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<meta name="keywords" content="C0025289, disease or syndrome, inflammation of meninx, meningitides, meningitis, meningitis (disease), meninx inflammation, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Inflammation of the meninges." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
UID=6298
ConceptID=C0025289
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Meningitis</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>6298</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0025289</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
<td>Meningitis (disease)</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Meningitis (7180009)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001287">HP:0001287</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0021108" target="_blank">MONDO:0021108</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Inflammation of the meninges. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline">Meningitis</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/21047" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms">Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/18325" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Pathological process">Pathological process</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/4347" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Disease">Disease</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/232130" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Disorder by Site">Disorder by Site</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/14336" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Disorder of nervous system">Disorder of nervous system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1787585" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Neuroinflammatory Diseases">Neuroinflammatory Diseases</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Meningitis</span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/8175" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Arachnoiditis">Arachnoiditis</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/318191" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Spinal arachnoiditis">Spinal arachnoiditis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/7534" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Aseptic meningitis">Aseptic meningitis</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/39048" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Bacterial meningitis">Bacterial meningitis</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/90920" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Escherichia coli meningitis">Escherichia coli meningitis</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1677770" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for H influenze type B Meningitis">H influenze type B Meningitis</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/7535" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Haemophilus meningitis">Haemophilus meningitis</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/7536" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Listeria meningitis">Listeria meningitis</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/6299" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Meningococcal meningitis">Meningococcal meningitis</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/53065" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome">Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/44354" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Pneumococcal meningitis">Pneumococcal meningitis</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/21725" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Tuberculosis of meninges">Tuberculosis of meninges</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/140725" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chronic lymphocytic meningitis">Chronic lymphocytic meningitis</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/509620" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Eosinophilic meningitis">Eosinophilic meningitis</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/39285" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Fungal meningitis">Fungal meningitis</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/509228" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Coccidioidal meningitis">Coccidioidal meningitis</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/88410" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Cryptococcal meningitis">Cryptococcal meningitis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/152668" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Infectious meningitis">Infectious meningitis</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/44355" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Viral meningitis">Viral meningitis</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/44220" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">Lymphocytic choriomeningitis</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/6301" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Meningoencephalitis">Meningoencephalitis</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/156265" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Central nervous system lupus">Central nervous system lupus</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/923202" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Infectious Meningoencephalitis">Infectious Meningoencephalitis</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_45811"><div><strong>Familial Mediterranean fever</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>45811</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0031069</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is divided into two phenotypes: type 1 and type 2. FMF type 1 is characterized by recurrent short episodes of inflammation and serositis including fever, peritonitis, synovitis, pleuritis, and, rarely, pericarditis and meningitis. The symptoms and severity vary among affected individuals, sometimes even among members of the same family. Amyloidosis, which can lead to kidney failure, is the most severe complication, if untreated. FMF type 2 is characterized by amyloidosis as the first clinical manifestation of FMF in an otherwise asymptomatic individual.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/45811">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_65123"><div><strong>X-linked agammaglobulinemia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>65123</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0221026</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections in affected males in the first two years of life. Recurrent otitis is the most common infection prior to diagnosis. Conjunctivitis, sinopulmonary infections, diarrhea, and skin infections are also frequently seen. Approximately 60% of individuals with XLA are recognized as having immunodeficiency when they develop a severe, life-threatening infection such as pneumonia, empyema, meningitis, sepsis, cellulitis, or septic arthritis. S pneumoniae and H influenzae are the most common organisms found prior to diagnosis and may continue to cause sinusitis and otitis after diagnosis and the initiation of gammaglobulin substitution therapy. Severe, difficult-to-treat enteroviral infections (often manifesting as dermatomyositis or chronic meningoencephalitis) can be prevented by this treatment. The prognosis for individuals with XLA has improved markedly in the last 25 years as a result of earlier diagnosis, the development of preparations of gammaglobulin that allow normal concentrations of serum immunoglobulin G to be achieved, and more liberal use of antibiotics.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/65123">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_96019"><div><strong>Hyper-IgM syndrome type 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>96019</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0398689</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">X-linked hyper IgM syndrome (HIGM1), a disorder of abnormal T- and B-cell function, is characterized by low serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgE with normal or elevated serum concentrations of IgM. Mitogen proliferation may be normal, but NK- and T-cell cytotoxicity can be impaired. Antigen-specific responses are usually decreased or absent. Total numbers of B cells are normal but there is a marked reduction of class-switched memory B cells. Defective oxidative burst of both neutrophils and macrophages has been reported. The range of clinical findings varies, even within the same family. More than 50% of males with HIGM1 develop symptoms by age one year, and more than 90% are symptomatic by age four years. HIGM1 usually presents in infancy with recurrent upper- and lower-respiratory tract bacterial infections, opportunistic infections including Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, and recurrent or protracted diarrhea that can be infectious or noninfectious and is associated with failure to thrive. Neutropenia is common; thrombocytopenia and anemia are less commonly seen. Autoimmune and/or inflammatory disorders (such as sclerosing cholangitis) as well as increased risk for neoplasms have been reported as medical complications of this disorder. Significant neurologic complications, often the result of a CNS infection, are seen in 5%-15% of affected males. Liver disease, a serious complication of HIGM1 once observed in more than 80% of affected males by age 20 years, may be decreasing with adequate screening and treatment of Cryptosporidium infection.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/96019">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_98370"><div><strong>Chronic infantile neurological, cutaneous and articular syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98370</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0409818</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous and articular syndrome (CINCA) is an early-onset, severe, chronic inflammatory disease, characterized by cutaneous symptoms, central nervous system involvement, and arthropathy (Feldmann et al., 2002).&#13; See also familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome-1 (FCAS1, CAPS1; 120100), an allelic disorder with a less severe phenotype.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98370">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_141630"><div><strong>X-linked agammaglobulinemia with growth hormone deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>141630</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0472813</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">IGHD3 is characterized by agammaglobulinemia and markedly reduced numbers of B cells, short stature, delayed bone age, and good response to treatment with growth hormone (summary by Conley et al., 1991).&#13; For general phenotypic information and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of IGHD, see 262400.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/141630">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_321935"><div><strong>Severe combined immunodeficiency, autosomal recessive, T cell-negative, B cell-negative, NK cell-positive</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>321935</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1832322</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Severe combined immunodeficiency refers to a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of disorders with defective cellular and humoral immune function. Patients with SCID present in infancy with recurrent, persistent infections by opportunistic organisms, including Candida albicans, Pneumocystis carinii, and cytomegalovirus, among many others. Laboratory analysis shows profound lymphopenia with diminished or absent immunoglobulins. The common characteristic of all types of SCID is absence of T cell-mediated cellular immunity due to a defect in T-cell development. Without treatment, patients usually die within the first year of life. The overall prevalence of all types of SCID is approximately 1 in 75,000 births (Fischer et al., 1997; Buckley, 2004).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of SCID&#13; SCID can be divided into 2 main classes: those with B lymphocytes (B+ SCID) and those without (B- SCID). Presence or absence of NK cells is variable within these groups.&#13; The most common form of SCID is X-linked T-, B+, NK- SCID (SCIDX1; 300400) caused by mutation in the IL2RG gene (308380) on chromosome Xq13.1.&#13; Autosomal recessive SCID includes T-, B-, NK+ SCID, caused by mutation in the RAG1 and RAG2 genes on 11p13; T-, B+, NK- SCID (600802), caused by mutation in the JAK3 gene (600173) on 19p13; T-, B+, NK+ SCID (IMD104; 608971), caused by mutation in the IL7R gene (146661) on 5p13; T-, B+, NK+ SCID (IMD105; 619924), caused by mutation in the CD45 gene (PTPRC; 151460) on 1q31-q32; T-, B+, NK+ SCID (IMD19; 615617), caused by mutation in the CD3D gene (186790) on 11q23; T-, B-, NK- SCID (102700) caused by mutation in the ADA (608958) gene on 20q13; and T-, B-, NK+ SCID with sensitivity to ionizing radiation (602450), caused by mutation in the Artemis gene (DCLRE1C; 605988) on 10p13 (Kalman et al., 2004); T-, B+, NK+ SCID with intellectual disability, spasticity, and craniofacial abnormalities (IMD49; 617237), caused by mutation in the BCL11B gene (606558) on 14q32; and T-, B-, NK+ SCID with microcephaly, growth retardation, and sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IMD124; 611291), caused by mutation in the NHEJ1 gene (611290) on 2q35.&#13; Approximately 20 to 30% of all SCID patients are T-, B-, NK+, and approximately half of these patients have mutations in the RAG1 or RAG2 genes (Schwarz et al., 1996; Fischer et al., 1997).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/321935">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_331474"><div><strong>T-B+ severe combined immunodeficiency due to JAK3 deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>331474</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1833275</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">JAK3-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is an inherited disorder of the immune system. Individuals with JAK3-deficient SCID lack the necessary immune cells to fight off certain bacteria, viruses, and fungi. They are prone to repeated and persistent infections that can be very serious or life-threatening. Often the organisms that cause infection in people with JAK3-deficient SCID are described as opportunistic because they ordinarily do not cause illness in healthy people. Affected infants typically develop chronic diarrhea, a fungal infection in the mouth called oral thrush, pneumonia, and skin rashes. Persistent illness also causes affected individuals to grow more slowly than other children. Without treatment, people with JAK3-deficient SCID usually live only into early childhood.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/331474">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_325455"><div><strong>Sacral defect with anterior meningocele</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>325455</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1838568</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Sacral defect with anterior meningocele (SDAM) is a form of caudal dysgenesis. It is present at birth and becomes symptomatic later in life, usually because of obstructive labor in females, chronic constipation, or meningitis. Inheritance is autosomal dominant (Chatkupt et al., 1994). Welch and Aterman (1984) gave a population frequency of 0.14%.&#13; Caudal dysgenesis syndrome and caudal regression syndrome are broad terms that refer to a heterogeneous constellation of congenital caudal anomalies affecting the caudal spine and spinal cord, the hindgut, the urogenital system, and the lower limbs. Approximately 15 to 25% of mothers of children with caudal dysgenesis have insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (222100) (Lynch et al., 2000).&#13; See also Currarino syndrome (176450), a similar disorder caused by mutation in the HLXB9 gene (142994) on chromosome 7q36. Currarino syndrome classically comprises the triad of hemisacrum, anorectal malformation, and presacral mass. However, Currarino syndrome also shows phenotypic variability: Lynch et al. (2000) stated that there is variable expressivity of clinical features and that some patients with Currarino syndrome are asymptomatic. Kochling et al. (2001) found the complete triad of Currarino syndrome in only 8 of 23 patients with mutations in the HLXB9 gene, These reports suggest that some patients previously reported as having forms of sacral agenesis, including SDAM, may have had Currarino syndrome and vice versa.&#13; See also spina bifida (182940), which can be seen in some patients with sacral agenesis or caudal regression syndrome and may be etiologically related.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/325455">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_375137"><div><strong>Immunodeficiency 67</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>375137</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1843256</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Immunodeficiency-67 (IMD67) is an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent severe systemic and invasive bacterial infections beginning in infancy or early childhood. The most common organisms implicated are Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus; Pseudomonas and atypical Mycobacteria may also be observed. IMD67 is life-threatening in infancy and early childhood. The first invasive infection typically occurs before 2 years of age, with meningitis representing up to 41% of the bacterial infections. The mortality rate in early childhood is high, with most deaths occurring before 8 years of age. Affected individuals have an impaired inflammatory response to infection, including lack of fever and neutropenia, although erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein may be elevated. General immunologic workup tends to be normal, with normal levels of B cells, T cells, and NK cells. However, more detailed studies indicate impaired cytokine response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL1B (147720) stimulation; response to TNFA (191160) is usually normal. Patients have good antibody responses to most vaccinations, with the notable exception of pneumococcal vaccination. Viral, fungal, and parasitic infections are not generally observed. Early detection is critical in early childhood because prophylactic treatment with IVIg or certain antibiotics is effective; the disorder tends to improve naturally around adolescence. At the molecular level, the disorder results from impaired function of selective Toll receptor (see TLR4, 603030)/IL1R (see IL1R1, 147810) signaling pathways that ultimately activate NFKB (164011) to produce cytokines (summary by Ku et al., 2007; Picard et al., 2010; Grazioli et al., 2016).&#13; See also IMD68 (612260), caused by mutation in the MYD88 gene (602170), which shows a similar phenotype to IMD67. As the MYD88 and IRAK4 genes interact in the same intracellular signaling pathway, the clinical and cellular features are almost indistinguishable (summary by Picard et al., 2010).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/375137">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_347128"><div><strong>Predisposition to invasive fungal disease due to CARD9 deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>347128</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1859353</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A rare genetic primary immunodeficiency with characteristics of increased susceptibility to fungal infections that typically manifest as recurrent, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, systemic candidiasis with meningoencephalitis and deep dermatophytosis. Dermatophytes invade skin, hair, nails, lymph nodes and brain, resulting in erythematosquamous lesions, nodular subcutaneous or ulcerative infiltrations, severe onychomycosis and lymphadenopathy.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/347128">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_400366"><div><strong>Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>400366</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1863727</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-2 (FHL2) is an autosomal recessive disorder of immune dysregulation with onset in infancy or early childhood. It is characterized clinically by fever, edema, hepatosplenomegaly, and liver dysfunction. Neurologic impairment, seizures, and ataxia are frequent. Laboratory studies show pancytopenia, coagulation abnormalities, hypofibrinogenemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. There is increased production of cytokines, such as gamma-interferon (IFNG; 147570) and TNF-alpha (191160), by hyperactivation and proliferation of T cells and macrophages. Activity of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells is reduced, consistent with a defect in cellular cytotoxicity. Bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver show features of hemophagocytosis. Chemotherapy and/or immunosuppressant therapy may result in symptomatic remission, but the disorder is fatal without bone marrow transplantation (summary by Dufourcq-Lagelouse et al., 1999, Stepp et al., 1999, and Molleran Lee et al., 2004).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of FHL, see 267700.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/400366">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_416638"><div><strong>Immunodeficiency 83, susceptibility to viral infections</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>416638</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2751803</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Immunodeficiency-83 (IMD83) is characterized by increased susceptibility to severe viral infections, including herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), influenza A virus (IAV), hantavirus, and possibly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The age at onset varies widely from infancy to adulthood, and there is incomplete penetrance. The susceptibility to encephalitis or pneumonitis appears to result from impaired TLR3-dependent interferon production by nonhematopoietic cells that reside within the central nervous system (CNS) or lung epithelial cells (review by Zhang et al., 2013; summary by Mork et al., 2015; Sironi et al., 2017, Lim et al., 2019, Partanen et al., 2020).&#13; For a general phenotypic description of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of acute infection-induced encephalopathy, see 610551.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/416638">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_461704"><div><strong>Immunodeficiency, common variable, 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>461704</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3150354</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/461704">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462100"><div><strong>Agammaglobulinemia 2, autosomal recessive</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462100</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3150750</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Any autosomal agammaglobulinemia in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the IGLL1 gene.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462100">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462430"><div><strong>Type II complement component 8 deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462430</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3151080</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Patients with deficiency of C8 suffer from recurrent neisserial infections, predominantly with meningococcus infection of rare serotypes. Most such patients are discovered among those having their first episode of meningitis at ages older than 10 years (Ross and Densen, 1984).&#13; Two types of inherited C8 deficiency have been reported in humans: type I (613790), in which only C8 alpha (C8A, 120950) and C8 gamma (C8G; 120930) are deficient, and type II, in which only C8 beta is deficient (Marcus et al., 1982; Tedesco et al., 1983). The 2 types are clinically indistinguishable (Ross and Densen, 1984).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462430">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462431"><div><strong>Type I complement component 8 deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462431</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3151081</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Patients with deficiency of C8 suffer from recurrent neisserial infections, predominantly with meningococcus infection of rare serotypes. Most such patients are discovered among those having their first episode of meningitis at ages older than 10 years (Ross and Densen, 1984).&#13; Two kinds of inherited C8 deficiency have been reported in humans: type I (C8D1), in which only C8 alpha and C8 gamma (C8G; 120930) are deficient, and type II (C8D2; 613789), in which only C8 beta (C8B; 120960) is deficient (Marcus et al., 1982; Tedesco et al., 1983). The 2 types are clinically indistinguishable (Ross and Densen, 1984).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462431">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_482271"><div><strong>Complement component 4b deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>482271</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3280641</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Concentration of the complement component C4b in the blood circulation below the lower limit of normal.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/482271">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_816280"><div><strong>Complement factor b deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>816280</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3809950</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/816280">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_863504"><div><strong>Periodic fever-infantile enterocolitis-autoinflammatory syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>863504</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4015067</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autoinflammation with infantile enterocolitis is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by onset of recurrent flares of autoinflammation in early infancy. Affected individuals tend to have poor overall growth and gastrointestinal symptoms in infancy associated with laboratory evidence of activated inflammation. This initial presentation is followed by recurrent febrile episodes with splenomegaly and sometimes hematologic disturbances, arthralgias, or myalgias. The disorder results from overactivation of an arm of the immune response system (Romberg et al., 2014; Canna et al., 2014).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/863504">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1618052"><div><strong>Platelet abnormalities with eosinophilia and immune-mediated inflammatory disease</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1618052</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4540232</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Immunodeficiency-71 with inflammatory disease and congenital thrombocytopenia (IMD71) is an autosomal recessive immunologic disorder characterized by the onset of recurrent infections and inflammatory features such as vasculitis and eczema in infancy or early childhood. Infectious agents include bacteria and viruses. Laboratory findings are variable, but usually show thrombocytopenia, sometimes with abnormal platelet morphology, increased serum IgE, IgA, or IgM, leukocytosis, decreased or increased T lymphocytes, and increased eosinophils. Detailed studies show impaired neutrophil and T-cell chemotaxis, as well as impaired T-cell activation due to defects in F-actin (see 102610) polymerization (summary by Brigida et al., 2018).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1618052">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1642840"><div><strong>Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1642840</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551514</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Familial Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is a rare primary immunodeficiency characterized by a macrophage activation syndrome with an onset usually occurring within a few months or less common several years after birth.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1642840">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1646997"><div><strong>Encephalopathy, acute, infection-induced (herpes-specific), susceptibility to, 8</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1646997</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4693542</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1646997">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1717128"><div><strong>Immunodeficiency 66</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1717128</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5394265</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Immunodeficiency-66 (IMD66) is an autosomal recessive primary immune disorder caused by defective immune cell migration and chemotaxis resulting from defects in cytoskeletal actin dynamics. Neutrophils are primarily affected, although there may be defects in dendritic cells and T and B cells. The phenotype is characterized by onset of recurrent bacterial infections in infancy. Laboratory studies show normal levels of myeloid and lymphoid cells, but there may be mild thrombocytopenia (summary by Record et al., 2015).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1717128">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1770239"><div><strong>X-linked lymphoproliferative disease due to SH2D1A deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1770239</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5399825</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) in general is characterized by an inappropriate immune response to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection leading to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) or severe mononucleosis, dysgammaglobulinemia, and lymphoproliferative disease (malignant lymphoma). The condition primarily affects males. XLP has two recognizable subtypes, XLP1 (due to pathogenic variants in SH2D1A) and XLP2 (due to pathogenic variants in XIAP). HLH / fulminant infectious mononucleosis is the most common presentation regardless of subtype. HLH is characterized as an acute illness with prolonged and high fever, bi- or trilineage cytopenias, and hepatosplenomegaly, which is often severe or fatal. Death is generally secondary to liver failure or multisystem organ dysfunction. In those with XLP1, dys- or hypogammaglobulinemia can lead to varying degrees of humoral immune dysfunction associated with bronchiectasis and recurrent respiratory infections that, if untreated, may result in death. Lymphoproliferative disease (malignant lymphoma) and other lymphoproliferative diseases are specific to XLP1 and often develop in childhood, usually following EBV exposure. Rarer findings in those with XLP1 can include aplastic anemia, vasculitis, and lymphoid granulomatosis. Males with XLP2 are more likely to have HLH without EBV infection, recurrent episodes of HLH (which is not typically seen in those with XLP1), splenomegaly, and gastrointestinal disease, including enterocolitis and perirectal abscesses or fistulae. Rarely, individuals with XLP2 and inflammatory bowel disease have been reported to develop inflammatory liver disease, which can progress to fatal liver failure. Transient hypogammaglobulinemia has been rarely observed in those with XLP2. To date, neither lymphoproliferative disease nor common variable immunodeficiency has been reported in males with XLP2. Heterozygous females rarely have symptoms. There are, however, increasing numbers of reports of affected females with unfavorable (skewed) X-chromosome inactivation favoring the X chromosome with the pathogenic variant who develop HLH, inflammatory bowel disease, and erythema nodosum.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1770239">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1799556"><div><strong>TFRC-related combined immunodeficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1799556</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5568133</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A rare genetic combined T and B cell immunodeficiency characterised by life-threatening infections due to disrupted transferrin receptor 1 endocytosis, resulting in defective cellular iron transport and impaired T and B cell function. Patients present with early-onset chronic diarrhoea, severe recurrent infections and failure to thrive. Laboratory studies reveal hypo or agammaglobulinaemia, normal lymphocyte counts but decreased numbers of memory B cells, intermittent neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, and mild anaemia (resistant to iron supplementation) with low mean corpuscular volume.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1799556">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1806624"><div><strong>Agammaglobulinemia 10, autosomal dominant</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1806624</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5676900</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal dominant agammaglobulinemia-10 (AGM10) is characterized by early-childhood onset of recurrent viral and bacterial infections affecting various organ systems, particularly the sinopulmonary system. Laboratory studies show low or absent circulating B cells and hypo- or agammaglobulinemia. Affected individuals may have adverse reactions to certain vaccinations, such as the polio vaccine. Treatment with replacement Ig is effective; hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has also been reported (summary by Le Coz et al., 2021).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal agammaglobulinemia, see AGM1 (601495).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1806624">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1806624" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Agammaglobulinemia 10, autosomal dominant</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462100" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Agammaglobulinemia 2, autosomal recessive</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_98370" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Chronic infantile neurological, cutaneous and articular syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_482271" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Complement component 4b deficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_816280" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Complement factor b deficiency</a></div><div class="jig-moreless" data-jigconfig="class: 'moveDown', moreText: 'See full list (26)', lessText: 'Show less', nodeBefore: 0"><span id="clinMore">
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1646997" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Encephalopathy, acute, infection-induced (herpes-specific), susceptibility to, 8</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_400366" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1642840" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_45811" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Familial Mediterranean fever</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_96019" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hyper-IgM syndrome type 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1717128" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Immunodeficiency 66</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_375137" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Immunodeficiency 67</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_416638" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Immunodeficiency 83, susceptibility to viral infections</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_461704" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Immunodeficiency, common variable, 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_863504" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Periodic fever-infantile enterocolitis-autoinflammatory syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1618052" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Platelet abnormalities with eosinophilia and immune-mediated inflammatory disease</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_347128" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Predisposition to invasive fungal disease due to CARD9 deficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_325455" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Sacral defect with anterior meningocele</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_321935" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Severe combined immunodeficiency, autosomal recessive, T cell-negative, B cell-negative, NK cell-positive</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_331474" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">T-B+ severe combined immunodeficiency due to JAK3 deficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1799556" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">TFRC-related combined immunodeficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462431" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Type I complement component 8 deficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462430" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Type II complement component 8 deficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_65123" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">X-linked agammaglobulinemia</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_141630" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">X-linked agammaglobulinemia with growth hormone deficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1770239" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">X-linked lymphoproliferative disease due to SH2D1A deficiency</a></div></span></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30387309">Meningitis in adults: diagnosis and management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Young N,
Thomas M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Intern Med J</span>
2018 Nov;48(11):1294-1307.
doi: 10.1111/imj.14102.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30387309" target="_blank">30387309</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27062097">ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">van de Beek D,
Cabellos C,
Dzupova O,
Esposito S,
Klein M,
Kloek AT,
Leib SL,
Mourvillier B,
Ostergaard C,
Pagliano P,
Pfister HW,
Read RC,
Sipahi OR,
Brouwer MC;
ESCMID Study Group for Infections of the Brain (ESGIB)</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Microbiol Infect</span>
2016 May;22 Suppl 3:S37-62.
Epub 2016 Apr 7
doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.01.007.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27062097" target="_blank">27062097</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/15494903">Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tunkel AR,
Hartman BJ,
Kaplan SL,
Kaufman BA,
Roos KL,
Scheld WM,
Whitley RJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Infect Dis</span>
2004 Nov 1;39(9):1267-84.
Epub 2004 Oct 6
doi: 10.1086/425368.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/15494903" target="_blank">15494903</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22meningitis%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (2056)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34798977">Autoimmune Meningitis and Encephalitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Richie MB</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurol Clin</span>
2022 Feb;40(1):93-112.
doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2021.08.007.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34798977" target="_blank">34798977</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31375286">Aseptic meningitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tattevin P,
Tchamgoué S,
Belem A,
Bénézit F,
Pronier C,
Revest M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Rev Neurol (Paris)</span>
2019 Sep-Oct;175(7-8):475-480.
Epub 2019 Jul 30
doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2019.07.005.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31375286" target="_blank">31375286</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30273241">Chronic Meningitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Thakur KT,
Wilson MR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Continuum (Minneap Minn)</span>
2018 Oct;24(5, Neuroinfectious Disease):1298-1326.
doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000664.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30273241" target="_blank">30273241</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6812559" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26595861">A Practical Approach to Meningitis and Encephalitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Richie MB,
Josephson SA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Semin Neurol</span>
2015 Dec;35(6):611-20.
Epub 2015 Nov 23
doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1564686.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26595861" target="_blank">26595861</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23829911">Eosinophilic meningitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sawanyawisuth K,
Chotmongkol V</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Handb Clin Neurol</span>
2013;114:207-15.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53490-3.00015-7.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23829911" target="_blank">23829911</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Meningitis%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (16246)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35289562">Bacterial Meningitis in Children.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Young SM,
Saguil A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am Fam Physician</span>
2022 Mar 1;105(3):311-312.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35289562" target="_blank">35289562</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34798976">Infectious Meningitis and Encephalitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bystritsky RJ,
Chow FC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurol Clin</span>
2022 Feb;40(1):77-91.
doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2021.08.006.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34798976" target="_blank">34798976</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34623095">Meningitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Aksamit AJ Jr,
Berkowitz AL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Continuum (Minneap Minn)</span>
2021 Aug 1;27(4):836-854.
doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001016.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34623095" target="_blank">34623095</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34469648">Chronic Meningitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Aksamit AJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">N Engl J Med</span>
2021 Sep 2;385(10):930-936.
doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2032996.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34469648" target="_blank">34469648</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33392820">Viral meningitis: an overview.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kohil A,
Jemmieh S,
Smatti MK,
Yassine HM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Virol</span>
2021 Feb;166(2):335-345.
Epub 2021 Jan 3
doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04891-1.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33392820" target="_blank">33392820</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7779091" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Meningitis%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (19166)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38014977">Diagnosis and management of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected adults.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">McHale TC,
Boulware DR,
Kasibante J,
Ssebambulidde K,
Skipper CP,
Abassi M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Microbiol Rev</span>
2023 Dec 20;36(4):e0015622.
Epub 2023 Nov 28
doi: 10.1128/cmr.00156-22.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38014977" target="_blank">38014977</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10870732" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27121755">Corticosteroids for managing tuberculous meningitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Prasad K,
Singh MB,
Ryan H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2016 Apr 28;4(4):CD002244.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002244.pub4.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27121755" target="_blank">27121755</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4916936" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26362566">Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Brouwer MC,
McIntyre P,
Prasad K,
van de Beek D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2015 Sep 12;2015(9):CD004405.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004405.pub5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26362566" target="_blank">26362566</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6491272" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ratilal BO,
Costa J,
Pappamikail L,
Sampaio C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2015 Apr 28;2015(4):CD004884.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004884.pub4.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25918919" target="_blank">25918919</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10554555" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20210684">Treatment of Acinetobacter infections.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Michalopoulos A,
Falagas ME</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Expert Opin Pharmacother</span>
2010 Apr;11(5):779-88.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20210684" target="_blank">20210684</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Meningitis%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (15026)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34800370">Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-19: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Perin J,
Mulick A,
Yeung D,
Villavicencio F,
Lopez G,
Strong KL,
Prieto-Merino D,
Cousens S,
Black RE,
Liu L</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet Child Adolesc Health</span>
2022 Feb;6(2):106-115.
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doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00311-4.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34800370" target="_blank">34800370</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8786667" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet Neurol</span>
2019 May;18(5):459-480.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30879893" target="_blank">30879893</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6459001" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28689664">Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Shi T,
McAllister DA,
O'Brien KL,
Simoes EAF,
Madhi SA,
Gessner BD,
Polack FP,
Balsells E,
Acacio S,
Aguayo C,
Alassani I,
Ali A,
Antonio M,
Awasthi S,
Awori JO,
Azziz-Baumgartner E,
Baggett HC,
Baillie VL,
Balmaseda A,
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Bassat Q,
Basualdo W,
Bigogo G,
Bont L,
Breiman RF,
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Campbell S,
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Chadha M,
Chipeta J,
Chou M,
Clara W,
Cohen C,
de Cuellar E,
Dang DA,
Dash-Yandag B,
Deloria-Knoll M,
Dherani M,
Eap T,
Ebruke BE,
Echavarria M,
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Fasce RA,
Feikin DR,
Feng L,
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Gordon A,
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Goyet S,
Groome M,
Halasa N,
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Homaira N,
Howie SRC,
Jara J,
Jroundi I,
Kartasasmita CB,
Khuri-Bulos N,
Kotloff KL,
Krishnan A,
Libster R,
Lopez O,
Lucero MG,
Lucion F,
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Marcone DN,
McCracken JP,
Mejia M,
Moisi JC,
Montgomery JM,
Moore DP,
Moraleda C,
Moyes J,
Munywoki P,
Mutyara K,
Nicol MP,
Nokes DJ,
Nymadawa P,
da Costa Oliveira MT,
Oshitani H,
Pandey N,
Paranhos-Baccalà G,
Phillips LN,
Picot VS,
Rahman M,
Rakoto-Andrianarivelo M,
Rasmussen ZA,
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Robinson A,
Romero C,
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Sawatwong P,
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Singleton R,
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Strand TA,
Sutanto A,
Sylla M,
Tapia MD,
Thamthitiwat S,
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Tokarz R,
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RSV Global Epidemiology Network</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet</span>
2017 Sep 2;390(10098):946-958.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28689664" target="_blank">28689664</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5592248" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27443594">Meningococcal pneumonia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Vossen M,
Mitteregger D,
Steininger C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Vaccine</span>
2016 Aug 17;34(37):4364-70.
Epub 2016 Jul 18
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.07.013.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27443594" target="_blank">27443594</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23245604">Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lozano R,
Naghavi M,
Foreman K,
Lim S,
Shibuya K,
Aboyans V,
Abraham J,
Adair T,
Aggarwal R,
Ahn SY,
Alvarado M,
Anderson HR,
Anderson LM,
Andrews KG,
Atkinson C,
Baddour LM,
Barker-Collo S,
Bartels DH,
Bell ML,
Benjamin EJ,
Bennett D,
Bhalla K,
Bikbov B,
Bin Abdulhak A,
Birbeck G,
Blyth F,
Bolliger I,
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Bucello C,
Burch M,
Burney P,
Carapetis J,
Chen H,
Chou D,
Chugh SS,
Coffeng LE,
Colan SD,
Colquhoun S,
Colson KE,
Condon J,
Connor MD,
Cooper LT,
Corriere M,
Cortinovis M,
de Vaccaro KC,
Couser W,
Cowie BC,
Criqui MH,
Cross M,
Dabhadkar KC,
Dahodwala N,
De Leo D,
Degenhardt L,
Delossantos A,
Denenberg J,
Des Jarlais DC,
Dharmaratne SD,
Dorsey ER,
Driscoll T,
Duber H,
Ebel B,
Erwin PJ,
Espindola P,
Ezzati M,
Feigin V,
Flaxman AD,
Forouzanfar MH,
Fowkes FG,
Franklin R,
Fransen M,
Freeman MK,
Gabriel SE,
Gakidou E,
Gaspari F,
Gillum RF,
Gonzalez-Medina D,
Halasa YA,
Haring D,
Harrison JE,
Havmoeller R,
Hay RJ,
Hoen B,
Hotez PJ,
Hoy D,
Jacobsen KH,
James SL,
Jasrasaria R,
Jayaraman S,
Johns N,
Karthikeyan G,
Kassebaum N,
Keren A,
Khoo JP,
Knowlton LM,
Kobusingye O,
Koranteng A,
Krishnamurthi R,
Lipnick M,
Lipshultz SE,
Ohno SL,
Mabweijano J,
MacIntyre MF,
Mallinger L,
March L,
Marks GB,
Marks R,
Matsumori A,
Matzopoulos R,
Mayosi BM,
McAnulty JH,
McDermott MM,
McGrath J,
Mensah GA,
Merriman TR,
Michaud C,
Miller M,
Miller TR,
Mock C,
Mocumbi AO,
Mokdad AA,
Moran A,
Mulholland K,
Nair MN,
Naldi L,
Narayan KM,
Nasseri K,
Norman P,
O'Donnell M,
Omer SB,
Ortblad K,
Osborne R,
Ozgediz D,
Pahari B,
Pandian JD,
Rivero AP,
Padilla RP,
Perez-Ruiz F,
Perico N,
Phillips D,
Pierce K,
Pope CA 3rd,
Porrini E,
Pourmalek F,
Raju M,
Ranganathan D,
Rehm JT,
Rein DB,
Remuzzi G,
Rivara FP,
Roberts T,
De León FR,
Rosenfeld LC,
Rushton L,
Sacco RL,
Salomon JA,
Sampson U,
Sanman E,
Schwebel DC,
Segui-Gomez M,
Shepard DS,
Singh D,
Singleton J,
Sliwa K,
Smith E,
Steer A,
Taylor JA,
Thomas B,
Tleyjeh IM,
Towbin JA,
Truelsen T,
Undurraga EA,
Venketasubramanian N,
Vijayakumar L,
Vos T,
Wagner GR,
Wang M,
Wang W,
Watt K,
Weinstock MA,
Weintraub R,
Wilkinson JD,
Woolf AD,
Wulf S,
Yeh PH,
Yip P,
Zabetian A,
Zheng ZJ,
Lopez AD,
Murray CJ,
AlMazroa MA,
Memish ZA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet</span>
2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2095-128.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23245604" target="_blank">23245604</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10790329" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Meningitis%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (10163)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30776077">A Clinical Prediction Rule to Identify Febrile Infants 60 Days and Younger at Low Risk for Serious Bacterial Infections.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kuppermann N,
Dayan PS,
Levine DA,
Vitale M,
Tzimenatos L,
Tunik MG,
Saunders M,
Ruddy RM,
Roosevelt G,
Rogers AJ,
Powell EC,
Nigrovic LE,
Muenzer J,
Linakis JG,
Grisanti K,
Jaffe DM,
Hoyle JD Jr,
Greenberg R,
Gattu R,
Cruz AT,
Crain EF,
Cohen DM,
Brayer A,
Borgialli D,
Bonsu B,
Browne L,
Blumberg S,
Bennett JE,
Atabaki SM,
Anders J,
Alpern ER,
Miller B,
Casper TC,
Dean JM,
Ramilo O,
Mahajan P;
Febrile Infant Working Group of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN)</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA Pediatr</span>
2019 Apr 1;173(4):342-351.
doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5501.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30776077" target="_blank">30776077</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6450281" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29889859">Global etiology of bacterial meningitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Oordt-Speets AM,
Bolijn R,
van Hoorn RC,
Bhavsar A,
Kyaw MH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">PLoS One</span>
2018;13(6):e0198772.
Epub 2018 Jun 11
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198772.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29889859" target="_blank">29889859</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5995389" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28652120">Predictors of Shunt-dependent Hydrocephalus After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Xie Z,
Hu X,
Zan X,
Lin S,
Li H,
You C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">World Neurosurg</span>
2017 Oct;106:844-860.e6.
Epub 2017 Jun 23
doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.06.119.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28652120" target="_blank">28652120</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25229387">Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Rubin S,
Eckhaus M,
Rennick LJ,
Bamford CG,
Duprex WP</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pathol</span>
2015 Jan;235(2):242-52.
doi: 10.1002/path.4445.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25229387" target="_blank">25229387</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4268314" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/11480262">Diagnostic testing for headache.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Evans RW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Med Clin North Am</span>
2001 Jul;85(4):865-85.
doi: 10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70348-5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/11480262" target="_blank">11480262</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Meningitis%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (7441)</a></div></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33966315">Rheumatoid meningitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Villa E,
Sarquis T,
de Grazia J,
Núñez R,
Alarcón P,
Villegas R,
Guevara C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Neurol</span>
2021 Sep;28(9):3201-3210.
Epub 2021 Jun 29
doi: 10.1111/ene.14904.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33966315" target="_blank">33966315</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31760115">Diagnostic test accuracy of the BioFire® FilmArray® meningitis/encephalitis panel: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tansarli GS,
Chapin KC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Microbiol Infect</span>
2020 Mar;26(3):281-290.
Epub 2019 Nov 21
doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.11.016.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31760115" target="_blank">31760115</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29889859">Global etiology of bacterial meningitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Oordt-Speets AM,
Bolijn R,
van Hoorn RC,
Bhavsar A,
Kyaw MH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">PLoS One</span>
2018;13(6):e0198772.
Epub 2018 Jun 11
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198772.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29889859" target="_blank">29889859</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5995389" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27121755">Corticosteroids for managing tuberculous meningitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Prasad K,
Singh MB,
Ryan H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2016 Apr 28;4(4):CD002244.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002244.pub4.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27121755" target="_blank">27121755</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4916936" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26362566">Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Brouwer MC,
McIntyre P,
Prasad K,
van de Beek D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2015 Sep 12;2015(9):CD004405.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004405.pub5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26362566" target="_blank">26362566</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6491272" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Meningitis%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (611)</a></div></div>
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