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<meta name="keywords" content="C0151632, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (esr), elevated esr, elevated sedimentation rate, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (esr) raised, erythrocyte sedimentation rate above reference range, erythrocyte sedimentation rate raised, esr raised, finding, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, high esr, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (esr), increased esr, raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate, raised esr, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="An increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The ESR is a test that measures the distance that erythrocytes have fallen after one hour in a vertical column of anticoagulated blood under the influence of gravity. The ESR is a nonspecific finding. An elevation may indicate inflammation or may be caused by any condition that elevates fibrinogen." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<title>Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Concept Id: C0151632)
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<!--
UID=57727
ConceptID=C0151632
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>57727</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0151632</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR); Elevated ESR; Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate; Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR); Increased ESR; Raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate; Raised ESR</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>ESR raised (165468009); Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) raised (165468009); Erythrocyte sedimentation rate raised (165468009); Erythrocyte sedimentation rate above reference range (165468009)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003565">HP:0003565</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">An increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The ESR is a test that measures the distance that erythrocytes have fallen after one hour in a vertical column of anticoagulated blood under the influence of gravity. The ESR is a nonspecific finding. An elevation may indicate inflammation or may be caused by any condition that elevates fibrinogen. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline">Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867443" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Phenotypic abnormality">Phenotypic abnormality</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867398" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis">Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/7874" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Acute phase response">Acute phase response</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_2078"><div><strong>Rheumatoid arthritis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>2078</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0003873</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory disease, primarily of the joints, with autoimmune features and a complex genetic component.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/2078">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_9822"><div><strong>Chilblain lupus 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>9822</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0024145</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Chilblain lupus is a cutaneous form of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; 152700) characterized by the appearance of painful bluish-red papular or nodular lesions of the skin in acral locations (including the dorsal aspects of fingers and toes, heels, nose, cheeks, ears, and, in some cases, knees) precipitated by cold and wet exposure (summary by Lee-Kirsch et al., 2006).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Chilblain Lupus&#13; See also CHBL2 (614415), caused by mutation in the SAMHD1 gene (606754) on chromosome 20q11.&#13; Mutations in the TREX1 and SAMHD1 genes also cause Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS1, 225750 and AGS5, 612952, respectively).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/9822">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_45811"><div><strong>Familial Mediterranean fever</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>45811</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0031069</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is divided into two phenotypes: type 1 and type 2. FMF type 1 is characterized by recurrent short episodes of inflammation and serositis including fever, peritonitis, synovitis, pleuritis, and, rarely, pericarditis and meningitis. The symptoms and severity vary among affected individuals, sometimes even among members of the same family. Amyloidosis, which can lead to kidney failure, is the most severe complication, if untreated. FMF type 2 is characterized by amyloidosis as the first clinical manifestation of FMF in an otherwise asymptomatic individual.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/45811">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_43097"><div><strong>Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>43097</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0085077</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (AFND) is an autosomal dominant autoinflammatory disorder characterized by onset of recurrent fever and dermatologic abnormalities in childhood. Laboratory studies show elevated acute-phase reactants and activation of the inflammatory response, particularly IL1B (147720). Additional more variable features may include myalgia and arthralgia (summary by Masters et al., 2016).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/43097">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_120634"><div><strong>Familial amyloid nephropathy with urticaria AND deafness</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>120634</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0268390</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS) is characterized by episodic skin rash, arthralgias, and fever associated with late-onset sensorineural deafness and renal amyloidosis (Dode et al., 2002).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/120634">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_140768"><div><strong>Hyperimmunoglobulin D with periodic fever</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>140768</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0398691</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Mevalonate kinase deficiency is a condition characterized by recurrent episodes of fever, which typically begin during infancy. Each episode of fever lasts about 3 to 6 days, and the frequency of the episodes varies among affected individuals. In childhood the fevers seem to be more frequent, occurring as often as 25 times a year, but as the individual gets older the episodes occur less often.\n\nMevalonate kinase deficiency has additional signs and symptoms, and the severity depends on the type of the condition. There are two types of mevalonate kinase deficiency: a less severe type called hyperimmunoglobulinemia D syndrome (HIDS) and a more severe type called mevalonic aciduria (MVA).\n\nPeople with MVA have signs and symptoms of the condition at all times, not just during episodes of fever. Affected children have developmental delay, problems with movement and balance (ataxia), recurrent seizures (epilepsy), progressive problems with vision, and failure to gain weight and grow at the expected rate (failure to thrive). Individuals with MVA typically have an unusually small, elongated head. In childhood or adolescence, affected individuals may develop eye problems such as inflammation of the eye (uveitis), a blue tint in the white part of the eye (blue sclera), an eye disorder called retinitis pigmentosa that causes vision loss, or clouding of the lens of the eye (cataracts). Affected adults may have short stature and may develop muscle weakness (myopathy) later in life. During fever episodes, people with MVA may have an enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), lymphadenopathy, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and skin rashes. Children with MVA who are severely affected with multiple problems may live only into early childhood; mildly affected individuals may have a normal life expectancy.\n\nDuring episodes of fever, people with HIDS typically have enlargement of the lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), abdominal pain, joint pain, diarrhea, skin rashes, and headache. Occasionally they will have painful sores called aphthous ulcers around their mouth. In females, these may also occur around the vagina. Rarely, people with HIDS develop a buildup of protein deposits (amyloidosis) in the kidneys that can lead to kidney failure. Fever episodes in individuals with HIDS can be triggered by vaccinations, surgery, injury, or stress. Most people with HIDS have abnormally high levels of immune system proteins called immunoglobulin D (IgD) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the blood. It is unclear why some people with HIDS have high levels of IgD and IgA and some do not. Elevated levels of these immunoglobulins do not appear to cause any signs or symptoms. Individuals with HIDS do not have any signs and symptoms of the condition between fever episodes and typically have a normal life expectancy.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/140768">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_98370"><div><strong>Chronic infantile neurological, cutaneous and articular syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98370</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0409818</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous and articular syndrome (CINCA) is an early-onset, severe, chronic inflammatory disease, characterized by cutaneous symptoms, central nervous system involvement, and arthropathy (Feldmann et al., 2002).&#13; See also familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome-1 (FCAS1, CAPS1; 120100), an allelic disorder with a less severe phenotype.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98370">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_140822"><div><strong>Chronic multifocal osteomyelitis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>140822</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0410422</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis-3 (CRMO3) is an autosomal dominant autoinflammatory bone disease characterized by early childhood onset of bone pain and arthritis caused by sterile osteomyelitis. The disorder results from constitutive activation of the IL1-mediated inflammatory pathway due to loss of IL1 receptor sensitivity to its antagonist IL1RN (147679). et al. (2023) suggested the term 'Loss of IL1R1 Sensitivity to IL1RA (IL1RN)' or 'LIRSA' as a designation for this disorder.&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of CRMO, see 609628.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/140822">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_450547"><div><strong>Reynolds syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>450547</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0748397</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An autoimmune disorder characterized by the association of primary biliary cirrhosis with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Onset occurs between 30-65 years. Occurs sporadically, but rare familial cases with an unknown inheritance pattern have been observed. There is no cure and management is mainly supportive.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/450547">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_226899"><div><strong>TNF receptor-associated periodic fever syndrome (TRAPS)</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>226899</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1275126</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">TNF receptor-associated periodic fever syndrome (TRAPS) is characterized by episodes of inflammation typically occurring every four to six weeks and lasting between five and 25 days. Flares may be prompted by stress, infection, trauma, hormonal changes, and vaccination. Symptoms may include fever, abdominal pain, arthralgia, myalgia, migratory rash, and eye inflammation, with variable severity. Symptoms often begin in early childhood (median age 4.3 years), though symptom onset can occur later in life. During a flare, acute-phase reactants such as C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and serum amyloid A are typically elevated. Generally, acute-phase reactants stabilize between flares but may remain somewhat elevated even in the absence of clinical symptoms. AA amyloidosis, the most severe sequela of TRAPS, can largely be avoided with adequate treatment. Proteinuria and kidney failure occur in 80%-90% of affected individuals with amyloidosis, while intestinal, thyroid, myocardium, liver, and spleen deposits are less common.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/226899">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_349065"><div><strong>Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2A</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>349065</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1858968</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), caused by defective lymphocyte homeostasis, is characterized by the following: Non-malignant lymphoproliferation (lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly with or without hypersplenism) that often improves with age. Autoimmune disease, mostly directed toward blood cells. Lifelong increased risk for both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In ALPS-FAS (the most common and best-characterized type of ALPS, associated with heterozygous germline pathogenic variants in FAS), non-malignant lymphoproliferation typically manifests in the first years of life, inexplicably waxes and wanes, and then often decreases without treatment in the second decade of life; in many affected individuals, however, neither splenomegaly nor the overall expansion of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood decreases. Although autoimmunity is often not present at the time of diagnosis or at the time of the most extensive lymphoproliferation, autoantibodies can be detected before autoimmune disease manifests clinically. In ALPS-FAS caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous (biallelic) pathogenic variants in FAS, severe lymphoproliferation occurs before, at, or shortly after birth, and usually results in death at an early age. ALPS-sFAS, resulting from somatic FAS pathogenic variants in selected cell populations, notably the alpha/beta double-negative T cells (a/ß-DNT cells), appears to be similar to ALPS-FAS resulting from heterozygous germline pathogenic variants in FAS, although lower incidence of splenectomy and lower lymphocyte counts have been reported in ALPS-sFAS and no cases of lymphoma have yet been published.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/349065">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_348124"><div><strong>Retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy and systemic manifestations</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>348124</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1860518</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy and systemic manifestations (RVCL-S) is a small-vessel disease that affects highly vascularized tissues including the retina, brain, liver, and kidneys. Age of onset is often between 35 and 50 years. The most common presenting finding is decreased visual acuity and/or visual field defects. Neurologic manifestations may include hemiparesis, facial weakness, aphasia, and hemianopsia. Migraines and seizures are less frequently described. Renal manifestations may include mild-to-moderate increase in serum creatinine and mild proteinuria; progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is uncommon. Hepatic manifestations frequently include mildly elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Less common findings include psychiatric disorders, hypertension, mild-to-moderate anemia, and Raynaud phenomenon.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/348124">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_400532"><div><strong>H syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>400532</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1864445</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The histiocytosis-lymphadenopathy plus syndrome comprises features of 4 histiocytic disorders previously thought to be distinct: Faisalabad histiocytosis (FHC), sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML), H syndrome, and pigmented hypertrichosis with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus syndrome (PHID). FHC was described as an autosomal recessive disease involving joint deformities, sensorineural hearing loss, and subsequent development of generalized lymphadenopathy and swellings in the eyelids that contain histiocytes (summary by Morgan et al., 2010). SHML, or familial Rosai-Dorfman disease, was described as a rare cause of lymph node enlargement in children, consisting of chronic massive enlargement of cervical lymph nodes frequently accompanied by fever, leukocytosis, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia. Extranodal sites were involved in approximately 25% of patients, including salivary glands, orbit, eyelid, spleen, and testes. The involvement of retropharyngeal lymphoid tissue sometimes caused snoring and sleep apnea (summary by Kismet et al., 2005). H syndrome was characterized by cutaneous hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis, hepatosplenomegaly, heart anomalies, and hypogonadism; hearing loss was also found in about half of patients, and many had short stature. PHID was characterized by predominantly antibody-negative insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus associated with pigmented hypertrichosis and variable occurrence of other features of H syndrome, with hepatosplenomegaly occurring in about half of patients (Cliffe et al., 2009). Bolze et al. (2012) noted that mutations in the SLC29A3 gene (612373) had been implicated in H syndrome, PHID, FHC, and SHML, and that some patients presented a combination of features from 2 or more of these syndromes, leading to the suggestion that these phenotypes should be grouped together as 'SLC29A3 disorder.' Bolze et al. (2012) suggested that the histologic features of the lesions seemed to be the most uniform phenotype in these patients. In addition, the immunophenotype of infiltrating cells in H syndrome patients was shown to be the same as that seen in patients with the familial form of Rosai-Dorfman disease, further supporting the relationship between these disorders (Avitan-Hersh et al., 2011; Colmenero et al., 2012).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/400532">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_351273"><div><strong>Majeed syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>351273</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1864997</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Individuals with LPIN2-related Majeed syndrome typically experience multisystem inflammatory symptoms, including chronic sterile multifocal osteomyelitis, recurrent bone pain, recurrent fever, failure to thrive, dyserythropoietic anemia, and neutrophilic dermatosis. Recurrent bone pain is frequently localized near the joints, often of the long bones of the lower extremities. Recurrent osteomyelitis with joint swelling can lead to subsequent joint contractures. Congenital dyserythropoietic, microcytic anemia can range from mild to severe and sometimes requires blood transfusion. Neutrophilic dermatosis typically presents as transient painful erythematous plaques, pustules, or nodules with neutrophilic infiltrates. Other features of LPIN2-related Majeed syndrome include the development of hepatosplenomegaly and gastrointestinal symptoms, such as recurrent abdominal pain and/or recurrent diarrhea. As more families are being described, individuals with milder features are now being recognized.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/351273">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_365495"><div><strong>Temporal arteritis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>365495</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1956391</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A rare large vessel vasculitis (LVV) characterized by vasculitis predominantly involving the arteries originating from the aortic arch and the extracranial branches of the carotid arteries. Clinical manifestations are variable, the predominant cranial phenotype is characterized by headache, jaw claudication, scalp tenderness and visual symptoms and the predominant LVV type by constitutional symptoms, polymyalgia rheumatica and occasionally limb ischemia. Overlaps between these two phenotypes are common.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/365495">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_368373"><div><strong>Mevalonic aciduria</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>368373</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1959626</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Mevalonic aciduria (MEVA), the first recognized defect in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and isoprenoids, is a consequence of a deficiency of mevalonate kinase (ATP:mevalonate 5-phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.36). Mevalonic acid accumulates because of failure of conversion to 5-phosphomevalonic acid, which is catalyzed by mevalonate kinase. Mevalonic acid is synthesized from 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA, a reaction catalyzed by HMG-CoA reductase (142910).&#13; Mevalonic aciduria is characterized by dysmorphology, psychomotor retardation, progressive cerebellar ataxia, and recurrent febrile crises, usually manifesting in early infancy, accompanied by hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and skin rash. The febrile crises are similar to those observed in hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and to periodic fever syndrome (HIDS; 260920), which is also caused by mutation in the MVK gene (summary by Prietsch et al., 2003).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/368373">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_435869"><div><strong>Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>435869</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2673198</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome-2 (FCAS2) is an autosomal dominant autoinflammatory disorder characterized by episodic and recurrent rash, urticaria, arthralgia, myalgia, and headache. In most patients, these episodes are accompanied by fever and serologic evidence of inflammation. Most, but not all, patients report exposure to cold as a trigger for the episodes. Additional features may include abdominal pain, thoracic pain, and sensorineural deafness. The age at onset is variable, ranging from the first year of life to middle age, and the severity and clinical manifestations are heterogeneous (summary by Shen et al., 2017).&#13; For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, see FCAS1 (120100).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/435869">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_394568"><div><strong>Sarcoidosis, susceptibility to, 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>394568</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2697310</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Any sarcoidosis in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the HLA-DRB1 gene.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/394568">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_411230"><div><strong>Sterile multifocal osteomyelitis with periostitis and pustulosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>411230</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2748507</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis-2 with periostitis and pustulosis (CRMO2) is an autosomal recessive multisystemic autoinflammatory disorder characterized by onset of symptoms in early infancy. Affected individuals present with joint swelling and pain, pustular rash, oral mucosal lesions, and fetal distress. The disorder progresses in severity to generalized severe pustulosis or ichthyosiform lesions and diffuse bone lesions. Radiographic studies show widening of the anterior rib ends, periosteal elevation along multiple long bones, multifocal osteolytic lesions, heterotopic ossification, and metaphyseal erosions of the long bones. Laboratory studies show elevation of inflammatory markers. The disorder results from unopposed activation of the IL1 inflammatory signaling pathway. Treatment with the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra may result in clinical improvement (Aksentijevich et al., 2009).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of CRMO, see 609628.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/411230">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_419470"><div><strong>Camurati-Engelmann disease, type 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>419470</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2931683</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Camurati-Engelmann Disease not associated with TGFB1. This is an n-of-1 use case where only one patient or family has been described with this disorder.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/419470">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462759"><div><strong>Granulomatous disease, chronic, autosomal recessive, cytochrome b-positive, type 3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462759</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3151409</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency disorder of phagocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils) resulting from impaired killing of bacteria and fungi. CGD is characterized by severe recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and dysregulated inflammatory responses resulting in granuloma formation and other inflammatory disorders such as colitis. Infections typically involve the lung (pneumonia), lymph nodes (lymphadenitis), liver (abscess), bone (osteomyelitis), and skin (abscesses or cellulitis). Granulomas typically involve the genitourinary system (bladder) and gastrointestinal tract (often the pylorus initially, and later the esophagus, jejunum, ileum, cecum, rectum, and perirectal area). Some males with X-linked CGD have McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome as the result of a contiguous gene deletion. While CGD may present anytime from infancy to late adulthood, the vast majority of affected individuals are diagnosed before age five years. Use of antimicrobial prophylaxis and therapy has greatly improved overall survival.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462759">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_765548"><div><strong>Lymphoproliferative syndrome 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>765548</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3552634</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Lymphoproliferative syndrome-1 is an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency characterized by onset in early childhood of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated immune dysregulation, manifest as lymphoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Hodgkin disease, and/or hypogammaglobulinemia. Autoimmune disorders, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia or renal disease, may also occur. Patients show a high EBV viral load and decreased invariant natural killer T cells. It is unknown whether patients with ITK mutations are intrinsically susceptible to development of lymphoma or dysgammaglobulinemia in the absence of EBV infection (summary by Stepensky et al., 2011; Linka et al., 2012).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of lymphoproliferative syndrome, see XLP1 (308240).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/765548">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_816258"><div><strong>Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, type III caused by mutation in PRKCD</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>816258</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3809928</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type III is an autosomal recessive disorder of immune dysregulation. The phenotype is variable, but most patients have significant lymphadenopathy associated with variable autoimmune manifestations. Some patients may have recurrent infections. Lymphocyte accumulation results from a combination of impaired apoptosis and excessive proliferation (summary by Oliveira, 2013).&#13; For a general description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of ALPS, see 601859.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/816258">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_854497"><div><strong>Vasculitis due to ADA2 deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>854497</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3887654</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Adenosine deaminase 2 deficiency (DADA2) is a complex systemic autoinflammatory disorder in which vasculopathy/vasculitis, dysregulated immune function, and/or hematologic abnormalities may predominate. Inflammatory features include intermittent fevers, rash (often livedo racemosa/reticularis), and musculoskeletal involvement (myalgia/arthralgia, arthritis, myositis). Vasculitis, which usually begins before age ten years, may manifest as early-onset ischemic (lacunar) and/or hemorrhagic strokes, or as cutaneous or systemic polyarteritis nodosa. Hypertension and hepatosplenomegaly are often found. More severe involvement may lead to progressive central neurologic deficits (dysarthria, ataxia, cranial nerve palsies, cognitive impairment) or to ischemic injury to the kidney, intestine, and/or digits. Dysregulation of immune function can lead to immunodeficiency or autoimmunity of varying severity; lymphadenopathy may be present and some affected individuals have had lymphoproliferative disease. Hematologic disorders may begin early in life or in late adulthood, and can include lymphopenia, neutropenia, pure red cell aplasia, thrombocytopenia, or pancytopenia. Of note, both interfamilial and intrafamilial phenotypic variability (e.g., in age of onset, frequency and severity of manifestations) can be observed; also, individuals with biallelic ADA2 pathogenic variants may remain asymptomatic until adulthood or may never develop clinical manifestations of DADA2.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/854497">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_860386"><div><strong>Immunodeficiency 27A</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>860386</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4011949</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Immunodeficiency-27A (IMD27A) results from autosomal recessive (AR) IFNGR1 deficiency. Patients with complete IFNGR1 deficiency have a severe clinical phenotype characterized by early and often fatal mycobacterial infections. The disorder can thus be categorized as a form of mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD). Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and environmental mycobacteria are the most frequent pathogens, and infection typically begins before the age of 3 years. Plasma from patients with complete AR IFNGR1 deficiency usually contains large amounts of IFNG (147570), and their cells do not respond to IFNG in vitro. In contrast, cells from patients with partial AR IFNGR1 deficiency, which is caused by a specific mutation in IFNGR1, retain residual responses to high IFNG concentrations. Patients with partial AR IFNGR1 deficiency are susceptible to BCG and environmental mycobacteria, but they have a milder clinical disease and better prognosis than patients with complete AR IFNGR1 deficiency. The clinical features of children with complete AR IFNGR1 deficiency are usually more severe than those in individuals with AD IFNGR1 deficiency (IMD27B), and mycobacterial infection often occurs earlier (mean age of 1.3 years vs 13.4 years), with patients having shorter mean disease-free survival. Salmonellosis is present in about 5% of patients with AR or AD IFNGR1 deficiency, and other infections have been reported in single patients (review by Al-Muhsen and Casanova, 2008).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/860386">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_863159"><div><strong>STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>863159</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4014722</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy is an autoinflammatory vasculopathy causing severe skin lesions, particularly affecting the face, ears, nose, and digits, and resulting in ulceration, eschar formation, necrosis, and, in some cases, amputation. Many patients have interstitial lung disease. Tissue biopsy and laboratory findings show a hyperinflammatory state, with evidence of increased beta-interferon (IFNB1; 147640) signaling (summary by Liu et al., 2014).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/863159">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_934587"><div><strong>Yao syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>934587</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4310620</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Yao syndrome (YAOS) is an autoinflammatory disease characterized by periodic fever, dermatitis, arthritis, and swelling of the distal extremities, as well as gastrointestinal and sicca-like symptoms. The disorder is associated with specific NOD2 variants (and Shen, 2017).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/934587">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1618052"><div><strong>Platelet abnormalities with eosinophilia and immune-mediated inflammatory disease</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1618052</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4540232</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Immunodeficiency-71 with inflammatory disease and congenital thrombocytopenia (IMD71) is an autosomal recessive immunologic disorder characterized by the onset of recurrent infections and inflammatory features such as vasculitis and eczema in infancy or early childhood. Infectious agents include bacteria and viruses. Laboratory findings are variable, but usually show thrombocytopenia, sometimes with abnormal platelet morphology, increased serum IgE, IgA, or IgM, leukocytosis, decreased or increased T lymphocytes, and increased eosinophils. Detailed studies show impaired neutrophil and T-cell chemotaxis, as well as impaired T-cell activation due to defects in F-actin (see 102610) polymerization (summary by Brigida et al., 2018).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1618052">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1648310"><div><strong>Proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndrome 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1648310</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4746851</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndrome-1 (PRAAS1) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early childhood onset of annular erythematous plaques on the face and extremities with subsequent development of partial lipodystrophy and laboratory evidence of immune dysregulation. More variable features include recurrent fever, severe joint contractures, muscle weakness and atrophy, hepatosplenomegaly, basal ganglia calcifications, and microcytic anemia (summary by Agarwal et al., 2010; Kitamura et al., 2011; Arima et al., 2011).&#13; This disorder encompasses Nakajo-Nishimura syndrome (NKJO); joint contractures, muscular atrophy, microcytic anemia, and panniculitis-induced lipodystrophy (JMP syndrome); and chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature syndrome (CANDLE). Among Japanese patients, this disorder is best described as Nakajo-Nishimura syndrome, since both Nakajo (1939) and Nishimura et al. (1950) contributed to the original phenotypic descriptions.&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Proteasome-Associated Autoinflammatory Syndrome&#13; See also PRAAS2 (618048), caused by mutation in the POMP gene (613386) on chromosome 13q12; PRAAS3 (617591), caused by mutation in the PSMB4 gene (602177) on chromosome 1q21; PRAAS4 (619183), caused by mutation in the PSMG2 gene (609702) on chromosome 18p11; PRAAS5 (619175), caused by mutation in the PSMB10 gene (176847) on chromosome 16q22; and PRAAS6 (620796), caused by mutation in the PSMB9 gene (177045) on chromosome 6p21.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1648310">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1648456"><div><strong>Proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndrome 3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1648456</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4747850</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndrome-3 (PRAAS3) is an autosomal recessive syndrome with onset in early infancy. Affected individuals present with nodular dermatitis, recurrent fever, myositis, panniculitis-induced lipodystrophy, lymphadenopathy, and dysregulation of the immune response, particularly associated with abnormal type I interferon-induced gene expression patterns. Additional features are highly variable, but may include joint contractures, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, recurrent infections, autoantibodies, and hypergammaglobulinemia. Some patients may have intracranial calcifications (summary by Brehm et al., 2015).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of PRAAS, see PRAAS1 (256040).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1648456">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1648482"><div><strong>Proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndrome 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1648482</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4747989</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndrome-2 (PRAAS2) is an autosomal dominant disorder with onset in early infancy. Affected individuals develop severe inflammatory neutrophilic dermatitis, autoimmunity, and variable immunodeficiency (summary by Poli et al., 2018).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of PRAAS, see PRAAS1 (256040).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1648482">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1800821"><div><strong>Autoimmune interstitial lung disease-arthritis syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1800821</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5243948</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Systemic autoinflammation and autoimmunity with immune dysregulation (AIAISD) is an autosomal dominant systemic autoinflammatory disorder with autoimmunity and immune dysregulation. Affected individuals present in the first decade of life with variable features that may include interstitial lung disease, alveolar hemorrhage, inflammatory arthritis, neuromyelitis optica, livedo reticularis, dysautonomia, recurrent infections, and renal disease. Laboratory studies usually show high-titer autoantibodies and features of inflammation, including a type I interferon (e.g., 147660) signature and elevation of inflammatory cytokines. The disorder shows significant incomplete penetrance; most carrier parents are unaffected (summary by Watkin et al., 2015; Delafontaine et al., 2024).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1800821">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1765785"><div><strong>VEXAS syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1765785</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5435753</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">VEXAS (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic syndrome) is an adult-onset inflammatory disease that primarily affects males and is caused by somatic, not germline, mutations. The disorder is characterized by adult onset of rheumatologic symptoms at a mean age of 64 years. Features include recurrent fevers, pulmonary and dermatologic inflammatory manifestations, vasculitis, deep vein thrombosis, arthralgias, and ear and nose chondritis. Laboratory studies indicate hematologic abnormalities, including macrocytic anemia, as well as increased levels of acute-phase reactants; about half of patients have positive autoantibodies. Bone marrow biopsy shows degenerative vacuolization restricted to myeloid and erythroid precursor cells, as well as variable hematopoietic dyspoiesis and dysplasias. The condition does not respond to rheumatologic medications and the features may result in premature death (summary by Beck et al., 2020).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1765785">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1783277"><div><strong>Inflammatory bowel disease (infantile ulcerative colitis) 31, autosomal recessive</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1783277</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5444224</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Infantile ulcerative colitis (IBD31) is characterized by the presence of ulcers throughout the colon and rectum with normal-appearing ileum. Affected infants present with recurrent bloody diarrhea with anemia and leukocytosis, with extensive lymphoplasmocytic infiltration, cryptitis, and apoptotic crypt abcesses throughout the colon and rectum (Zhang et al., 2021). Infantile bowel disease has also been referred to as very-early-onset IBD (VEOIBD).&#13; For a general description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis, see IBD1 (266600).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1783277">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1794237"><div><strong>Immunodeficiency 89 and autoimmunity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1794237</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5562027</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Immunodeficiency-89 and autoimmunity (IMD89) is an autosomal recessive immune disorder characterized by adult onset of recurrent infections, allergies, microcytic anemia, and Crohn disease (see 266600) (Yang et al., 2020).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1794237">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1794283"><div><strong>Immunodeficiency 91 and hyperinflammation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1794283</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5562073</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Immunodeficiency-91 and hyperinflammation (IMD91) is an autosomal recessive complex immunologic disorder characterized by both immunodeficiency and recurrent infections, often to viruses or mycobacteria, as well as by hyperinflammation with systemic involvement. Affected individuals present in infancy with variable features, including fever, infection, thrombocytopenia, renal or hepatic dysfunction, recurrent infections, or seizures. Most patients eventually develop hepatic or renal failure, compromised neurologic function, lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly, and multiorgan failure resulting in death. More variable features may include intermittent monocytosis, features of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), and serologic evidence of hyperinflammation. The disorder is thought to result from dysregulation of the interferon response to viral stimulation in the innate immune system (summary by Le Voyer et al., 2021; Vavassori et al., 2021).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1794283">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1808082"><div><strong>Autoinflammatory syndrome, familial, X-linked, Behcet-like 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1808082</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5575495</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">X-linked familial Behcet-like autoinflammatory syndrome-2 (AIFBL2) is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by the onset of inflammatory symptoms in the first decade of life in male patients. Affected males often present with oral mucosal ulceration and skin inflammation. More variable features may include gastrointestinal ulceration, arthritis, recurrent fevers, and iron deficiency anemia. Laboratory studies are consistent with immune dysregulation manifest as increased inflammatory markers and variable immune cell abnormalities, such as decreased NK cells and low memory B cells. One patient presented with recurrent infections and immunodeficiency in addition to autoinflammation. The disorder results from a defect in ELF4, which normally acts as a negative regulator of inflammatory disease. Symptoms may respond to blockade of IL1 (see 147760) or TNFA (191160) (summary by Tyler et al., 2021 and Sun et al., 2022).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of AIFBL, see AIFBL1 (616744).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1808082">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1841058"><div><strong>C1Q deficiency 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1841058</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5830422</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">C1q deficiency (C1QD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by recurrent skin lesions, chronic infections, and an increased risk of autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; see 152700) or SLE-like diseases. It has also been associated with chronic glomerulonephritis and renal failure. C1q deficiency presents in 2 different forms, absent C1q protein or presence of a dysfunctional molecule (summary by Topaloglu et al., 1996 and Vassallo et al., 2007).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of C1q deficiency, see 613652.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1841058">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1841161"><div><strong>Autoinflammatory disease, systemic, with vasculitis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1841161</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5830525</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Systemic autoinflammatory disease with vasculitis (SAIDV) is an autosomal dominant disorder that manifests soon after birth with features such as purpuric skin rash, fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP; 123260). Laboratory studies may show leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and autoantibodies. A subset of patients develop progressive liver involvement that may result in fibrosis. Other systemic features, such as periorbital edema, conjunctivitis, infections, abdominal pain, and arthralgia are usually observed. Mutations occur de novo. De Jesus et al. (2023) referred to this disorder as LAVLI (LYN kinase-associated vasculopathy and liver fibrosis).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1841161">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1847968"><div><strong>Immune dysregulation, autoimmunity, and autoinflammation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1847968</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5848750</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Immune dysregulation, autoimmunity, and autoinflammation (IDAA) is an immunologic disorder characterized by anemia and thrombocytopenia associated with circulating autoantibodies, positive Coombs test, and increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines due to constitutive activation of immune-related signaling pathways (Tao et al., 2023).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1847968">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1847791"><div><strong>Immunodeficiency 115 with autoinflammation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1847791</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5882724</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Immunodeficiency-115 with autoinflammation (IMD115) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the onset of symptoms of immune dysregulation in early infancy. Affected individuals have immunodeficiency with recurrent bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, as well as autoinflammatory features, including arthritis and dermatitis. Some patients may have more systemic involvement, such as myopathy, gastrointestinal abnormalities, and anemia. Laboratory studies show variable B-cell and T-cell defects, sometimes with defective antibody responses and hypogammaglobulinemia (Boisson et al., 2015; Oda et al., 2019).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1847791">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1856440"><div><strong>Autoinflammation with episodic fever and immune dysregulation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1856440</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5935613</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autoinflammation with episodic fever and immune dysregulation (AIFID) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by recurrent fever and autoinflammation affecting various organ systems. The onset of symptoms is in infancy or early childhood. Clinical features are highly variable and may include lymphadenopathy, inflammation of the joints, gastrointestinal inflammation, and parotitis. Laboratory studies show leukocytosis, often with neutrophilia, and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, 123260; erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)), but immunoglobulins and other immune cells are essentially normal, and autoantibodies are not present. The features are consistent with immune dysregulation; some patients may have symptoms of mild immunodeficiency, such as chronic otitis media. Treatment with TNF (191160) inhibitors may result in significant clinical improvement (Oda et al., 2024).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1856440">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1841058" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">C1Q deficiency 2</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_9822" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Chilblain lupus 1</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_140822" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Chronic multifocal osteomyelitis</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_120634" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Familial amyloid nephropathy with urticaria AND deafness</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_435869" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_45811" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Familial Mediterranean fever</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462759" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Granulomatous disease, chronic, autosomal recessive, cytochrome b-positive, type 3</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1847791" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Immunodeficiency 115 with autoinflammation</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1794283" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Immunodeficiency 91 and hyperinflammation</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1783277" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Inflammatory bowel disease (infantile ulcerative colitis) 31, autosomal recessive</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_765548" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Lymphoproliferative syndrome 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_351273" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Majeed syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_368373" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Mevalonic aciduria</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1618052" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Platelet abnormalities with eosinophilia and immune-mediated inflammatory disease</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1648310" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndrome 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1648482" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndrome 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1648456" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndrome 3</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_348124" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy and systemic manifestations</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_450547" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Reynolds syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_2078" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Rheumatoid arthritis</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_394568" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Sarcoidosis, susceptibility to, 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_411230" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Sterile multifocal osteomyelitis with periostitis and pustulosis</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_863159" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_365495" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Temporal arteritis</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_226899" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">TNF receptor-associated periodic fever syndrome (TRAPS)</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_854497" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Vasculitis due to ADA2 deficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1765785" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">VEXAS syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_934587" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Yao syndrome</a></div></span></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38759226">Diagnosis and Management of Periprosthetic Joint Infections After Total Ankle Arthroplasty.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Atesok K,
Scott DJ,
Hurwitz S,
Gross CE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Am Acad Orthop Surg</span>
2024 Aug 15;32(16):728-737.
Epub 2024 May 16
doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-23-01266.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38759226" target="_blank">38759226</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31847038">Neuro-Ophthalmologic Complications of Giant Cell Arteritis: Diagnosis and Treatment.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Fein AS,
Ko MW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Semin Neurol</span>
2019 Dec;39(6):673-681.
Epub 2019 Dec 17
doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1698761.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31847038" target="_blank">31847038</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29671563">Rheumatoid Arthritis: Common Questions About Diagnosis and Management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wasserman A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am Fam Physician</span>
2018 Apr 1;97(7):455-462.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29671563" target="_blank">29671563</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22elevated%20erythrocyte%20sedimentation%20rate%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (38)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32176440">Diagnosis of infection in the foot in diabetes: a systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Senneville É,
Lipsky BA,
Abbas ZG,
Aragón-Sánchez J,
Diggle M,
Embil JM,
Kono S,
Lavery LA,
Malone M,
van Asten SA,
Urbančič-Rovan V,
Peters EJG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Diabetes Metab Res Rev</span>
2020 Mar;36 Suppl 1:e3281.
doi: 10.1002/dmrr.3281.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32176440" target="_blank">32176440</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29671563">Rheumatoid Arthritis: Common Questions About Diagnosis and Management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wasserman A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am Fam Physician</span>
2018 Apr 1;97(7):455-462.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29671563" target="_blank">29671563</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23939448">Ulcerative colitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Adams SM,
Bornemann PH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am Fam Physician</span>
2013 May 15;87(10):699-705.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23939448" target="_blank">23939448</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/15509818">Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">van de Beek D,
de Gans J,
Spanjaard L,
Weisfelt M,
Reitsma JB,
Vermeulen M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">N Engl J Med</span>
2004 Oct 28;351(18):1849-59.
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa040845.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/15509818" target="_blank">15509818</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/3704549">Erythrocyte sedimentation rate as a prognostic factor in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hannisdal E,
Grøttum KA,
Langmark F</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Scand J Haematol</span>
1986 Mar;36(3):253-7.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1986.tb01730.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/3704549" target="_blank">3704549</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Elevated%20erythrocyte%20sedimentation%20rate%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (387)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39658239">Decitabine-induced Sweet syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Krishnasamy S,
Paul AA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Case Rep</span>
2024 Dec 10;17(12)
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2024-260106.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39658239" target="_blank">39658239</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37530351">Isolated tubercular dacryoadenitis in a non-immunocompromised healthy adult.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Jossy A,
Kaviyapriya N,
Kasturi N,
Rekha JS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Indian J Pathol Microbiol</span>
2023 Jul-Sep;66(3):608-610.
doi: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_489_21.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37530351" target="_blank">37530351</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29671563">Rheumatoid Arthritis: Common Questions About Diagnosis and Management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wasserman A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am Fam Physician</span>
2018 Apr 1;97(7):455-462.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29671563" target="_blank">29671563</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23939448">Ulcerative colitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Adams SM,
Bornemann PH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am Fam Physician</span>
2013 May 15;87(10):699-705.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23939448" target="_blank">23939448</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/6377441">Mumps arthritis: a review of the literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gordon SC,
Lauter CB</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Rev Infect Dis</span>
1984 May-Jun;6(3):338-44.
doi: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.338.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/6377441" target="_blank">6377441</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Elevated%20erythrocyte%20sedimentation%20rate%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (655)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39658239">Decitabine-induced Sweet syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Krishnasamy S,
Paul AA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Case Rep</span>
2024 Dec 10;17(12)
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2024-260106.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39658239" target="_blank">39658239</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32176440">Diagnosis of infection in the foot in diabetes: a systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Senneville É,
Lipsky BA,
Abbas ZG,
Aragón-Sánchez J,
Diggle M,
Embil JM,
Kono S,
Lavery LA,
Malone M,
van Asten SA,
Urbančič-Rovan V,
Peters EJG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Diabetes Metab Res Rev</span>
2020 Mar;36 Suppl 1:e3281.
doi: 10.1002/dmrr.3281.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32176440" target="_blank">32176440</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29671563">Rheumatoid Arthritis: Common Questions About Diagnosis and Management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wasserman A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am Fam Physician</span>
2018 Apr 1;97(7):455-462.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29671563" target="_blank">29671563</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21548522">Disseminated lupus vulgaris.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Garg T,
Ramchander,
Shrihar R,
Gupta TP,
Aggarwal S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Skinmed</span>
2011 Mar-Apr;9(2):125-6.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21548522" target="_blank">21548522</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/6377441">Mumps arthritis: a review of the literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gordon SC,
Lauter CB</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Rev Infect Dis</span>
1984 May-Jun;6(3):338-44.
doi: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.338.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/6377441" target="_blank">6377441</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Elevated%20erythrocyte%20sedimentation%20rate%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (331)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39658239">Decitabine-induced Sweet syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Krishnasamy S,
Paul AA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Case Rep</span>
2024 Dec 10;17(12)
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2024-260106.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39658239" target="_blank">39658239</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29671563">Rheumatoid Arthritis: Common Questions About Diagnosis and Management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wasserman A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am Fam Physician</span>
2018 Apr 1;97(7):455-462.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29671563" target="_blank">29671563</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/15509818">Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">van de Beek D,
de Gans J,
Spanjaard L,
Weisfelt M,
Reitsma JB,
Vermeulen M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">N Engl J Med</span>
2004 Oct 28;351(18):1849-59.
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa040845.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/15509818" target="_blank">15509818</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/6377441">Mumps arthritis: a review of the literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gordon SC,
Lauter CB</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Rev Infect Dis</span>
1984 May-Jun;6(3):338-44.
doi: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.338.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/6377441" target="_blank">6377441</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/14398131">II. Persistently elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate with good prognosis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">OLHAGEN B,
LILJESTRAND A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Acta Med Scand</span>
1955;151(6):441-9.
doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1955.tb10312.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/14398131" target="_blank">14398131</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Liang S,
Liang H,
Huang X,
Liang X,
Chen N,
Xiao R,
Luo Z,
Chen Q,
Zhong X,
Deng J,
Huang J,
Li M,
Yang M,
Zeng W,
Tang H,
Jiang J,
Qin S,
Wei Z,
Wu S,
Ning Y,
Wang K,
Cao F,
Zhang J,
Wei Q,
Xu C,
Luo H,
Song J,
Li P,
Feng X,
Yang C,
Lei J,
Wang H,
Cao B,
He Z</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Emerg Microbes Infect</span>
2024 Dec;13(1):2396887.
Epub 2024 Sep 5
doi: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2396887.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39178284" target="_blank">39178284</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11378669" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Vemula S,
Katara V,
Bhaskaran U,
Adappa S,
Chakrapani M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Infect Dev Ctries</span>
2016 Dec 30;10(12):1332-1337.
doi: 10.3855/jidc.8053.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28036313" target="_blank">28036313</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23487334">Ultrasound of the postoperative hip.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Craig JG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Semin Musculoskelet Radiol</span>
2013 Feb;17(1):49-55.
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doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1333914.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23487334" target="_blank">23487334</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/15509818">Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis.</a></div>
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Weisfelt M,
Reitsma JB,
Vermeulen M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">N Engl J Med</span>
2004 Oct 28;351(18):1849-59.
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa040845.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/15509818" target="_blank">15509818</a></div>
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Postgrad Med J</span>
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doi: 10.1136/pgmj.44.509.238.
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Azami M,
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Lipsky BA,
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Diggle M,
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Kono S,
Lavery LA,
Malone M,
van Asten SA,
Urbančič-Rovan V,
Peters EJG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Diabetes Metab Res Rev</span>
2020 Mar;36 Suppl 1:e3281.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32176440" target="_blank">32176440</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31322945">What Are the Indications for Aspiration of a Possibly Infected Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA)?</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Plöeger MM,
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Foot Ankle Int</span>
2019 Jul;40(1_suppl):24S-25S.
doi: 10.1177/1071100719859545.
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30037869">Risk factors and complications of lower limb cellulitis in Africa: a systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tianyi FL,
Mbanga CM,
Danwang C,
Agbor VN</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Open</span>
2018 Jul 23;8(7):e021175.
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021175.
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zhang L,
Wu G,
Gao D,
Liu G,
Pan L,
Ni L,
Li Z,
Wang Q</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">PLoS One</span>
2016;11(5):e0155381.
Epub 2016 May 12
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155381.
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