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<meta name="keywords" content="C0205710, ahd, ahs, alper disease, alper syndrome, alper's disease, alper's syndrome, alpers diffuse degeneration of cerebral gray matter with hepatic cirrhosis, alpers diffuse degeneration of cerebral grey matter with hepatic cirrhosis, alpers disease, alpers huttenlocher disease, alpers huttenlocher syndrome, alpers progressive infantile poliodystrophy, alpers progressive sclerosing poliodystrophy, alpers syndrome, alpers' disease, alpers' disease or gray-matter degeneration, alpers' syndrome, alpers-huttenlocher, alpers-huttenlocher syndrome, diffuse cerebral degeneration in infancy, disease or syndrome, disease, alpers', gray matter degeneration, infantile poliodystrophy, mitochondrial dna depletion syndrome 4a, mitochondrial dna depletion syndrome 4a (alpers type), mitochondrial dna depletion syndrome type 4a, mtdps4a, neuronal degeneration of childhood with liver disease, progressive, pndc, polg, poliodystrophia cerebri progressiva, poliodystrophy, progressive cerebral poliodystrophy, progressive neuronal degeneration of childhood with liver disease, progressive neuronal degeneration with liver cirrhosis, progressive sclerosing poliodystrophies, progressive sclerosing poliodystrophy, spongy glioneuronal dystrophy, syndrome, alpers, syndrome, alpers-huttenlocher, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="POLG-related disorders comprise a continuum of overlapping phenotypes that were clinically defined before the molecular basis was known. POLG-related disorders can therefore be considered an overlapping spectrum of disease presenting from early childhood to late adulthood. The age of onset broadly correlates with the clinical phenotype. In individuals with early-onset disease (prior to age 12 years), liver involvement, feeding difficulties, seizures, hypotonia, and muscle weakness are the most common clinical features. This group has the worst prognosis. In the juvenile/adult-onset form (age 12-40 years), disease is typically characterized by peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, seizures, stroke-like episodes, and, in individuals with longer survival, progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO). This group generally has a better prognosis than the early-onset group. Late-onset disease (after age 40 years) is characterized by ptosis and PEO, with additional features such as peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, and muscle weakness. This group overall has the best prognosis." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<title>Progressive sclerosing poliodystrophy (Concept Id: C0205710)
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<!--
UID=60012
ConceptID=C0205710
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Progressive sclerosing poliodystrophy<span class="h1sub">(MTDPS4A)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>60012</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0205710</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>ALPERS DIFFUSE DEGENERATION OF CEREBRAL GRAY MATTER WITH HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS; Alpers disease; ALPERS PROGRESSIVE INFANTILE POLIODYSTROPHY; Alpers Syndrome; Alpers-Huttenlocher Syndrome; Diffuse cerebral degeneration in infancy; Infantile poliodystrophy; Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndrome 4A; Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 4A (Alpers type); MTDPS4A; NEURONAL DEGENERATION OF CHILDHOOD WITH LIVER DISEASE, PROGRESSIVE; Poliodystrophia cerebri progressiva; Progressive cerebral poliodystrophy</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Progressive neuronal degeneration with liver cirrhosis (20415001); Alper's disease (20415001); Progressive sclerosing poliodystrophy (20415001); Alpers' disease (20415001); Gray matter degeneration (20415001); Spongy glioneuronal dystrophy (20415001); Poliodystrophy (20415001)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Modes of inheritance:</td>
<td>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="moi_141025"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive inheritance</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>141025</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0441748</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Intellectual Product</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Source: Orphanet</div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).</div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#moi_141025" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Autosomal recessive inheritance</a><span> (Orphanet)</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="POLG - ID: 5428 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/5428" class="medgenPMinfo">POLG</a> (15q26.1)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008758" target="_blank">MONDO:0008758</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/203700" target="_blank">203700</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Orphanet:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Orphanet: The portal for rare diseases and orphan drugs" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&amp;Expert=726">ORPHA726</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="rprt-body jig-ncbiinpagenav" data-jigconfig="smoothScroll: false, gotoTopLink: true, gotoTopLinkText: '', gotoTopLinkAttrs: {'title': 'Go to the top of the page'},allHeadingLevels: ['h1'], topOfPageTOC: true, tocId: 'my-toc'"><div id="rprt-tabs-1" class="rprt-tab"><div id="tb-termsProp-1"><div class="leftCol mgCol"><div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">POLG-related disorders comprise a continuum of overlapping phenotypes that were clinically defined before the molecular basis was known. POLG-related disorders can therefore be considered an overlapping spectrum of disease presenting from early childhood to late adulthood. The age of onset broadly correlates with the clinical phenotype. In individuals with early-onset disease (prior to age 12 years), liver involvement, feeding difficulties, seizures, hypotonia, and muscle weakness are the most common clinical features. This group has the worst prognosis. In the juvenile/adult-onset form (age 12-40 years), disease is typically characterized by peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, seizures, stroke-like episodes, and, in individuals with longer survival, progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO). This group generally has a better prognosis than the early-onset group. Late-onset disease (after age 40 years) is characterized by ptosis and PEO, with additional features such as peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, and muscle weakness. This group overall has the best prognosis. [from <a title="GeneReviews" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1116" class="defSource" target="_blank">GeneReviews</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_117">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Additional_descriptions">Additional descriptions</h1><a sid="117" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><div class="mgSection"><strong>From OMIM</strong><br />Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome-4A (MTDPS4A), also known as Alpers syndrome, is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a clinical triad of psychomotor retardation, intractable epilepsy, and liver failure in infants and young children. Pathologic findings include neuronal loss in the cerebral gray matter with reactive astrocytosis and liver cirrhosis. The disorder is progressive and often leads to death from hepatic failure or status epilepticus before age 3 years (review by Milone and Massie, 2010).&#13;
Some affected individuals may show mild intermittent 3-methylglutaconic aciduria and defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (Wortmann et al., 2009).&#13;
For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal recessive mtDNA depletion syndromes, see MTDPS1 (603041).&#13;
Neuropathologic changes characteristic of Alpers syndrome, namely laminar cortical necrosis, may also be seen in some patients with combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-14 (COXPD14; 614946), caused by mutation in the FARS2 gene (611592), and COXPD24 (616239), caused by mutation in the NARS2 gene (612803).  <a target="_blank" href="http://www.omim.org/entry/203700">http://www.omim.org/entry/203700</a></div><div class="mgSection"><strong>From MedlinePlus Genetics</strong><br />Childhood myocerebrohepatopathy spectrum, commonly called MCHS, is part of a group of conditions called the POLG-related disorders. The conditions in this group feature a range of similar signs and symptoms involving muscle-, nerve-, and brain-related functions. MCHS typically becomes apparent in children from a few months to 3 years old. People with this condition usually have problems with their muscles (myo-), brain (cerebro-), and liver (hepato-).<br /><br />Common signs and symptoms of MCHS include muscle weakness (myopathy), developmental delay or a deterioration of intellectual function, and liver disease. Another possible sign of this condition is a toxic buildup of lactic acid in the body (lactic acidosis). Often, affected children are unable to gain weight and grow at the expected rate (failure to thrive).<br /><br />Additional signs and symptoms of MCHS can include a form of kidney disease called renal tubular acidosis, inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), recurrent episodes of nausea and vomiting (cyclic vomiting), or hearing loss.  <a target="_blank" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/childhood-myocerebrohepatopathy-spectrum">https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/childhood-myocerebrohepatopathy-spectrum</a></div><div class="mgSection"><strong>From MedlinePlus Genetics</strong><br />Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome is one of the most severe of a group of conditions called the POLG-related disorders. The conditions in this group feature a range of similar signs and symptoms involving muscle-, nerve-, and brain-related functions. Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome typically becomes apparent in children between ages 2 and 4. People with this condition usually have three characteristic features: recurrent seizures that do not improve with treatment (intractable epilepsy), loss of mental and movement abilities (psychomotor regression), and liver disease.<br /><br />People with Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome usually have additional signs and symptoms. Most have problems with coordination and balance (ataxia) and disturbances in nerve function (neuropathy). Neuropathy can lead to abnormal or absent reflexes (areflexia). In addition, affected individuals may develop weak muscle tone (hypotonia) that worsens until they lose the ability to control their muscles and movement. Some people with Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome lose the ability to walk, sit, or feed themselves. Other movement-related symptoms in affected individuals can include involuntary muscle twitches (myoclonus), uncontrollable movements of the limbs (choreoathetosis), or a pattern of movement abnormalities known as parkinsonism.<br /><br />Affected individuals may have other brain-related signs and symptoms. Migraine headaches, often with visual sensations or auras, are common. Additionally, people with this condition may have decreased brain function that is demonstrated as sleepiness, inability to concentrate, irritability, or loss of language skills or memory. Some people with the condition may lose their eyesight or hearing. People with Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome can survive from a few months to more than 10 years after the condition first appears.  <a target="_blank" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/alpers-huttenlocher-syndrome">https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/alpers-huttenlocher-syndrome</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_488840"><div><strong>Aciduria</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>488840</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0278026</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Excretion of urine with an acid pH, i.e., having an increased hydrogen ion concentration.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/488840">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Aciduria%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20488840%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_355967"><div><strong>Ethylmalonic aciduria</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>355967</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1865353</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The concentration of ethylmalonic acid in the urine, normalized for urine concentration, is above the upper limit of normal.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/355967">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Ethylmalonic%20aciduria%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20355967%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_777186"><div><strong>3-Methylglutaconic aciduria</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>777186</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3696376</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An increased amount of 3-methylglutaconic acid in the urine.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/777186">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%223-Methylglutaconic%20aciduria%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20777186%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_746019"><div><strong>Failure to thrive</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>746019</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2315100</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/746019">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Failure%20to%20thrive%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20746019%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_416"><div><strong>Ascites</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>416</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0003962</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (between the layers of the peritoneum that lines the abdomen).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/416">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Ascites%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20416%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_42428"><div><strong>Hepatomegaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>42428</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0019209</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Abnormally increased size of the liver.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/42428">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hepatomegaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2042428%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_43987"><div><strong>Jaundice</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>43987</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0022346</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Yellow pigmentation of the skin due to bilirubin, which in turn is the result of increased bilirubin concentration in the bloodstream.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/43987">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Jaundice%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2043987%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_12124"><div><strong>Vomiting</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>12124</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0042963</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Forceful ejection of the contents of the stomach through the mouth by means of a series of involuntary spasmic contractions.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/12124">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Vomiting%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2012124%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_88444"><div><strong>Liver failure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>88444</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0085605</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A disorder characterized by the inability of the liver to metabolize chemicals in the body. Causes include cirrhosis and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Signs and symptoms include jaundice and encephalopathy. Laboratory test results reveal abnormal plasma levels of ammonia, bilirubin, lactic dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/88444">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Liver%20failure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2088444%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_58125"><div><strong>Acute liver failure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>58125</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0162557</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hepatic failure refers to the inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic functions, which can result in coagulopathy and alteration in the mental status of a previously healthy individual. Hepatic failure is defined as acute if there is onset of encephalopathy within 8 weeks of the onset of symptoms in a patient with a previously healthy liver.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/58125">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Acute%20liver%20failure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2058125%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_75640"><div><strong>Micronodular cirrhosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>75640</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0267812</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of cirrhosis characterized by the presence of small regenerative nodules.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/75640">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Micronodular%20cirrhosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2075640%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_120603"><div><strong>Bile duct proliferation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>120603</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0267818</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Proliferative changes of the bile ducts.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/120603">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Bile%20duct%20proliferation%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20120603%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_376784"><div><strong>Microvesicular hepatic steatosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>376784</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1850415</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A form of hepatic steatosis characterized by the presence of small, lipid-laden vesicles in the affected hepatocytes.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/376784">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Microvesicular%20hepatic%20steatosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20376784%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_849"><div><strong>Cerebellar ataxia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>849</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0007758</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Cerebellar ataxia refers to ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. This causes a variety of elementary neurological deficits including asynergy (lack of coordination between muscles, limbs and joints), dysmetria (lack of ability to judge distances that can lead to under- or overshoot in grasping movements), and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid movements requiring antagonizing muscle groups to be switched on and off repeatedly).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/849">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebellar%20ataxia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20849%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_4899"><div><strong>Gliosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>4899</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0017639</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Pathologic Function</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Gliosis is the focal proliferation of glial cells in the central nervous system.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/4899">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Gliosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%204899%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_10234"><div><strong>Myoclonus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>10234</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0027066</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Very brief, involuntary random muscular contractions occurring at rest, in response to sensory stimuli, or accompanying voluntary movements.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/10234">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Myoclonus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2010234%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_11586"><div><strong>Status epilepticus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>11586</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0038220</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Status epilepticus is a type of prolonged seizure resulting either from the failure of the mechanisms responsible for seizure termination or from the initiation of mechanisms which lead to abnormally prolonged seizures (after time point t1). It is a condition that can have long-term consequences (after time point t2), including neuronal death, neuronal injury, and alteration of neuronal networks, depending on the type and duration of seizures.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/11586">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Status%20epilepticus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2011586%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_39303"><div><strong>Epilepsia partialis continua</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>39303</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0085543</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Epilepsia partialis continua (also called Kojevnikov's or Kozhevnikov's epilepsia) is a type of focal motor status epilepticus characterized by repeated stereotyped simple motor manifestations such as jerks, typically of a limb or the face, recurring every few seconds or minutes for extended periods (days or years).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/39303">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Epilepsia%20partialis%20continua%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2039303%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_39314"><div><strong>Encephalopathy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>39314</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0085584</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Encephalopathy is a term that means brain disease, damage, or malfunction. In general, encephalopathy is manifested by an altered mental state.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/39314">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Encephalopathy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2039314%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_116012"><div><strong>Cerebral atrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>116012</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0235946</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Atrophy (wasting, decrease in size of cells or tissue) affecting the cerebrum.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/116012">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebral%20atrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20116012%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_78731"><div><strong>Tetraparesis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>78731</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0270790</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Weakness of all four limbs.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/78731">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Tetraparesis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2078731%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_124372"><div><strong>Generalized non-convulsive status epilepticus without coma</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>124372</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0270823</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Generalized non-convulsive status epilepticus without coma is a type of status epilepticus without prominent motor signs, which is electrographically generalized. It is a prolonged absence seizure.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/124372">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Generalized%20non-convulsive%20status%20epilepticus%20without%20coma%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20124372%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_99229"><div><strong>Dementia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>99229</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0497327</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A loss of global cognitive ability of sufficient amount to interfere with normal social or occupational function. Dementia represents a loss of previously present cognitive abilities, generally in adults, and can affect memory, thinking, language, judgment, and behavior.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/99229">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Dementia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2099229%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_105509"><div><strong>Abnormality of visual evoked potentials</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>105509</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0522214</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An anomaly of visually evoked potentials (VEP), which are electrical potentials, initiated by brief visual stimuli, which are recorded from the scalp overlying the visual cortex.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/105509">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Abnormality%20of%20visual%20evoked%20potentials%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20105509%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_105510"><div><strong>Paralysis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>105510</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0522224</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Paralysis of voluntary muscles means loss of contraction due to interruption of one or more motor pathways from the brain to the muscle fibers. Although the word paralysis is often used interchangeably to mean either complete or partial loss of muscle strength, it is preferable to use paralysis or plegia for complete or severe loss of muscle strength, and paresis for partial or slight loss. Motor paralysis results from deficits of the upper motor neurons (corticospinal, corticobulbar, or subcorticospinal). Motor paralysis is often accompanied by an impairment in the facility of movement.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/105510">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Paralysis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20105510%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_107838"><div><strong>Global developmental delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107838</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0557874</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107838">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Global%20developmental%20delay%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20107838%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_196624"><div><strong>Cerebellar atrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>196624</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0740279</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Cerebellar atrophy is defined as a cerebellum with initially normal structures, in a posterior fossa with normal size, which displays enlarged fissures (interfolial spaces) in comparison to the foliae secondary to loss of tissue. Cerebellar atrophy implies irreversible loss of tissue and result from an ongoing progressive disease until a final stage is reached or a single injury, e.g. an intoxication or infectious event.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/196624">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebellar%20atrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20196624%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_182977"><div><strong>Vegetative state</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>182977</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0917808</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The absence of wakefulness and consciousness, but in contrast to a coma, there is involuntary opening of the eyes and movements such as teeth grinding, yawning, or thrashing of the extremities.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/182977">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Vegetative%20state%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20182977%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_329971"><div><strong>Increased CSF protein concentration</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>329971</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1806780</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Increased concentration of protein in the cerebrospinal fluid.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/329971">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Increased%20CSF%20protein%20concentration%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20329971%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_324613"><div><strong>Developmental regression</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>324613</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836830</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Loss of developmental skills, as manifested by loss of developmental milestones.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/324613">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Developmental%20regression%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20324613%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_342515"><div><strong>Neuronal loss in central nervous system</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>342515</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1850496</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/342515">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Neuronal%20loss%20in%20central%20nervous%20system%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20342515%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_349259"><div><strong>Cerebral cortical neurodegeneration</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>349259</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1859863</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/349259">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebral%20cortical%20neurodegeneration%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20349259%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_854483"><div><strong>Astrocytosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>854483</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3887640</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Pathologic Function</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a lesion of the central nervous system.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/854483">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Astrocytosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20854483%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_869083"><div><strong>Focal myoclonic seizure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>869083</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4023501</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of focal motor seizure characterized by sudden, brief (&lt;100 ms) involuntary single or multiple contraction(s) of muscles(s) or muscle groups of variable topography (axial, proximal limb, distal). Myoclonus is less regularly repetitive and less sustained than is clonus.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/869083">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Focal%20myoclonic%20seizure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20869083%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_10132"><div><strong>Hypertonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>10132</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026826</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A condition in which there is increased muscle tone so that arms or legs, for example, are stiff and difficult to move.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/10132">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypertonia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2010132%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_10133"><div><strong>Hypotonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>10133</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026827</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/10133">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypotonia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2010133%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_14535"><div><strong>Osteoporosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>14535</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0029456</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone density and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with a consequent increase in bone fragility. According to the WHO criteria, osteoporosis is defined as a BMD that lies 2.5 standard deviations or more below the average value for young healthy adults (a T-score below -2.5 SD).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/14535">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Osteoporosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2014535%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_11348"><div><strong>Scoliosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>11348</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0036439</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/11348">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Scoliosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2011348%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_346841"><div><strong>Generalized hypotonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>346841</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1858120</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Generalized muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/346841">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Generalized%20hypotonia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20346841%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_215296"><div><strong>Tracheomalacia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>215296</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0948187</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital tracheomalacia is a rare condition where the trachea is soft and flexible causing the tracheal wall to collapse when exhaling, coughing or crying, that usually presents in infancy, and that is characterized by stridor and noisy breathing or upper respiratory infections. Tracheomalacia improves by the age of 18-24 months.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/215296">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Tracheomalacia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20215296%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_469022"><div><strong>Hypoventilation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>469022</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3203358</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Pathologic Function</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A reduction in the amount of air transported into the pulmonary alveoli by breathing, leading to hypercapnia (increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/469022">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypoventilation%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20469022%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_101794"><div><strong>Anasarca</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>101794</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0151603</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Pathologic Function</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An extreme form of generalized edema with widespread and massive edema due to effusion of fluid into the extracellular space.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/101794">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Anasarca%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20101794%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_116013"><div><strong>Elevated circulating hepatic transaminase concentration</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>116013</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0235996</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Elevations of the levels of SGOT and SGPT in the serum. SGOT (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase) and SGPT (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase) are transaminases primarily found in the liver and heart and are released into the bloodstream as the result of liver or heart damage. SGOT and SGPT are used clinically mainly as markers of liver damage.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/116013">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Elevated%20circulating%20hepatic%20transaminase%20concentration%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20116013%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_332209"><div><strong>Increased circulating lactate concentration</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>332209</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836440</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Abnormally increased level of blood lactate (2-hydroxypropanoic acid). Lactate is produced from pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase during normal metabolism. The terms lactate and lactic acid are often used interchangeably but lactate (the component measured in blood) is strictly a weak base whereas lactic acid is the corresponding acid. Lactic acidosis is often used clinically to describe elevated lactate but should be reserved for cases where there is a corresponding acidosis (pH below 7.35).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/332209">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Increased%20circulating%20lactate%20concentration%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20332209%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_784038"><div><strong>Visual loss</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>784038</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3665386</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Loss of visual acuity (implying that vision was better at a certain time point in life). Otherwise the term reduced visual acuity should be used (or a subclass of that).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/784038">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Visual%20loss%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20784038%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_890568"><div><strong>Cerebral visual impairment</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>890568</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4048268</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Pathologic Function</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A form of loss of vision caused by damage to the visual cortex rather than a defect in the eye.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/890568">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebral%20visual%20impairment%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20890568%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_101794" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Anasarca</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_116013" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Elevated circulating hepatic transaminase concentration</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_332209" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Increased circulating lactate concentration</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the digestive system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_58125" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Acute liver failure</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_416" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ascites</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_120603" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Bile duct proliferation</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_42428" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hepatomegaly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_43987" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Jaundice</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_88444" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Liver failure</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_75640" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Micronodular cirrhosis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_376784" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Microvesicular hepatic steatosis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_12124" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Vomiting</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the eye</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_890568" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebral visual impairment</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_784038" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Visual loss</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the genitourinary system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_777186" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">3-Methylglutaconic aciduria</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_488840" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Aciduria</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_355967" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ethylmalonic aciduria</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_346841" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Generalized hypotonia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_10132" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypertonia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_10133" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypotonia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_14535" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Osteoporosis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_11348" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Scoliosis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_105509" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Abnormality of visual evoked potentials</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_854483" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Astrocytosis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_849" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebellar ataxia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_196624" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebellar atrophy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_116012" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebral atrophy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_349259" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebral cortical neurodegeneration</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_99229" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Dementia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_324613" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Developmental regression</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_39314" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Encephalopathy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_39303" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Epilepsia partialis continua</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_869083" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Focal myoclonic seizure</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_124372" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Generalized non-convulsive status epilepticus without coma</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_4899" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Gliosis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_107838" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Global developmental delay</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_329971" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Increased CSF protein concentration</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_10234" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Myoclonus</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_342515" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Neuronal loss in central nervous system</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_105510" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Paralysis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_11586" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Status epilepticus</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_78731" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Tetraparesis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_182977" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Vegetative state</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the respiratory system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_469022" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypoventilation</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_215296" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Tracheomalacia</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Growth abnormality</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_746019" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Failure to thrive</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li><li><a href="#tabORDO">Orphanet</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0205710[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=60012">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=60012" target="_blank" href="/omim/174763">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/?term=(NBK26471%20OR%20NBK487393)%20AND%20gene%5Bbook%5D&amp;showtype=onebook" ref="ncbi_uid=60012">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=60012" ref="ncbi_uid=60012">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Progressive sclerosing poliodystrophy</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1825988" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Inherited neurodegenerative disorder">Inherited neurodegenerative disorder</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Progressive sclerosing poliodystrophy</span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div id="tabORDO">Follow <a target="_blank" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Classif.php?lng=EN&amp;data_id=156&amp;PatId=1730&amp;search=Disease_Classif_Simple&amp;new=1" class="ital bold">this link</a> to review classifications for <span class="ital">Progressive sclerosing poliodystrophy</span> in Orphanet.</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/4259852">Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders: trials and tribulations.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Davidson RG,
Rattazzi MC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Chem</span>
1972 Mar;18(3):179-87.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/4259852" target="_blank">4259852</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/4098222">Prenatal genetic diagnosis (second of three parts).</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Milunsky A,
Littlefield JW,
Kanfer JN,
Kolodny EH,
Shih VE,
Atkins L</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">N Engl J Med</span>
1970 Dec 24;283(26):1441-7.
doi: 10.1056/NEJM197012242832605.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/4098222" target="_blank">4098222</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/4185707">The clinical spectrum and early diagnosis of Dawson's encephalitis, with preliminary notes on treatment.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Freeman JM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr</span>
1969 Oct;75(4):590-603.
doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(69)80454-3.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/4185707" target="_blank">4185707</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(progressive%20sclerosing%20poliodystrophy)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (20)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22176657">Defects in mitochondrial DNA replication and human disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Copeland WC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol</span>
2012 Jan-Feb;47(1):64-74.
doi: 10.3109/10409238.2011.632763.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22176657" target="_blank">22176657</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3244805" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/19010300">DNA polymerase gamma and mitochondrial disease: understanding the consequence of POLG mutations.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Chan SS,
Copeland WC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Biochim Biophys Acta</span>
2009 May;1787(5):312-9.
Epub 2008 Oct 29
doi: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.10.007.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/19010300" target="_blank">19010300</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2742478" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18590986">Neuroimaging of mitochondrial disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Saneto RP,
Friedman SD,
Shaw DW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Mitochondrion</span>
2008 Dec;8(5-6):396-413.
Epub 2008 May 23
doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2008.05.003.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18590986" target="_blank">18590986</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2600593" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18546365">Molecular and clinical genetics of mitochondrial diseases due to POLG mutations.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wong LJ,
Naviaux RK,
Brunetti-Pierri N,
Zhang Q,
Schmitt ES,
Truong C,
Milone M,
Cohen BH,
Wical B,
Ganesh J,
Basinger AA,
Burton BK,
Swoboda K,
Gilbert DL,
Vanderver A,
Saneto RP,
Maranda B,
Arnold G,
Abdenur JE,
Waters PJ,
Copeland WC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hum Mutat</span>
2008 Sep;29(9):E150-72.
doi: 10.1002/humu.20824.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18546365" target="_blank">18546365</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2891192" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/7310417">Adrenoleucodystrophy: neurophysiological aspects.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Battaglia A,
Harden A,
Pampiglione G,
Walsh PJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry</span>
1981 Sep;44(9):781-5.
doi: 10.1136/jnnp.44.9.781.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/7310417" target="_blank">7310417</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC491136" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Progressive%20sclerosing%20poliodystrophy%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (146)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24943346">Baló's concentric sclerosis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hardy TA,
Miller DH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet Neurol</span>
2014 Jul;13(7):740-6.
doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70052-3.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24943346" target="_blank">24943346</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23419467">Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Saneto RP,
Cohen BH,
Copeland WC,
Naviaux RK</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Neurol</span>
2013 Mar;48(3):167-78.
doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.09.014.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23419467" target="_blank">23419467</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3578656" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/7530633">Genetics of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hodes ME,
Pratt VM,
Dlouhy SR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Dev Neurosci</span>
1993;15(6):383-94.
doi: 10.1159/000111361.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/7530633" target="_blank">7530633</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/6100794">Adrenoleukodystrophy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lenard HG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuropediatrics</span>
1984 Sep;15 Suppl:16-9.
doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1052375.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/6100794" target="_blank">6100794</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/6758925">Adrenoleukodystrophy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">O'Neill BP,
Moser HW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Can J Neurol Sci</span>
1982 Nov;9(4):449-52.
doi: 10.1017/s0317167100044383.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/6758925" target="_blank">6758925</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Progressive%20sclerosing%20poliodystrophy%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (581)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30212769">Recurrent schilder's disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Dunn-Pirio AM,
Eckstein C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Mult Scler Relat Disord</span>
2018 Nov;26:8-10.
Epub 2018 Sep 5
doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.09.001.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30212769" target="_blank">30212769</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25405537">"Clues on Balo's concentric sclerosis evolution from serial analysis of ADC values".</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ripellino P,
Khonsari R,
Stecco A,
Filippi M,
Perchinunno M,
Cantello R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Neurosci</span>
2016;126(1):88-95.
Epub 2015 Jan 5
doi: 10.3109/00207454.2014.989524.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25405537" target="_blank">25405537</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/7748361">Mesial temporal sclerosis: pathogenesis and significance.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Liu Z,
Mikati M,
Holmes GL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Neurol</span>
1995 Jan;12(1):5-16.
doi: 10.1016/0887-8994(94)00122-i.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/7748361" target="_blank">7748361</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/2769901">Adrenoleukodystrophy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ladenson PW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA</span>
1989 Sep 15;262(11):1504-6.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/2769901" target="_blank">2769901</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/4862504">Subacute sclerosing encephalitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Blattner RJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr</span>
1967 Dec;71(6):910-3.
doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(67)80023-4.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/4862504" target="_blank">4862504</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Progressive%20sclerosing%20poliodystrophy%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (113)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33480243">POLG gene mutation. Clinico-neuropathological study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tarka S,
Laure-Kamionowska M,
Wierzba-Bobrowicz T,
Witulska K,
Ciara E,
Szymańska K,
Krajewski P,
Stępień T,
Acewicz A,
Felczak P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Folia Neuropathol</span>
2020;58(4):386-392.
doi: 10.5114/fn.2020.102441.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33480243" target="_blank">33480243</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32195804">Imaging of Fulminant Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Razek AAKA,
Elsebaie NA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Comput Assist Tomogr</span>
2020 Mar/Apr;44(2):248-254.
doi: 10.1097/RCT.0000000000000997.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32195804" target="_blank">32195804</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29768251">Balo's concentric sclerosis: an update and comprehensive literature review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Amini Harandi A,
Esfandani A,
Pakdaman H,
Abbasi M,
Sahraian MA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Rev Neurosci</span>
2018 Nov 27;29(8):873-882.
doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0096.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29768251" target="_blank">29768251</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29673573">Atypical inflammatory demyelinating lesions and atypical multiple sclerosis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ayrignac X,
Carra-Dallière C,
Labauge P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Rev Neurol (Paris)</span>
2018 Jun;174(6):408-418.
Epub 2018 Apr 16
doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.03.007.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29673573" target="_blank">29673573</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24810279">Mitochondrial disorders and epilepsy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Desguerre I,
Hully M,
Rio M,
Nabbout R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Rev Neurol (Paris)</span>
2014 May;170(5):375-80.
Epub 2014 May 5
doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2014.03.010.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24810279" target="_blank">24810279</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Progressive%20sclerosing%20poliodystrophy%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (163)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37259148">Astrocytic pathology in Alpers' syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Smith LA,
Chen C,
Lax NZ,
Taylor RW,
Erskine D,
McFarland R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Acta Neuropathol Commun</span>
2023 May 31;11(1):86.
doi: 10.1186/s40478-023-01579-w.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37259148" target="_blank">37259148</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10230702" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33480243">POLG gene mutation. Clinico-neuropathological study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tarka S,
Laure-Kamionowska M,
Wierzba-Bobrowicz T,
Witulska K,
Ciara E,
Szymańska K,
Krajewski P,
Stępień T,
Acewicz A,
Felczak P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Folia Neuropathol</span>
2020;58(4):386-392.
doi: 10.5114/fn.2020.102441.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33480243" target="_blank">33480243</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21824913">Clustering of Alpers disease mutations and catalytic defects in biochemical variants reveal new features of molecular mechanism of the human mitochondrial replicase, Pol γ.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Euro L,
Farnum GA,
Palin E,
Suomalainen A,
Kaguni LS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Nucleic Acids Res</span>
2011 Nov;39(21):9072-84.
Epub 2011 Aug 8
doi: 10.1093/nar/gkr618.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21824913" target="_blank">21824913</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3241644" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18546365">Molecular and clinical genetics of mitochondrial diseases due to POLG mutations.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wong LJ,
Naviaux RK,
Brunetti-Pierri N,
Zhang Q,
Schmitt ES,
Truong C,
Milone M,
Cohen BH,
Wical B,
Ganesh J,
Basinger AA,
Burton BK,
Swoboda K,
Gilbert DL,
Vanderver A,
Saneto RP,
Maranda B,
Arnold G,
Abdenur JE,
Waters PJ,
Copeland WC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hum Mutat</span>
2008 Sep;29(9):E150-72.
doi: 10.1002/humu.20824.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18546365" target="_blank">18546365</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2891192" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/2653074">Adrenoleukodystrophy and other peroxisomal disorders that affect the nervous system, including new observations on L-pipecolic acid oxidase in primates.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Moser HW,
Mihalik SJ,
Watkins PA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain Dev</span>
1989;11(2):80-90.
doi: 10.1016/s0387-7604(89)80074-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/2653074" target="_blank">2653074</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Progressive%20sclerosing%20poliodystrophy%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (155)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30819213">Myelinoclastic diffuse sclerosis (Schilder's disease) is immunologically distinct from multiple sclerosis: results from retrospective analysis of 92 lumbar punctures.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Jarius S,
Haas J,
Paul F,
Wildemann B</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neuroinflammation</span>
2019 Feb 28;16(1):51.
doi: 10.1186/s12974-019-1425-4.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30819213" target="_blank">30819213</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6396538" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Progressive%20sclerosing%20poliodystrophy%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div></div>
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<div class="supplemental col three_col last">
<h2 class="offscreen_noflow">Supplemental Content</h2>
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<!-- MedGen supplemental column starts here -->
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_113">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Table_of_contents">Table of contents</h1><a sid="113" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul id="my-toc"></ul></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_106">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Genetic_Testing_Registry">Genetic Testing Registry</h1><a sid="106" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0205710%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (82)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0205710%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F18" target="_blank">Mutation scanning of select exons (1)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0205710%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F9" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of select exons (1)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0205710%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (106)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0205710%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F19" target="_blank">Targeted variant analysis (22)</a></li>
<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0205710%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (119)</a></total></li>
</ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_resources">Clinical resources</h1><a sid="119" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=203700" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Expert=726" target="_blank">Orphanet</a></li><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Progressive%20sclerosing%20poliodystrophy" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Practice_guidelines">Practice guidelines</h1><a sid="121" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(progressive%20sclerosing%20poliodystrophy)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">PubMed</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li><li><a target="_blank" href="/books/?term=((%22clinical%20guidelines%22%5BResource%20Type%5D)%20OR%20%22practice%20guideline%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)%20AND%20(%22Progressive%20sclerosing%20poliodystrophy%22)">Bookshelf</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Molecular_resources">Molecular resources</h1><a sid="115" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="http://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=174763" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=5428[geneid]" target="_blank">View POLG variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/nuccore/194239629" target="_blank">RefSeqGene</a></li><li><a href="https://catalog.coriell.org/Search?q=203700" target="_blank">Coriell Institute for Medical Research</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Consumer_resources">Consumer resources</h1><a sid="116" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="http://www.diseaseinfosearch.org/Progressive+sclerosing+poliodystrophy/9168" target="_blank">Genetic Alliance</a></li><li><a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/mitochondrial_dna_depletion_syndrome_4a_alpers_type" target="_blank">MalaCards</a></li><li><a href="https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&amp;query=Progressive%20sclerosing%20poliodystrophy" target="_blank">MedlinePlus</a></li><li><a href="#" class="jig-ncbipopper results_settings" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" data-jigconfig="triggerPosition : 'bottom center',destPosition : 'top center', hasArrow : false,openEvent : 'click',closeEvent : 'click',isTriggerElementCloseClick: false, addCloseButton : false, groupName: 'entrez_pg',destSelector : '#ghrPopup'">MedlinePlusGenetics (GHR)<span class="tgt_dark"></span></a></li><li><a href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5783/disease" target="_blank">NCATS Office of Rare Diseases Research (GARD)</a></li></ul><div id="ghrPopup" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="portlet_popup tabPopper ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbipopper-basic"><ul class="column_list"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/alpers-huttenlocher-syndrome">Alpers huttenlocher syndrome</a></li><li><a target="_blank" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/childhood-myocerebrohepatopathy-spectrum">Childhood myocerebrohepatopathy spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div>
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<h3>Reviews</h3>
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<a href="/pubmed/20301791" ref="ncbi_uid=&amp;discoId=gtr_reviews&amp;linkpos=1&amp;linkpostotal=4" target="_blank"><span class="gene_reviews">GeneReviews</span></a>
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<a href="/pubmed/29517884" ref="ncbi_uid=&amp;discoId=gtr_reviews&amp;linkpos=2&amp;linkpostotal=4" target="_blank"><span class="gene_reviews">GeneReviews</span></a>
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<li>
<a href="/pubmed/clinical?term=Progressive%20sclerosing%20poliodystrophy" ref="ncbi_uid=&amp;discoId=gtr_reviews&amp;linkpos=3&amp;linkpostotal=4" target="_blank">PubMed Clinical Queries</a>
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<li>
<a href="/pubmed?term=Progressive%20sclerosing%20poliodystrophy%20AND%20humans[mesh]%20AND%20review[publication%20type]" ref="ncbi_uid=&amp;discoId=gtr_reviews&amp;linkpos=4&amp;linkpostotal=4" target="_blank">Reviews in PubMed</a>
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<h3>Related information</h3>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=60012" ref="log$=recordlinks">ClinVar</a>
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