jun;28(3):397-419; discussion 419-68.
doi: 10.1017/S0140525X05000075.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/16209748" target="_blank">16209748</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Clumsiness%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (151)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36729635">BCKDK deficiency: a treatable neurodevelopmental disease amenable to newborn screening.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tangeraas T,
Constante JR,
Backe PH,
Oyarzábal A,
Neugebauer J,
Weinhold N,
Boemer F,
Debray FG,
Ozturk-Hism B,
Evren G,
Tuba EF,
Ummuhan O,
Footitt E,
Davison J,
Martinez C,
Bueno C,
Machado I,
Rodríguez-Pombo P,
Al-Sannaa N,
De Los Santos M,
López JM,
Ozturkmen-Akay H,
Karaca M,
Tekin M,
Pajares S,
Ormazabal A,
Stoway SD,
Artuch R,
Dixon M,
Mørkrid L,
García-Cazorla A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2023 Jul 3;146(7):3003-3013.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awad010.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36729635" target="_blank">36729635</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26439077">Childhood dyspraxia predicts adult-onset nonaffective-psychosis-spectrum disorder.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Schiffman J,
Mittal V,
Kline E,
Mortensen EL,
Michelsen N,
Ekstrøm M,
Millman ZB,
Mednick SA,
Sørensen HJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Dev Psychopathol</span>
2015 Nov;27(4 Pt 1):1323-30.
doi: 10.1017/S0954579414001436.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26439077" target="_blank">26439077</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26423663">Developmental coordination disorder: core sensori-motor deficits, neurobiology and etiology.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gomez A,
Sirigu A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuropsychologia</span>
2015 Dec;79(Pt B):272-87.
Epub 2015 Sep 28
doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.09.032.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26423663" target="_blank">26423663</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20525256">Niemann-Pick disease type C.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Vanier MT</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2010 Jun 3;5:16.
doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-16.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20525256" target="_blank">20525256</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2902432" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/14640315">Cerebellar involvement in clumsiness and other developmental disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ivry RB</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neural Plast</span>
2003;10(1-2):141-53.
doi: 10.1155/NP.2003.141.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/14640315" target="_blank">14640315</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2565414" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Clumsiness%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (179)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30919163">The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses-Linked Loss of Function CLN5 and CLN8 Variants Disrupt Normal Lysosomal Function.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Parvin S,
Rezazadeh M,
Hosseinzadeh H,
Moradi M,
Shiva S,
Gharesouran J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuromolecular Med</span>
2019 Jun;21(2):160-169.
Epub 2019 Mar 27
doi: 10.1007/s12017-019-08529-7.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30919163" target="_blank">30919163</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25995113">Anterior cervical intradural arachnoid cyst, a rare cause of spinal cord compression: a case report with video systematic literature review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Engelhardt J,
Vignes JR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur Spine J</span>
2016 May;25 Suppl 1:19-26.
Epub 2015 May 21
doi: 10.1007/s00586-015-4026-7.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25995113" target="_blank">25995113</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25193246">Compromised motor control in children with DCD: a deficit in the internal model?—A systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Adams IL,
Lust JM,
Wilson PH,
Steenbergen B</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurosci Biobehav Rev</span>
2014 Nov;47:225-44.
Epub 2014 Sep 1
doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.011.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25193246" target="_blank">25193246</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Clumsiness%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (3)</a></div></div>
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<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0233844%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (9)</a></li>
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