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<meta name="keywords" content="C0036341, apol2, apol4, chi3l1, comt, daoa, dementia praecox, disc2, disorder, schizophrenic, disorders, schizophrenic, drd3, htr2a, mental or behavioral dysfunction, mthfr, non rare in europe: schizophrenia, rtn4r, schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophrenia (disease), schizophrenia with or without an affective disorder, schizophrenia, susceptibility to, schizophrenia-1, schizophrenias, schizophrenic disorder, schizophrenic disorders, sczd, syn2, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Schizophrenia is highly heritable, as shown by family, twin, and adoption studies. For example, for identical twins, if one twin develops schizophrenia, the other twin has about a 50% chance of also developing the disease. The risk of the general population developing the schizophrenia is about 0.3-0.7% worldwide. The search for “schizophrenia genes” has been elusive. Initial linkage studies looked at parts of the genome associated with schizophrenia, and many candidate genes were identified, including APOE, COMT, DAO, DRD1, DRD2, DRD4, DTNBP1, GABRB2, GRIN2B, HP, IL1B, MTHFR, PLXNA2, SLC6A4, TP53, and TPH1. However, some of these have later been questioned. Microdeletions and microduplications have been found to be three times more common in individuals with schizophrenia, compared to controls. Because these deletions and duplications are in genes that are overexpressed in pathways related to brain development, it is possible that the inheritance of multiple rare variants may contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Several genetic disorders feature schizophrenia as a clinical feature. The 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome comprises many different syndromes, of which one of the most serious is DiGeorge syndrome. Children born with DiGeorge syndrome typically have heart defects, cleft palate, learning difficulties, and immune deficiency. Schizophrenia is a late manifestation, affecting around 30% of individuals. Microdeletions and duplications in chromosome 1, 2, 3, 7, 15 and 16 have also been associated with schizophrenia. In 2014, a genome-wide association study looked at the genomes of over 35,000 patients and 110,00 controls. The study identified 108 SNPs that were associated with schizophrenia, 83 of which had not been previously reported. As expected, many of these loci occurred in genes that are expressed in the brain. For example, the SNPs included a gene that encodes the dopamine D2 receptor, DRD2 (the target of antipsychotic drugs), and many genes involved in glutamine neurotransmitter pathways and synaptic plasticity (e.g., GRM3, GRIN2A, SRR, GRIA1). More surprisingly, however, associations were also enriched among genes expressed in tissues with important immune functions. In 2016, a study based on nearly 65,000 people investigated the association between schizophrenia and variation in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) locus—a region on chromosome 6 that is important for immune function. The study focused on the C4 gene (complement component 4) that exists as two distinct genes: C4A and C4B, which encode particularly structurally diverse alleles. The study found that the alleles which promoted greater expression of C4A in the brain were associated with a greater risk of schizophrenia. By using mice models, the study showed that C4 is involved in the elimination of synapses during brain maturation. In humans, “synaptic pruning” is most active during late adolescence, which coincides with the typical onset of symptoms of schizophrenia. It is therefore possible that the inheritance of specific C4A alleles could lead to “run away” synaptic pruning, increasing the risk of schizophrenia. Further research may even determine C4 as a potential therapeutic target." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
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UID=48574
|
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ConceptID=C0036341
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-->
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<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Schizophrenia<span class="h1sub">(SCZD)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>48574</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0036341</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
|
||
<td>SCZD</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
|
||
<td>Schizophrenic disorders (191526005); Schizophrenia (58214004)</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Genes (locations):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
|
||
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
|
||
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
|
||
<td><a target="_blank" title="APOL2 - ID: 23780 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/23780" class="medgenPMinfo">APOL2</a> (22q12.3); <a target="_blank" title="APOL4 - ID: 80832 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/80832" class="medgenPMinfo">APOL4</a> (22q12.3); <a target="_blank" title="CHI3L1 - ID: 1116 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/1116" class="medgenPMinfo">CHI3L1</a> (1q32.1); <a target="_blank" title="COMT - ID: 1312 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/1312" class="medgenPMinfo">COMT</a> (22q11.21); <a target="_blank" title="DAOA - ID: 267012 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/267012" class="medgenPMinfo">DAOA</a> (13q33.2); <a target="_blank" title="DISC2 - ID: 27184 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/27184" class="medgenPMinfo">DISC2</a> (1q42.2); <a target="_blank" title="DRD3 - ID: 1814 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/1814" class="medgenPMinfo">DRD3</a> (3q13.31); <a target="_blank" title="HTR2A - ID: 3356 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/3356" class="medgenPMinfo">HTR2A</a> (13q14.2); <a target="_blank" title="MTHFR - ID: 4524 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/4524" class="medgenPMinfo">MTHFR</a> (1p36.22); <a target="_blank" title="RTN4R - ID: 65078 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/65078" class="medgenPMinfo">RTN4R</a> (22q11.21); <a target="_blank" title="SYN2 - ID: 6854 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/6854" class="medgenPMinfo">SYN2</a> (3p25.2)</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><a class="help" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-related">Related genes:<img src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div id="target-gene-related" class="display-none">
|
||
Gene(s) associated with related conditions. For conditions<br />
|
||
in a hierarchy, the parent condition will list the genes<br />
|
||
associated with the children conditions.</div></td>
|
||
<td><a target="_blank" href="/gene/85358">SHANK3</a>, <a target="_blank" href="/gene/27185">DISC1</a>, <a target="_blank" href="/gene/10137">RBM12</a>, <a target="_blank" href="/gene/9378">NRXN1</a>, <a target="_blank" href="/gene/6505">SLC1A1</a>, <a target="_blank" href="/gene/5625">PRODH</a>, <a target="_blank" href="/gene/3084">NRG1</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
|
||
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0100753">HP:0100753</a></td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
|
||
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0005090" target="_blank">MONDO:0005090</a></td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
|
||
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/181500" target="_blank">181500</a></td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td>Orphanet:</td>
|
||
<td><a target="_blank" title="Orphanet: The portal for rare diseases and orphan drugs" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=3140">ORPHA3140</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="rprt-body jig-ncbiinpagenav" data-jigconfig="smoothScroll: false, gotoTopLink: true, gotoTopLinkText: '', gotoTopLinkAttrs: {'title': 'Go to the top of the page'},allHeadingLevels: ['h1'], topOfPageTOC: true, tocId: 'my-toc'"><div id="rprt-tabs-1" class="rprt-tab"><div id="tb-termsProp-1"><div class="leftCol mgCol"><div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
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||
<div class="portlet_content ln">Schizophrenia is highly heritable, as shown by family, twin, and adoption studies. For example, for identical twins, if one twin develops schizophrenia, the other twin has about a 50% chance of also developing the disease. The risk of the general population developing the schizophrenia is about 0.3-0.7% worldwide. The search for “schizophrenia genes” has been elusive. Initial linkage studies looked at parts of the genome associated with schizophrenia, and many candidate genes were identified, including APOE, COMT, DAO, DRD1, DRD2, DRD4, DTNBP1, GABRB2, GRIN2B, HP, IL1B, MTHFR, PLXNA2, SLC6A4, TP53, and TPH1. However, some of these have later been questioned. Microdeletions and microduplications have been found to be three times more common in individuals with schizophrenia, compared to controls. Because these deletions and duplications are in genes that are overexpressed in pathways related to brain development, it is possible that the inheritance of multiple rare variants may contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Several genetic disorders feature schizophrenia as a clinical feature. The 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome comprises many different syndromes, of which one of the most serious is DiGeorge syndrome. Children born with DiGeorge syndrome typically have heart defects, cleft palate, learning difficulties, and immune deficiency. Schizophrenia is a late manifestation, affecting around 30% of individuals. Microdeletions and duplications in chromosome 1, 2, 3, 7, 15 and 16 have also been associated with schizophrenia. In 2014, a genome-wide association study looked at the genomes of over 35,000 patients and 110,00 controls. The study identified 108 SNPs that were associated with schizophrenia, 83 of which had not been previously reported. As expected, many of these loci occurred in genes that are expressed in the brain. For example, the SNPs included a gene that encodes the dopamine D2 receptor, DRD2 (the target of antipsychotic drugs), and many genes involved in glutamine neurotransmitter pathways and synaptic plasticity (e.g., GRM3, GRIN2A, SRR, GRIA1). More surprisingly, however, associations were also enriched among genes expressed in tissues with important immune functions. In 2016, a study based on nearly 65,000 people investigated the association between schizophrenia and variation in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) locus—a region on chromosome 6 that is important for immune function. The study focused on the C4 gene (complement component 4) that exists as two distinct genes: C4A and C4B, which encode particularly structurally diverse alleles. The study found that the alleles which promoted greater expression of C4A in the brain were associated with a greater risk of schizophrenia. By using mice models, the study showed that C4 is involved in the elimination of synapses during brain maturation. In humans, “synaptic pruning” is most active during late adolescence, which coincides with the typical onset of symptoms of schizophrenia. It is therefore possible that the inheritance of specific C4A alleles could lead to “run away” synaptic pruning, increasing the risk of schizophrenia. Further research may even determine C4 as a potential therapeutic target. [from <a title="Medical Genetics Summaries" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK61999" class="defSource" target="_blank">Medical Genetics Summaries</a>]</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_117">
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||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Additional_descriptions">Additional descriptions</h1><a sid="117" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><div class="mgSection"><strong>From OMIM</strong><br />Schizophrenia is a psychosis, a disorder of thought and sense of self. Although it affects emotions, it is distinguished from mood disorders in which such disturbances are primary. Similarly, there may be mild impairment of cognitive function, and it is distinguished from the dementias in which disturbed cognitive function is considered primary. There is no characteristic pathology, such as neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer disease (104300). Schizophrenia is a common disorder with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 1%. It is highly heritable but the genetics are complex. This may not be a single entity.
|
||
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (see 125480) are generally considered to be separate entities, but patients who exhibit multiple symptoms of both disorders are often given the hybrid diagnosis schizoaffective disorder (Blacker and Tsuang, 1992).
|
||
Genetic Heterogeneity of Schizophrenia with or without an Affective Disorder
|
||
SCZD4 (600850) is associated with variation in the PRODH gene (606810); SCZD9 (604906) with variation in the DISC1 gene (605210); SCZD15 (613950) with variation in the SHANK3 gene (606230); SCZD16 (613959) with a chromosome duplication involving the VIPR2 gene (601970); SCZD17 (see 614332) with variation in the NRXN1 gene (600565); SCZD18 (615232) with variation in the SLC1A1 gene (133550); and SCZD19 (617629) with variation in the RBM12 gene (607179).
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For associations pending confirmation, see MAPPING and MOLECULAR GENETICS. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.omim.org/entry/181500">http://www.omim.org/entry/181500</a></div><div class="mgSection"><strong>From MedlinePlus Genetics</strong><br />Schizophrenia is a brain disorder classified as a psychosis, which means that it affects a person's thinking, sense of self, and perceptions. The disorder typically becomes evident during late adolescence or early adulthood.<br /><br />Signs and symptoms of schizophrenia include false perceptions called hallucinations. Auditory hallucinations of voices are the most common hallucinations in schizophrenia, but affected individuals can also experience hallucinations of visions, smells, or touch (tactile) sensations. Strongly held false beliefs (delusions) are also characteristic of schizophrenia. For example, affected individuals may be certain that they are a particular historical figure or that they are being plotted against or controlled by others.<br /><br />People with schizophrenia often have decreased ability to function at school, at work, and in social settings. Disordered thinking and concentration, inappropriate emotional responses, erratic speech and behavior, and difficulty with personal hygiene and everyday tasks can also occur. People with schizophrenia may have diminished facial expression and animation (flat affect), and in some cases become unresponsive (catatonic). Substance abuse and suicidal thoughts and actions are common in people with schizophrenia.<br /><br />Certain movement problems such as tremors, facial tics, rigidity, and unusually slow movement (bradykinesia) or an inability to move (akinesia) are common in people with schizophrenia. In most cases these are side effects of medicines prescribed to help control the disorder. However, some affected individuals exhibit movement abnormalities before beginning treatment with medication.<br /><br />Some people with schizophrenia have mild impairment of intellectual function, but schizophrenia is not associated with the same types of physical changes in the brain that occur in people with dementias such as Alzheimer's disease.<br /><br />Psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia are different from mood disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder, which primarily affect emotions. However, these disorders often occur together. Individuals who exhibit strong features of both schizophrenia and mood disorders are often given the diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder. <a target="_blank" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/schizophrenia">https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/schizophrenia</a></div></div>
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</div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_3715"><div><strong>Delusion</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>3715</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0011253</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">A delusion is a fixed false belief held despite evidence to the contrary. The term delusion broadly encompasses all false judgments that possess the following external characteristics to a significant, albeit unspecified, extent</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/3715">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Delusion%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%203715%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_6709"><div><strong>Hallucinations</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>6709</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0018524</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">Perceptions in a conscious and awake state that, in the absence of external stimuli, have qualities of real perception. These perceptions are vivid, substantial, and located in external objective space.</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/6709">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hallucinations%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%206709%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_48574"><div><strong>Schizophrenia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>48574</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0036341</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">Schizophrenia is highly heritable, as shown by family, twin, and adoption studies. For example, for identical twins, if one twin develops schizophrenia, the other twin has about a 50% chance of also developing the disease. The risk of the general population developing the schizophrenia is about 0.3-0.7% worldwide. The search for “schizophrenia genes” has been elusive. Initial linkage studies looked at parts of the genome associated with schizophrenia, and many candidate genes were identified, including APOE, COMT, DAO, DRD1, DRD2, DRD4, DTNBP1, GABRB2, GRIN2B, HP, IL1B, MTHFR, PLXNA2, SLC6A4, TP53, and TPH1. However, some of these have later been questioned. Microdeletions and microduplications have been found to be three times more common in individuals with schizophrenia, compared to controls. Because these deletions and duplications are in genes that are overexpressed in pathways related to brain development, it is possible that the inheritance of multiple rare variants may contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Several genetic disorders feature schizophrenia as a clinical feature. The 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome comprises many different syndromes, of which one of the most serious is DiGeorge syndrome. Children born with DiGeorge syndrome typically have heart defects, cleft palate, learning difficulties, and immune deficiency. Schizophrenia is a late manifestation, affecting around 30% of individuals. Microdeletions and duplications in chromosome 1, 2, 3, 7, 15 and 16 have also been associated with schizophrenia. In 2014, a genome-wide association study looked at the genomes of over 35,000 patients and 110,00 controls. The study identified 108 SNPs that were associated with schizophrenia, 83 of which had not been previously reported. As expected, many of these loci occurred in genes that are expressed in the brain. For example, the SNPs included a gene that encodes the dopamine D2 receptor, DRD2 (the target of antipsychotic drugs), and many genes involved in glutamine neurotransmitter pathways and synaptic plasticity (e.g., GRM3, GRIN2A, SRR, GRIA1). More surprisingly, however, associations were also enriched among genes expressed in tissues with important immune functions. In 2016, a study based on nearly 65,000 people investigated the association between schizophrenia and variation in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) locus—a region on chromosome 6 that is important for immune function. The study focused on the C4 gene (complement component 4) that exists as two distinct genes: C4A and C4B, which encode particularly structurally diverse alleles. The study found that the alleles which promoted greater expression of C4A in the brain were associated with a greater risk of schizophrenia. By using mice models, the study showed that C4 is involved in the elimination of synapses during brain maturation. In humans, “synaptic pruning” is most active during late adolescence, which coincides with the typical onset of symptoms of schizophrenia. It is therefore possible that the inheritance of specific C4A alleles could lead to “run away” synaptic pruning, increasing the risk of schizophrenia. Further research may even determine C4 as a potential therapeutic target.</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/48574">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Schizophrenia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2048574%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_56235"><div><strong>EEG abnormality</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>56235</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0151611</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">Abnormality observed by electroencephalogram (EEG), which is used to record of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp.</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/56235">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22EEG%20abnormality%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2056235%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_535413"><div><strong>Negativism</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>535413</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0233610</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">Opposing or not responding to instructions or external stimuli.</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/535413">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Negativism%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20535413%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_356663"><div><strong>Social and occupational deterioration</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>356663</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C1866986</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/356663">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Social%20and%20occupational%20deterioration%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20356663%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite"><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
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<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_3715" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Delusion</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
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||
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_56235" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">EEG abnormality</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
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<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_6709" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hallucinations</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
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<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_535413" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Negativism</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
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<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_48574" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Schizophrenia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
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||
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_356663" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Social and occupational deterioration</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
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</div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test, </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test, </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM, </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>, </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0036341[DISCUI]&test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=48574">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=48574" target="_blank" href="/omim/181500">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&from_uid=48574" ref="ncbi_uid=48574">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Schizophrenia</span><ul><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C3808494[DISCUI]&test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=814824">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=814824" target="_blank" href="/omim/614332">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&from_uid=814824" ref="ncbi_uid=814824">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/814824" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=814824&link_uid=814824" title="View MedGen record for 'Chromosome 2p16.3 deletion syndrome'">Chromosome 2p16.3 deletion syndrome</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=65084" target="_blank" href="/omim/181510">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/65084" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=65084&link_uid=65084" title="View MedGen record for 'Schizophrenia 1'">Schizophrenia 1</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=350323" target="_blank" href="/omim/603342">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/350323" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=350323&link_uid=350323" title="View MedGen record for 'Schizophrenia 2'">Schizophrenia 2</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=324936" target="_blank" href="/omim/600511">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/324936" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=324936&link_uid=324936" title="View MedGen record for 'Schizophrenia 3'">Schizophrenia 3</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1833247[DISCUI]&test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=371517">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=371517" target="_blank" href="/omim/600850">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&from_uid=371517" ref="ncbi_uid=371517">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/371517" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=371517&link_uid=371517" title="View MedGen record for 'Schizophrenia 4'">Schizophrenia 4</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=350351" target="_blank" href="/omim/603175">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/350351" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=350351&link_uid=350351" title="View MedGen record for 'Schizophrenia 5'">Schizophrenia 5</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1864275[DISCUI]&test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=350380">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=350380" target="_blank" href="/omim/603013">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&from_uid=350380" ref="ncbi_uid=350380">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/350380" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=350380&link_uid=350380" title="View MedGen record for 'Schizophrenia 6'">Schizophrenia 6</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=350350" target="_blank" href="/omim/603176">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/350350" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=350350&link_uid=350350" title="View MedGen record for 'Schizophrenia 7'">Schizophrenia 7</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=400456" target="_blank" href="/omim/603206">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/400456" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=400456&link_uid=400456" title="View MedGen record for 'Schizophrenia 8'">Schizophrenia 8</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1858050[DISCUI]&test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=346728">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=346728" target="_blank" href="/omim/604906">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&from_uid=346728" ref="ncbi_uid=346728">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/346728" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=346728&link_uid=346728" title="View MedGen record for 'Schizophrenia 9'">Schizophrenia 9</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=107776" target="_blank" href="/omim/605419">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/107776" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=107776&link_uid=107776" title="View MedGen record for 'Schizophrenia 10'">Schizophrenia 10</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=334205" target="_blank" href="/omim/608078">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/334205" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=334205&link_uid=334205" title="View MedGen record for 'Schizophrenia 11'">Schizophrenia 11</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=373838" target="_blank" href="/omim/608543">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/373838" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=373838&link_uid=373838" title="View MedGen record for 'Schizophrenia 12'">Schizophrenia 12</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C2751663[DISCUI]&test_type=Clinical&redirect=true" ref="ncbi_uid=416605">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=416605" target="_blank" href="/omim/613025">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/416605" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=416605&link_uid=416605" title="View MedGen record for 'Schizophrenia 13'">Schizophrenia 13</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=436991" target="_blank" href="/omim/612361">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/436991" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=436991&link_uid=436991" title="View MedGen record for 'Schizophrenia 14'">Schizophrenia 14</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C3151380[DISCUI]&test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=462730">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=462730" target="_blank" href="/omim/606230">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&from_uid=462730" ref="ncbi_uid=462730">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/462730" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=462730&link_uid=462730" title="View MedGen record for 'Schizophrenia 15'">Schizophrenia 15</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=462758" target="_blank" href="/omim/613959">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/462758" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=462758&link_uid=462758" title="View MedGen record for 'Schizophrenia 16'">Schizophrenia 16</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C3808913[DISCUI]&test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=815243">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=815243" target="_blank" href="/omim/133550">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&from_uid=815243" ref="ncbi_uid=815243">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/815243" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=815243&link_uid=815243" title="View MedGen record for 'Schizophrenia 18'">Schizophrenia 18</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=1613937" target="_blank" href="/omim/607179">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&from_uid=1613937" ref="ncbi_uid=1613937">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1613937" ref="tree=GTR&ncbi_uid=1613937&link_uid=1613937" title="View MedGen record for 'Schizophrenia 19'">Schizophrenia 19</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/474891" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Congenital Systemic Disorder">Congenital Systemic Disorder</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/105425" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the nervous system">Abnormality of the nervous system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/868417" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal nervous system physiology">Abnormal nervous system physiology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/868938" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of mental function">Abnormality of mental function</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/14048" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Atypical behavior">Atypical behavior</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1052380" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Diagnostic behavioral phenotype">Diagnostic behavioral phenotype</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Schizophrenia</span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/48575" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Catatonic schizophrenia">Catatonic schizophrenia</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/48576" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Childhood-onset schizophrenia">Childhood-onset schizophrenia</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/814824" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chromosome 2p16.3 deletion syndrome">Chromosome 2p16.3 deletion syndrome</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/66383" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chronic schizophrenia">Chronic schizophrenia</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/78721" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chronic residual schizophrenia">Chronic residual schizophrenia</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/90934" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Latent Chronic Schizophrenia">Latent Chronic Schizophrenia</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/48577" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Disorganized schizophrenia">Disorganized schizophrenia</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/20731" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/44075" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Latent schizophrenia">Latent schizophrenia</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/83279" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Latent Subchronic Schizophrenia">Latent Subchronic Schizophrenia</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/20664" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Paranoid schizophrenia">Paranoid schizophrenia</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/45322" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Paraphrenia">Paraphrenia</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/20665" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Residual schizophrenia">Residual schizophrenia</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/78720" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Subchronic residual schizophrenia">Subchronic residual schizophrenia</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/65084" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Schizophrenia 1">Schizophrenia 1</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/350323" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Schizophrenia 2">Schizophrenia 2</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/324936" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Schizophrenia 3">Schizophrenia 3</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/371517" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Schizophrenia 4">Schizophrenia 4</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/350351" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Schizophrenia 5">Schizophrenia 5</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/350380" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Schizophrenia 6">Schizophrenia 6</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/350350" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Schizophrenia 7">Schizophrenia 7</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/400456" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Schizophrenia 8">Schizophrenia 8</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/346728" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Schizophrenia 9">Schizophrenia 9</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/107776" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Schizophrenia 10">Schizophrenia 10</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/334205" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Schizophrenia 11">Schizophrenia 11</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/373838" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Schizophrenia 12">Schizophrenia 12</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/416605" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Schizophrenia 13">Schizophrenia 13</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/436991" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Schizophrenia 14">Schizophrenia 14</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/462730" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Schizophrenia 15">Schizophrenia 15</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/462758" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Schizophrenia 16">Schizophrenia 16</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/815243" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Schizophrenia 18">Schizophrenia 18</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1613937" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Schizophrenia 19">Schizophrenia 19</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/113168" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Simple schizophrenia">Simple schizophrenia</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/124356" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Subchronic schizophrenia">Subchronic schizophrenia</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1786789" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Treatment-refractory schizophrenia">Treatment-refractory schizophrenia</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/140267" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Undifferentiated schizophrenia">Undifferentiated schizophrenia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_4297"><div><strong>DiGeorge syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>4297</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0012236</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) can present with a wide range of features that are highly variable, even within families. The major clinical manifestations of 22q11.2DS include congenital heart disease, particularly conotruncal malformations (ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, interrupted aortic arch, and truncus arteriosus), palatal abnormalities (velopharyngeal incompetence, submucosal cleft palate, bifid uvula, and cleft palate), immune deficiency, characteristic facial features, and learning difficulties. Hearing loss can be sensorineural and/or conductive. Laryngotracheoesophageal, gastrointestinal, ophthalmologic, central nervous system, skeletal, and genitourinary anomalies also occur. Psychiatric illness and autoimmune disorders are more common in individuals with 22q11.2DS.</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/4297">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_5956"><div><strong>Keratosis follicularis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>5956</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0022595</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">Darier-White disease (DAR), also known as keratosis follicularis, is an autosomal dominant skin disorder characterized by warty papules and plaques in seborrheic areas (central trunk, flexures, scalp, and forehead), palmoplantar pits, and distinctive nail abnormalities (Sakuntabhai et al., 1999). Onset is usually before the third decade, and penetrance is complete in adults, although expressivity is variable. Involvement may be severe, with widespread itchy malodorous crusted plaques, painful erosions, blistering, and mucosal lesions. Secondary infection is common. Sun, heat, and sweating exacerbate the symptoms. Darier disease never remits, but oral retinoids may reduce hyperkeratosis. Neuropsychiatric abnormalities, including mild mental retardation and epilepsy, have been described in association with Darier disease in a few families (Burge and Wilkinson, 1992); whether this is an association based on pleiotropism of the mutant gene or reflects coincidence is not clear. Histologic findings are (1) mild nonspecific perivascular infiltration in the dermis; (2) dermal villi protruding into the epidermis; (3) suprabasal detachment of the spinal layer leading to the formation of lacunae containing acantholytic cells; (4) in the more superficial epidermis, dyskeratotic round epidermal cells ('corps ronds'), the most distinctive feature; and (5) in the stratum corneum, 'grains' that resemble parakeratotic cells embedded in a hyperkeratotic horny layer. Electron microscopy reveals loss of desmosomal attachments, perinuclear aggregations of keratin filaments, and cytoplasmic vacuolization. Ultrastructural and immunologic studies suggest the disease results from an abnormality in the desmosome-keratin filament complex leading to a breakdown in cell adhesion.</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/5956">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_48574"><div><strong>Schizophrenia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>48574</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0036341</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">Schizophrenia is highly heritable, as shown by family, twin, and adoption studies. For example, for identical twins, if one twin develops schizophrenia, the other twin has about a 50% chance of also developing the disease. The risk of the general population developing the schizophrenia is about 0.3-0.7% worldwide. The search for “schizophrenia genes” has been elusive. Initial linkage studies looked at parts of the genome associated with schizophrenia, and many candidate genes were identified, including APOE, COMT, DAO, DRD1, DRD2, DRD4, DTNBP1, GABRB2, GRIN2B, HP, IL1B, MTHFR, PLXNA2, SLC6A4, TP53, and TPH1. However, some of these have later been questioned. Microdeletions and microduplications have been found to be three times more common in individuals with schizophrenia, compared to controls. Because these deletions and duplications are in genes that are overexpressed in pathways related to brain development, it is possible that the inheritance of multiple rare variants may contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Several genetic disorders feature schizophrenia as a clinical feature. The 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome comprises many different syndromes, of which one of the most serious is DiGeorge syndrome. Children born with DiGeorge syndrome typically have heart defects, cleft palate, learning difficulties, and immune deficiency. Schizophrenia is a late manifestation, affecting around 30% of individuals. Microdeletions and duplications in chromosome 1, 2, 3, 7, 15 and 16 have also been associated with schizophrenia. In 2014, a genome-wide association study looked at the genomes of over 35,000 patients and 110,00 controls. The study identified 108 SNPs that were associated with schizophrenia, 83 of which had not been previously reported. As expected, many of these loci occurred in genes that are expressed in the brain. For example, the SNPs included a gene that encodes the dopamine D2 receptor, DRD2 (the target of antipsychotic drugs), and many genes involved in glutamine neurotransmitter pathways and synaptic plasticity (e.g., GRM3, GRIN2A, SRR, GRIA1). More surprisingly, however, associations were also enriched among genes expressed in tissues with important immune functions. In 2016, a study based on nearly 65,000 people investigated the association between schizophrenia and variation in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) locus—a region on chromosome 6 that is important for immune function. The study focused on the C4 gene (complement component 4) that exists as two distinct genes: C4A and C4B, which encode particularly structurally diverse alleles. The study found that the alleles which promoted greater expression of C4A in the brain were associated with a greater risk of schizophrenia. By using mice models, the study showed that C4 is involved in the elimination of synapses during brain maturation. In humans, “synaptic pruning” is most active during late adolescence, which coincides with the typical onset of symptoms of schizophrenia. It is therefore possible that the inheritance of specific C4A alleles could lead to “run away” synaptic pruning, increasing the risk of schizophrenia. Further research may even determine C4 as a potential therapeutic target.</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/48574">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_65084"><div><strong>Schizophrenia 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>65084</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0220702</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">A schizophrenia that has material basis in an autosomal dominant mutation of SCZD1 on chromosome 5q23-q35.</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/65084">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_120645"><div><strong>Proline dehydrogenase deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>120645</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0268529</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">Phang et al. (2001) noted that prospective studies of HPI probands identified through newborn screening as well as reports of several families have suggested that it is a metabolic disorder not clearly associated with clinical manifestations. Phang et al. (2001) concluded that HPI is a relatively benign condition in most individuals under most circumstances. However, other reports have suggested that some patients have a severe phenotype with neurologic manifestations, including epilepsy and impaired intellectual development (Jacquet et al., 2003). Genetic Heterogeneity of Hyperprolinemia See also hyperprolinemia type II (HYRPRO2; 239510), which is caused by mutation in the gene encoding pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH, ALDH4A1; 606811) on chromosome 1p36.</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/120645">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_107776"><div><strong>Schizophrenia 10</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107776</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0543918</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">A schizophrenia that has material basis in an autosomal dominant mutation of SCZD10 on chromosome 15q15.</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107776">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_162911"><div><strong>Primrose syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>162911</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0796121</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">Primrose syndrome is characterized by macrocephaly, hypotonia, developmental delay, intellectual disability with expressive speech delay, behavioral issues, a recognizable facial phenotype, radiographic features, and altered glucose metabolism. Additional features seen in adults: sparse body hair, distal muscle wasting, and contractures. Characteristic craniofacial features include brachycephaly, high anterior hairline, deeply set eyes, ptosis, downslanted palpebral fissures, high palate with torus palatinus, broad jaw, and large ears with small or absent lobes. Radiographic features include calcification of the external ear cartilage, multiple wormian bones, platybasia, bathrocephaly, slender bones with exaggerated metaphyseal flaring, mild epiphyseal dysplasia, and spondylar dysplasia. Additional features include hearing impairment, ocular anomalies, cryptorchidism, and nonspecific findings on brain MRI.</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/162911">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_167112"><div><strong>Intellectual disability, X-linked 9</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>167112</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0796215</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">X-linked intellectual developmental disorder-9 (XLID9) is characterized by moderately to severely impaired intellectual development. Some patients have also been reported with delayed motor development, seizures, and/or behavioral problems (Hamel et al., 1999; Froyen et al., 2007).</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/167112">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_371517"><div><strong>Schizophrenia 4</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>371517</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C1833247</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">A schizophrenia that has material basis in an autosomal dominant mutation of PRODH on chromosome 22q11.21.</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/371517">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_324513"><div><strong>Congenital myopathy 23</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>324513</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C1836447</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">Nemaline myopathy is divided into six types. In order of decreasing severity, the types are: severe congenital, Amish, intermediate congenital, typical congenital, childhood-onset, and adult-onset. The types are distinguished by the age when symptoms first appear and the severity of symptoms; however, there is overlap among the various types. The severe congenital type is the most life-threatening. Most individuals with this type do not survive past early childhood due to respiratory failure. The Amish type solely affects the Old Order Amish population of Pennsylvania and is typically fatal in early childhood. The most common type of nemaline myopathy is the typical congenital type, which is characterized by muscle weakness and feeding problems beginning in infancy. Most of these individuals do not have severe breathing problems and can walk unassisted. People with the childhood-onset type usually develop muscle weakness in adolescence. The adult-onset type is the mildest of all the various types. People with this type usually develop muscle weakness between ages 20 and 50.\n\nNemaline myopathy is a disorder that primarily affects skeletal muscles, which are muscles that the body uses for movement. People with nemaline myopathy have muscle weakness (myopathy) throughout the body, but it is typically most severe in the muscles of the face; neck; trunk; and other muscles close to the center of the body (proximal muscles), such as those of the upper arms and legs. This weakness can worsen over time. Affected individuals may have feeding and swallowing difficulties, foot deformities, abnormal curvature of the spine (scoliosis), and joint deformities (contractures). Most people with nemaline myopathy are able to walk, although some affected children may begin walking later than usual. As the condition progresses, some people may require wheelchair assistance. In severe cases, the muscles used for breathing are affected and life-threatening breathing difficulties can occur.</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/324513">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_324936"><div><strong>Schizophrenia 3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>324936</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C1838069</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">A schizophrenia that has material basis in an autosomal dominant mutation of SCZD3 on chromosome 6p23.</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/324936">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_335078"><div><strong>X-linked sideroblastic anemia with ataxia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>335078</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C1845028</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">X-linked spinocerebellar ataxia-6 with or without sideroblastic anemia (SCAX6) is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by delayed motor development apparent in infancy with delayed walking (often by several years) due to ataxia and poor coordination. Additional features may include dysmetria, dysarthria, spasticity of the lower limbs, hyperreflexia, dysdiadochokinesis, strabismus, and nystagmus. The disorder is slowly progressive, and patients often lose ambulation. Brain imaging usually shows cerebellar atrophy. Most affected individuals have mild hypochromic, microcytic sideroblastic anemia, which may be asymptomatic. Laboratory studies show increased free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) and ringed sideroblasts on bone marrow biopsy. Female carriers do not have neurologic abnormalities, but may have subtle findings on peripheral blood smear (Pagon et al., 1985; D'Hooghe et al., 2012). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of X-linked spinocerebellar ataxia (SCAX), see SCAX1 (302500).</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/335078">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_382715"><div><strong>Chromosome 1q21.1 duplication syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>382715</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C2675891</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">1q21.1 microduplication is a chromosomal change in which a small amount of genetic material on chromosome 1 is abnormally copied (duplicated). The duplication occurs on the long (q) arm of the chromosome at a location designated q21.1.\n\nSome people with a 1q21.1 microduplication have developmental delay and intellectual disability that is typically mild to moderate. Individuals with this condition can also have features of autism spectrum disorder. These disorders are characterized by impaired communication and socialization skills, as well as delayed development of speech and language. Expressive language skills (vocabulary and the production of speech) tend to be more impaired than receptive language skills (the ability to understand speech) in affected individuals. In childhood, 1q21.1 microduplications may also be associated with an increased risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other behavioral problems. Psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia or mood disorders such as anxiety or depression occur in some affected individuals, usually during adulthood. Rarely, recurrent seizures (epilepsy) occur in people with a 1q21.1 microduplication.\n\nSome individuals with a 1q21.1 microduplication are born with malformations of the heart, including a particular combination of heart defects known as tetralogy of Fallot. Less commonly, other physical malformations such as the urethra opening on the underside of the penis (hypospadias) in males, inward- and upward-turning feet (clubfeet), or misalignment of the hip joint (hip dysplasia) are present at birth. Individuals with a 1q21.1 microduplication may also have a larger than average head size or taller than average adult stature. Some have slightly unusual facial features such as wide-set eyes or low-set ears. As adults, individuals with a 1q21.1 microduplication may be prone to develop cysts, swollen and knotted (varicose) veins, or carpal tunnel syndrome, which is characterized by numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hands and fingers. However, there is no particular pattern of physical abnormalities that characterizes 1q21.1 microduplications. Signs and symptoms related to the chromosomal change vary even among affected members of the same family. Some people with the duplication have no identified physical, intellectual, or behavioral abnormalities.</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/382715">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_393913"><div><strong>Chromosome 1q21.1 deletion syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>393913</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C2675897</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">The 1q21.1 recurrent deletion itself does not lead to a clinically recognizable syndrome, as some persons with the deletion have no obvious clinical findings. Others have variable findings that most commonly include mildly dysmorphic but nonspecific facial features (>75%), mild intellectual disability or learning disabilities (25%), microcephaly (43%), and eye abnormalities (26%). Other findings can include cardiac defects, genitourinary anomalies, skeletal malformations, joint laxity, and seizures (~23%). Psychiatric and behavioral abnormalities can include autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and sleep disturbances. Sensorineural hearing loss and recurrent infections /otitis media are rare.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/393913">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_413258"><div><strong>Cortical dysplasia-focal epilepsy syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>413258</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C2750246</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">Pitt-Hopkins-like syndrome-1 (PTHSL1) is an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by delayed psychomotor development, intellectual disability, severe speech impairment or regression, and behavioral abnormalities. Most patients have onset of seizures within the first years of life. Some patients may have cortical dysplasia on brain imaging (summary by Smogavec et al., 2016).</div>
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||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/413258">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462730"><div><strong>Schizophrenia 15</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462730</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C3151380</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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||
<div class="spaceAbove">A schizophrenia that has material basis in a mutation of SHANK3 on chromosome 22q13.33.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462730">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_481988"><div><strong>Wolfram-like syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>481988</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C3280358</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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||
<div class="spaceAbove">WFS1 spectrum disorder (WFS1-SD) comprises classic WFS1 spectrum disorder and nonclassic WFS1 spectrum disorder. Classic WFS1-SD, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by onset of diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy before age 16 years. Additional complications may include one or more of the following: variable hearing impairment / deafness, diabetes insipidus, neurologic abnormalities, neurogenic bladder, and psychiatric abnormalities. Nonclassic WFS1-SD is less common than classic WFS1-SD. Phenotypes that appear to be milder than classic WFS1-SD include: optic atrophy and hearing impairment; neonatal diabetes, profound congenital deafness, and cataracts; isolated diabetes mellitus; isolated congenital cataracts; and isolated congenital, slowly progressive, and low-frequency (<2000 Hz) sensorineural hearing loss.</div>
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||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/481988">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_482768"><div><strong>Chromosome 17q12 deletion syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>482768</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C3281138</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">17q12 recurrent deletion syndrome is characterized by variable combinations of the three following findings: structural or functional abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract, maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 5 (MODY5), and neurodevelopmental or neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g., developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder [ASD], attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], schizophrenia, anxiety, and bipolar disorder). Using a method of data analysis that avoids ascertainment bias, the authors determined that multicystic kidneys and other structural and functional kidney anomalies occur in 85%-90% of affected individuals, MODY5 in approximately 40%, and some degree of developmental delay or learning disability in approximately 50%. MODY5 is most often diagnosed before age 25 years (range: age 10-50 years).</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/482768">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1613937"><div><strong>Schizophrenia 19</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1613937</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C4539944</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1613937">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1620960"><div><strong>Mitochondrial myopathy-cerebellar ataxia-pigmentary retinopathy syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1620960</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C4540096</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">Mitochondrial myopathy and ataxia (MMYAT) is an autosomal recessive mtDNA depletion disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia, congenital muscle involvement with histologic findings ranging from myopathic to dystrophic, and pigmentary retinopathy (summary by Donkervoort et al., 2019).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1620960">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1758434"><div><strong>Neurodevelopmental disorder with speech impairment and dysmorphic facies</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1758434</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5436699</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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||
<div class="spaceAbove">Neurodevelopmental disorder with speech impairment and dysmorphic facies (NEDSID) is characterized by developmental delay associated with mild to moderately impaired intellectual development or learning difficulties, behavioral or psychiatric abnormalities, and delayed speech and language acquisition. Additional features include dysmorphic facies, distal limb anomalies, gastrointestinal problems or feeding difficulties, and hypotonia. The phenotypic features and severity of the disorder are variable (summary by Kummeling et al., 2021).</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1758434">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1777362"><div><strong>Hearing loss, autosomal dominant 78</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1777362</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5436768</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal dominant deafness-78 (DFNA78) is characterized by profound congenital bilateral sensorineural hearing loss affecting all frequencies. Some patients may have mild motor delay early in life due to vestibular dysfunction, although the motor skills catch up with age. Affected individuals do not have systemic or other neurologic manifestations (summary by Mutai et al., 2020).</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1777362">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1786855"><div><strong>Spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 31</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1786855</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5543627</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia-31 (SCAR31) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by global developmental delay with hypotonia and variably impaired intellectual and language development. Affected individuals have an ataxic gait, tremor, and dysarthria; more severely affected patients also have spasticity with inability to walk. Most have optic atrophy. Brain imaging shows cerebellar hypoplasia, enlarged ventricles, and atrophy of the posterior corpus callosum. Additional features may include retinitis pigmentosa, sensorineural deafness, dysmorphic facial features, and possibly endocrine dysfunction (summary by Collier et al., 2021).</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1786855">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_482768" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Chromosome 17q12 deletion syndrome</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_393913" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Chromosome 1q21.1 deletion syndrome</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_382715" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Chromosome 1q21.1 duplication syndrome</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_324513" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital myopathy 23</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_413258" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cortical dysplasia-focal epilepsy syndrome</a></div><div class="jig-moreless" data-jigconfig="class: 'moveDown', moreText: 'See full list (23)', lessText: 'Show less', nodeBefore: 0"><span id="clinMore">
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_4297" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">DiGeorge syndrome</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1777362" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hearing loss, autosomal dominant 78</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_167112" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual disability, X-linked 9</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_5956" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Keratosis follicularis</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1620960" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Mitochondrial myopathy-cerebellar ataxia-pigmentary retinopathy syndrome</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1758434" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Neurodevelopmental disorder with speech impairment and dysmorphic facies</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_162911" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Primrose syndrome</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_120645" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Proline dehydrogenase deficiency</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_48574" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Schizophrenia</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_65084" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Schizophrenia 1</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_107776" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Schizophrenia 10</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462730" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Schizophrenia 15</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1613937" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Schizophrenia 19</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_324936" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Schizophrenia 3</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_371517" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Schizophrenia 4</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1786855" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 31</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_481988" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Wolfram-like syndrome</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_335078" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">X-linked sideroblastic anemia with ataxia</a></div></span></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37236789">The diagnosis and treatment of catatonia.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Rogers JP,
|
||
Zandi MS,
|
||
David AS</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Med (Lond)</span>
|
||
2023 May;23(3):242-245.
|
||
doi: 10.7861/clinmed.2023-0113.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37236789" target="_blank">37236789</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11046566" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37039129">Evidence-based consensus guidelines for the management of catatonia: Recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Rogers JP,
|
||
Oldham MA,
|
||
Fricchione G,
|
||
Northoff G,
|
||
Ellen Wilson J,
|
||
Mann SC,
|
||
Francis A,
|
||
Wieck A,
|
||
Elizabeth Wachtel L,
|
||
Lewis G,
|
||
Grover S,
|
||
Hirjak D,
|
||
Ahuja N,
|
||
Zandi MS,
|
||
Young AH,
|
||
Fone K,
|
||
Andrews S,
|
||
Kessler D,
|
||
Saifee T,
|
||
Gee S,
|
||
Baldwin DS,
|
||
David AS</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Psychopharmacol</span>
|
||
2023 Apr;37(4):327-369.
|
||
Epub 2023 Apr 11
|
||
doi: 10.1177/02698811231158232.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37039129" target="_blank">37039129</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10101189" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32867516">The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Keepers GA,
|
||
Fochtmann LJ,
|
||
Anzia JM,
|
||
Benjamin S,
|
||
Lyness JM,
|
||
Mojtabai R,
|
||
Servis M,
|
||
Walaszek A,
|
||
Buckley P,
|
||
Lenzenweger MF,
|
||
Young AS,
|
||
Degenhardt A,
|
||
Hong SH;
|
||
(Systematic Review)</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Psychiatry</span>
|
||
2020 Sep 1;177(9):868-872.
|
||
doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.177901.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32867516" target="_blank">32867516</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22schizophrenia%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (6599)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Curated<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpCurated"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3><h3 class="nl vspace"><a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=0584dda8-bc3c-48fe-1a90-79608f78e8a0" target="_blank">DailyMed Drug Label, Quetiapine, 2022</a></h3>
|
||
<h3 class="nl vspace"><a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192" target="_blank">UK NICE Clinical Guideline CG192, Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance, 2020</a></h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
|
||
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
|
||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36181926">Schizophrenia: The new etiological synthesis.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Rantala MJ,
|
||
Luoto S,
|
||
Borráz-León JI,
|
||
Krams I</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurosci Biobehav Rev</span>
|
||
2022 Nov;142:104894.
|
||
Epub 2022 Sep 28
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104894.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36181926" target="_blank">36181926</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32342467">Exercise and Schizophrenia.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bueno-Antequera J,
|
||
Munguía-Izquierdo D</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Adv Exp Med Biol</span>
|
||
2020;1228:317-332.
|
||
doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_21.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32342467" target="_blank">32342467</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31779876">Functional Recovery in Schizophrenia.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Silva MA,
|
||
Restrepo D</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Rev Colomb Psiquiatr (Engl Ed)</span>
|
||
2019 Oct-Dec;48(4):252-260.
|
||
Epub 2017 Nov 2
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.rcp.2017.08.004.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31779876" target="_blank">31779876</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30170114">Treatment resistant schizophrenia: Clinical, biological, and therapeutic perspectives.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Nucifora FC Jr,
|
||
Woznica E,
|
||
Lee BJ,
|
||
Cascella N,
|
||
Sawa A</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurobiol Dis</span>
|
||
2019 Nov;131:104257.
|
||
Epub 2018 Aug 29
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.016.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30170114" target="_blank">30170114</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6395548" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9128702">Schizophrenia.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Jones L</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Prof Nurse</span>
|
||
1997 Mar;12(6):434-7.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/9128702" target="_blank">9128702</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Schizophrenia%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (53795)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34865950">The schizophrenia concept.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kendler KS,
|
||
Heckers S</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Schizophr Res</span>
|
||
2022 Apr;242:67-69.
|
||
Epub 2021 Dec 2
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.033.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34865950" target="_blank">34865950</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31573638">Schizophrenia.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Borelli CM,
|
||
Solari H</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA</span>
|
||
2019 Oct 1;322(13):1322.
|
||
doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.11073.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31573638" target="_blank">31573638</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31082962">Simple Schizophrenia: A Forgotten Diagnosis in Psychiatry.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lally J,
|
||
Maloudi S,
|
||
Krivoy A,
|
||
Murphy KC</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Nerv Ment Dis</span>
|
||
2019 Sep;207(9):721-725.
|
||
doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000936.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31082962" target="_blank">31082962</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23800613">Definition and description of schizophrenia in the DSM-5.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tandon R,
|
||
Gaebel W,
|
||
Barch DM,
|
||
Bustillo J,
|
||
Gur RE,
|
||
Heckers S,
|
||
Malaspina D,
|
||
Owen MJ,
|
||
Schultz S,
|
||
Tsuang M,
|
||
Van Os J,
|
||
Carpenter W</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Schizophr Res</span>
|
||
2013 Oct;150(1):3-10.
|
||
Epub 2013 Jun 22
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.05.028.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23800613" target="_blank">23800613</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/8107719">Schizophrenia.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Carpenter WT Jr,
|
||
Buchanan RW</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">N Engl J Med</span>
|
||
1994 Mar 10;330(10):681-90.
|
||
doi: 10.1056/NEJM199403103301006.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/8107719" target="_blank">8107719</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Schizophrenia%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (43899)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34838528">New and emerging treatments for schizophrenia: a narrative review of their pharmacology, efficacy and side effect profile relative to established antipsychotics.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lobo MC,
|
||
Whitehurst TS,
|
||
Kaar SJ,
|
||
Howes OD</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurosci Biobehav Rev</span>
|
||
2022 Jan;132:324-361.
|
||
Epub 2021 Nov 24
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.032.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34838528" target="_blank">34838528</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7616977" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27919182">Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group Consensus Guidelines on Diagnosis and Terminology.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Howes OD,
|
||
McCutcheon R,
|
||
Agid O,
|
||
de Bartolomeis A,
|
||
van Beveren NJ,
|
||
Birnbaum ML,
|
||
Bloomfield MA,
|
||
Bressan RA,
|
||
Buchanan RW,
|
||
Carpenter WT,
|
||
Castle DJ,
|
||
Citrome L,
|
||
Daskalakis ZJ,
|
||
Davidson M,
|
||
Drake RJ,
|
||
Dursun S,
|
||
Ebdrup BH,
|
||
Elkis H,
|
||
Falkai P,
|
||
Fleischacker WW,
|
||
Gadelha A,
|
||
Gaughran F,
|
||
Glenthøj BY,
|
||
Graff-Guerrero A,
|
||
Hallak JE,
|
||
Honer WG,
|
||
Kennedy J,
|
||
Kinon BJ,
|
||
Lawrie SM,
|
||
Lee J,
|
||
Leweke FM,
|
||
MacCabe JH,
|
||
McNabb CB,
|
||
Meltzer H,
|
||
Möller HJ,
|
||
Nakajima S,
|
||
Pantelis C,
|
||
Reis Marques T,
|
||
Remington G,
|
||
Rossell SL,
|
||
Russell BR,
|
||
Siu CO,
|
||
Suzuki T,
|
||
Sommer IE,
|
||
Taylor D,
|
||
Thomas N,
|
||
Üçok A,
|
||
Umbricht D,
|
||
Walters JT,
|
||
Kane J,
|
||
Correll CU</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Psychiatry</span>
|
||
2017 Mar 1;174(3):216-229.
|
||
Epub 2016 Dec 6
|
||
doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050503.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27919182" target="_blank">27919182</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6231547" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23202844">Nidotherapy for schizophrenia.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Chamberlain IJ,
|
||
Sampson S</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Schizophr Bull</span>
|
||
2013 Jan;39(1):17-21.
|
||
Epub 2012 Nov 30
|
||
doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbs131.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23202844" target="_blank">23202844</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3523923" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/3046553">Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic. A double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kane J,
|
||
Honigfeld G,
|
||
Singer J,
|
||
Meltzer H</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Gen Psychiatry</span>
|
||
1988 Sep;45(9):789-96.
|
||
doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800330013001.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/3046553" target="_blank">3046553</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/6625966">Schizophrenia and dialysis.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Carpenter WT Jr,
|
||
Sadler JH,
|
||
Light PD,
|
||
Hanlon TE,
|
||
Kurland AA</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Artif Organs</span>
|
||
1983 Aug;7(3):357-64.
|
||
doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.1983.tb04211.x.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/6625966" target="_blank">6625966</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Schizophrenia%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (37626)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36417817">The prognosis of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression of 20-year follow-up studies.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Molstrom IM,
|
||
Nordgaard J,
|
||
Urfer-Parnas A,
|
||
Handest R,
|
||
Berge J,
|
||
Henriksen MG</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Schizophr Res</span>
|
||
2022 Dec;250:152-163.
|
||
Epub 2022 Nov 20
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.11.010.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36417817" target="_blank">36417817</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35118891">Green Space and the Incidence of Schizophrenia in Toronto, Canada.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Rotenberg M,
|
||
Tuck A,
|
||
Anderson KK,
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||
McKenzie K</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Can J Psychiatry</span>
|
||
2022 Mar;67(3):238-240.
|
||
Epub 2022 Feb 4
|
||
doi: 10.1177/07067437221076722.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35118891" target="_blank">35118891</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8935593" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26509694">Premature Mortality Among Adults With Schizophrenia in the United States.</a></div>
|
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Olfson M,
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Gerhard T,
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Huang C,
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Crystal S,
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA Psychiatry</span>
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2015 Dec;72(12):1172-81.
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doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1737.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26509694" target="_blank">26509694</a></div>
|
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25455249">Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period.</a></div>
|
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Jones I,
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Chandra PS,
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Dazzan P,
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Howard LM</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet</span>
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2014 Nov 15;384(9956):1789-99.
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Epub 2014 Nov 14
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|
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25455249" target="_blank">25455249</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18480098">Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality.</a></div>
|
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">McGrath J,
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Saha S,
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epidemiol Rev</span>
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18480098" target="_blank">18480098</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Schizophrenia%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (23552)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34845255">Schizotypal personality traits and the social learning of fear.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">González-Rodríguez A,
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García-Pérez Á,
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Godoy-Giménez M,
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Carmona I,
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Estévez ÁF,
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Sayans-Jiménez P,
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Cañadas F</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Sci Rep</span>
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2021 Nov 29;11(1):23048.
|
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doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02336-6.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34845255" target="_blank">34845255</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8630166" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25562834">Mismatch negativity (MMN) deficiency: a break-through biomarker in predicting psychosis onset.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Näätänen R,
|
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Shiga T,
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Asano S,
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Yabe H</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Psychophysiol</span>
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2015 Mar;95(3):338-44.
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Epub 2015 Jan 3
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doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.12.012.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25562834" target="_blank">25562834</a></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/14677074">Early detection and intervention in the initial prodromal phase of schizophrenia.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ruhrmann S,
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pharmacopsychiatry</span>
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2003 Nov;36 Suppl 3:S162-7.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/14677074" target="_blank">14677074</a></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/10100917">Depression Scale (DEPS) in schizophrenia.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Huttunen J,
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Taiminen T,
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Kähkönen J,
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1999 Mar;99(3):220-2.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/10100917" target="_blank">10100917</a></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9204677">Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kaufman J,
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Birmaher B,
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Brent D,
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Rao U,
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Flynn C,
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Moreci P,
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/9204677" target="_blank">9204677</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Schizophrenia%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (36000)</a></div></div>
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||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
|
||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln">
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38041862">Cat Ownership and Schizophrenia-Related Disorders and Psychotic-Like Experiences: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">McGrath JJ,
|
||
Lim CCW,
|
||
Saha S</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Schizophr Bull</span>
|
||
2024 Apr 30;50(3):489-495.
|
||
doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbad168.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38041862" target="_blank">38041862</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11059813" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36417817">The prognosis of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression of 20-year follow-up studies.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Molstrom IM,
|
||
Nordgaard J,
|
||
Urfer-Parnas A,
|
||
Handest R,
|
||
Berge J,
|
||
Henriksen MG</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Schizophr Res</span>
|
||
2022 Dec;250:152-163.
|
||
Epub 2022 Nov 20
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.11.010.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36417817" target="_blank">36417817</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35633394">Cognitive impairment in people with schizophrenia: an umbrella review.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gebreegziabhere Y,
|
||
Habatmu K,
|
||
Mihretu A,
|
||
Cella M,
|
||
Alem A</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci</span>
|
||
2022 Oct;272(7):1139-1155.
|
||
Epub 2022 May 28
|
||
doi: 10.1007/s00406-022-01416-6.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35633394" target="_blank">35633394</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9508017" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29506766">The association between schizophrenia and violence.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Rund BR</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Schizophr Res</span>
|
||
2018 Sep;199:39-40.
|
||
Epub 2018 Mar 3
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.02.043.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29506766" target="_blank">29506766</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28703015">Guidelines for the Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia in Adults.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Remington G,
|
||
Addington D,
|
||
Honer W,
|
||
Ismail Z,
|
||
Raedler T,
|
||
Teehan M</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Can J Psychiatry</span>
|
||
2017 Sep;62(9):604-616.
|
||
Epub 2017 Jul 13
|
||
doi: 10.1177/0706743717720448.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28703015" target="_blank">28703015</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5593252" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Schizophrenia%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2908)</a></div></div>
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|
||
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<h2 class="offscreen_noflow">Supplemental Content</h2>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0036341%5bDISCUI%5d&filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (50)</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0036341%5bDISCUI%5d&filter=method%3A2%5F9" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of select exons (1)</a></li>
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<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0036341%5bDISCUI%5d&filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (64)</a></li>
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<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0036341%5bDISCUI%5d&filter=method%3A2%5F19" target="_blank">Targeted variant analysis (6)</a></li>
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<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0036341%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (71)</a></total></li>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22schizophrenia%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">PubMed</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li><li><a target="_blank" href="/books/?term=((%22clinical%20guidelines%22%5BResource%20Type%5D)%20OR%20%22practice%20guideline%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)%20AND%20(%22Schizophrenia%22)">Bookshelf</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li></ul><h3 class="subhead">Curated</h3><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=0584dda8-bc3c-48fe-1a90-79608f78e8a0">DailyMed Drug Label, 2022</a><div>DailyMed Drug Label, Quetiapine, 2022</div></li><li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192">NICE, 2020</a><div>UK NICE Clinical Guideline CG192, Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance, 2020</div></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="http://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&start=1&limit=10&sort=score%20desc&field=number&search=116790%20126451%20182135%20600755%20601525%20605566%20606271%20607093%20607252%20607254%20607408" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=1116[geneid]" target="_blank">View CHI3L1 variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=1312[geneid]" target="_blank">View COMT variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=1814[geneid]" target="_blank">View DRD3 variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=3356[geneid]" target="_blank">View HTR2A variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=4524[geneid]" target="_blank">View MTHFR variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=6854[geneid]" target="_blank">View SYN2 variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=23780[geneid]" target="_blank">View APOL2 variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=27184[geneid]" target="_blank">View DISC2 variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=65078[geneid]" target="_blank">View RTN4R variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=80832[geneid]" target="_blank">View APOL4 variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=267012[geneid]" target="_blank">View DAOA variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/nuccore/209977041,224809380,225903382,237874227,255958284,260593645,260763953,262331545,300068912,301500676" target="_blank">RefSeqGene</a></li><li><a href="https://catalog.coriell.org/Search?q=181500" target="_blank">Coriell Institute for Medical Research</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="http://www.diseaseinfosearch.org/Schizophrenia/6442" target="_blank">Genetic Alliance</a></li><li><a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/schizophrenia" target="_blank">MalaCards</a></li><li><a href="https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&query=Schizophrenia" target="_blank">MedlinePlus</a></li><li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/schizophrenia" target="_blank">MedlinePlusGenetics (GHR)</a></li></ul></div>
|
||
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|
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<div class="portlet brieflink">
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<h3>Reviews</h3>
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<div class="portlet_content">
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<ul>
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<li>
|
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<a href="/pubmed/clinical?term=Schizophrenia" ref="ncbi_uid=&discoId=gtr_reviews&linkpos=1&linkpostotal=2" target="_blank">PubMed Clinical Queries</a>
|
||
</li>
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<li>
|
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<a href="/pubmed?term=Schizophrenia%20AND%20humans[mesh]%20AND%20review[publication%20type]" ref="ncbi_uid=&discoId=gtr_reviews&linkpos=2&linkpostotal=2" target="_blank">Reviews in PubMed</a>
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