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<meta name="keywords" content="C0026850, congenital muscular dystrophy, disease or syndrome, dystrophies, muscular, dystrophy, muscular, md - muscular dystrophy, muscle biopsy shows dystrophic changes, muscular dystrophies, muscular dystrophy, myodystrophica, myodystrophicas, myodystrophies, myodystrophy, pmd - progressive muscular dystrophy, progressive muscular dystrophy, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="The term dystrophy means abnormal growth. However, muscular dystrophy is used to describe primary myopathies with a genetic basis and a progressive course characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness and wasting, defects in muscle proteins, and histological features of muscle fiber degeneration (necrosis) and regeneration. If possible, it is preferred to use other HPO terms to describe the precise phenotypic abnormalities." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
UID=44527
ConceptID=C0026850
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Muscular dystrophy</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>44527</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026850</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>Dystrophies, Muscular; Dystrophy, Muscular; Muscular Dystrophies; Muscular Dystrophy; Myodystrophica; Myodystrophicas; Myodystrophies; Myodystrophy</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Muscular dystrophy (73297009); MD - Muscular dystrophy (73297009); Progressive muscular dystrophy (73297009); PMD - Progressive muscular dystrophy (73297009)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003560">HP:0003560</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0020121" target="_blank">MONDO:0020121</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Orphanet:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Orphanet: The portal for rare diseases and orphan drugs" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&amp;Expert=98473">ORPHA98473</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="rprt-body jig-ncbiinpagenav" data-jigconfig="smoothScroll: false, gotoTopLink: true, gotoTopLinkText: '', gotoTopLinkAttrs: {'title': 'Go to the top of the page'},allHeadingLevels: ['h1'], topOfPageTOC: true, tocId: 'my-toc'"><div id="rprt-tabs-1" class="rprt-tab"><div id="tb-termsProp-1"><div class="leftCol mgCol"><div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">The term dystrophy means abnormal growth. However, muscular dystrophy is used to describe primary myopathies with a genetic basis and a progressive course characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness and wasting, defects in muscle proteins, and histological features of muscle fiber degeneration (necrosis) and regeneration. If possible, it is preferred to use other HPO terms to describe the precise phenotypic abnormalities. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0026850[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=44527">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=44527" ref="ncbi_uid=44527">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Muscular dystrophy</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867443" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Phenotypic abnormality">Phenotypic abnormality</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1763488" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867380" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the musculature">Abnormality of the musculature</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/868776" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal skeletal muscle morphology">Abnormal skeletal muscle morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Muscular dystrophy</span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/339580" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2I">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2I</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/332193" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2K">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2K</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/182959" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Becker muscular dystrophy">Becker muscular dystrophy</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/413043" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Congenital muscular dystrophy due to LMNA mutation">Congenital muscular dystrophy due to LMNA mutation</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/155541" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Distal myopathy">Distal myopathy</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/3925" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Duchenne muscular dystrophy">Duchenne muscular dystrophy</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/98047" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Eichsfeld type congenital muscular dystrophy">Eichsfeld type congenital muscular dystrophy</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/96078" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy">Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/976017" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy">Autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/98048" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 2, autosomal dominant">Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 2, autosomal dominant</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/414476" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 4, autosomal dominant">Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 4, autosomal dominant</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/414111" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 5, autosomal dominant">Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 5, autosomal dominant</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/765974" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 7, autosomal dominant">Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 7, autosomal dominant</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1708803" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy">Autosomal Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/259643" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy">Autosomal recessive Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1720295" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 1, X-linked">Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 1, X-linked</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/413212" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 3, autosomal recessive">Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 3, autosomal recessive</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/148284" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy">X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/440709" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 6">Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 6</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/395525" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for X-linked myopathy with postural muscle atrophy">X-linked myopathy with postural muscle atrophy</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/65956" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy">Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1727901" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 1">Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 1</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/320405" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 2">Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/5342" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Glycogen storage disease, type VII">Glycogen storage disease, type VII</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/151940" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy">Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/419194" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/358391" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/338149" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/98045" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2C">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2C</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/424706" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2D">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2D</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/347674" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2E">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2E</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/331308" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2F">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2F</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/400895" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2G">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2G</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/324741" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2J">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2J</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/370102" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/370585" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2M">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2M</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/461768" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2N">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2N</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/461767" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2O">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2O</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1386785" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2P">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2P</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/462339" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2Q">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2Q</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/934627" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2R1">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2R1</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1377325" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2T">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2T</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1683417" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2U">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2U</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/897675" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2W">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2W</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1799561" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2X">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2X</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1385152" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2Y">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2Y</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1385598" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type R18">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type R18</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/863621" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy due to POMK deficiency">Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy due to POMK deficiency</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/105341" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Muscle eye brain disease">Muscle eye brain disease</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1648462" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 23">Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 23</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/413465" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital without intellectual disability), type B4">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital without intellectual disability), type B4</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/335764" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type B5">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type B5</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1830095" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for POMGNT2-related limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R24">POMGNT2-related limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R24</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/419874" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Qualitative or quantitative defects of dysferlin">Qualitative or quantitative defects of dysferlin</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/424705" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Sarcoglycanopathy">Sarcoglycanopathy</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/78750" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Sarcotubular myopathy">Sarcotubular myopathy</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/371358" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type 1C">Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type 1C</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1826162" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal dominant">Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal dominant</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1648441" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1D (DNAJB6)">Autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1D (DNAJB6)</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/333983" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1F">Autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1F</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/322993" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1G">Autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1G</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/462136" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1H">Autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1H</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/993836" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Calpain-3-related limb-girdle muscular dystrophy D4">Calpain-3-related limb-girdle muscular dystrophy D4</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1826055" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Caveolinopathy">Caveolinopathy</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/330449" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy">Desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/811509" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Myofibrillar myopathy 3">Myofibrillar myopathy 3</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/224728" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Merosin deficient congenital muscular dystrophy">Merosin deficient congenital muscular dystrophy</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1640757" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Miyoshi muscular dystrophy 1">Miyoshi muscular dystrophy 1</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1715069" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Muscular Dystrophy Secondary to Mitochondrial Disorder">Muscular Dystrophy Secondary to Mitochondrial Disorder</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1711158" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Muscular Dystrophy Secondary to Oxidative Phosphorylation Disorder">Muscular Dystrophy Secondary to Oxidative Phosphorylation Disorder</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/140820" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A, 4">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A, 4</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/924974" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A1">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A1</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/461761" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A2">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A2</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/462869" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A3">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A3</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/461764" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A6">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A6</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/461766" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with intellectual disability), type B2">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with intellectual disability), type B2</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/10239" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Myotonic dystrophy">Myotonic dystrophy</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/98051" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Congenital myotonic dystrophy">Congenital myotonic dystrophy</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/44565" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Myotonic cataract">Myotonic cataract</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/419137" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Myotonic dystrophy type 2">Myotonic dystrophy type 2</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/886881" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Steinert myotonic dystrophy syndrome">Steinert myotonic dystrophy syndrome</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1843180" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Adult-onset Steinert myotonic dystrophy">Adult-onset Steinert myotonic dystrophy</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1842487" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Childhood-onset Steinert myotonic dystrophy">Childhood-onset Steinert myotonic dystrophy</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1842512" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Congenital-onset Steinert myotonic dystrophy">Congenital-onset Steinert myotonic dystrophy</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1843227" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Juvenile-onset Steinert myotonic dystrophy">Juvenile-onset Steinert myotonic dystrophy</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1842603" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Late-onset Steinert myotonic dystrophy">Late-onset Steinert myotonic dystrophy</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/75730" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy">Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1054618" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy 1">Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy 1</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1841318" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy 2">Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy 2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/98373" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Scapulohumeral muscular dystrophy">Scapulohumeral muscular dystrophy</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/98046" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy 1A">Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy 1A</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/75553" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Walker-Warburg congenital muscular dystrophy">Walker-Warburg congenital muscular dystrophy</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_3925"><div><strong>Duchenne muscular dystrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>3925</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0013264</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The dystrophinopathies cover a spectrum of X-linked muscle disease ranging from mild to severe that includes Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker muscular dystrophy, and DMD-associated dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The mild end of the spectrum includes the phenotypes of asymptomatic increase in serum concentration of creatine phosphokinase (CK) and muscle cramps with myoglobinuria. The severe end of the spectrum includes progressive muscle diseases that are classified as Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy when skeletal muscle is primarily affected and as DMD-associated DCM when the heart is primarily affected. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) usually presents in early childhood with delayed motor milestones including delays in walking independently and standing up from a supine position. Proximal weakness causes a waddling gait and difficulty climbing stairs, running, jumping, and standing up from a squatting position. DMD is rapidly progressive, with affected children being wheelchair dependent by age 12 years. Cardiomyopathy occurs in almost all individuals with DMD after age 18 years. Few survive beyond the third decade, with respiratory complications and progressive cardiomyopathy being common causes of death. Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is characterized by later-onset skeletal muscle weakness. With improved diagnostic techniques, it has been recognized that the mild end of the spectrum includes men with onset of symptoms after age 30 years who remain ambulatory even into their 60s. Despite the milder skeletal muscle involvement, heart failure from DCM is a common cause of morbidity and the most common cause of death in BMD. Mean age of death is in the mid-40s. DMD-associated DCM is characterized by left ventricular dilatation and congestive heart failure. Females heterozygous for a DMD pathogenic variant are at increased risk for DCM.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/3925">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_69128"><div><strong>Elevated circulating creatine kinase concentration</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>69128</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0241005</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An elevation of the level of the enzyme creatine kinase (also known as creatine phosphokinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) in the blood. CK levels can be elevated in a number of clinical disorders such as myocardial infarction, rhabdomyolysis, and muscular dystrophy.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/69128">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_82803"><div><strong>Inborn glycerol kinase deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>82803</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0268418</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">NR0B1-related adrenal hypoplasia congenita includes both X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita (X-linked AHC) and Xp21 deletion (previously called complex glycerol kinase deficiency). X-linked AHC is characterized by primary adrenal insufficiency and/or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). Adrenal insufficiency is acute infantile onset (average age 3 weeks) in approximately 60% of affected males and childhood onset (ages 1-9 years) in approximately 40%. HH typically manifests in a male with adrenal insufficiency as delayed puberty (i.e., onset age &gt;14 years) and less commonly as arrested puberty at about Tanner Stage 3. Rarely, X-linked AHC manifests initially in early adulthood as delayed-onset adrenal insufficiency, partial HH, and/or infertility. Heterozygous females very occasionally have manifestations of adrenal insufficiency or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Xp21 deletion includes deletion of NR0B1 (causing X-linked AHC) and GK (causing glycerol kinase deficiency), and in some cases deletion of DMD (causing Duchenne muscular dystrophy). Developmental delay has been reported in males with Xp21 deletion when the deletion extends proximally to include DMD or when larger deletions extend distally to include IL1RAPL1 and DMD.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/82803">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_78750"><div><strong>Sarcotubular myopathy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>78750</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0270968</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A mild subtype of autosomal recessive limb girdle muscular dystrophy characterized by slowly progressive proximal muscle weakness and wasting of the pelvic and shoulder girdles with onset that usually occurs during the second or third decade of life. Clinical presentation is variable and can include calf psuedohypertrophy, joint contractures, scapular winging, muscle cramping and/or facial and respiratory muscle involvement.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/78750">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_87442"><div><strong>Congenital adrenal hypoplasia, X-linked</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>87442</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0342482</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">NR0B1-related adrenal hypoplasia congenita includes both X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita (X-linked AHC) and Xp21 deletion (previously called complex glycerol kinase deficiency). X-linked AHC is characterized by primary adrenal insufficiency and/or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). Adrenal insufficiency is acute infantile onset (average age 3 weeks) in approximately 60% of affected males and childhood onset (ages 1-9 years) in approximately 40%. HH typically manifests in a male with adrenal insufficiency as delayed puberty (i.e., onset age &gt;14 years) and less commonly as arrested puberty at about Tanner Stage 3. Rarely, X-linked AHC manifests initially in early adulthood as delayed-onset adrenal insufficiency, partial HH, and/or infertility. Heterozygous females very occasionally have manifestations of adrenal insufficiency or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Xp21 deletion includes deletion of NR0B1 (causing X-linked AHC) and GK (causing glycerol kinase deficiency), and in some cases deletion of DMD (causing Duchenne muscular dystrophy). Developmental delay has been reported in males with Xp21 deletion when the deletion extends proximally to include DMD or when larger deletions extend distally to include IL1RAPL1 and DMD.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/87442">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_98045"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2C</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98045</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0410173</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A subtype of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy characterized by a childhood onset of progressive shoulder and pelvic girdle muscle weakness and atrophy frequently associated with calf hypertrophy, diaphragmatic weakness, and/or variable cardiac abnormalities. Mild to moderate elevated serum creatine kinase levels and positive Gowers sign are reported.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98045">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_140820"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A, 4</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>140820</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0410174</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) is characterized by hypotonia, symmetric generalized muscle weakness, and CNS migration disturbances that result in changes consistent with cobblestone lissencephaly with cerebral and cerebellar cortical dysplasia. Mild, typical, and severe phenotypes are recognized. Onset typically occurs in early infancy with poor suck, weak cry, and floppiness. Affected individuals have contractures of the hips, knees, and interphalangeal joints. Later features include myopathic facial appearance, pseudohypertrophy of the calves and forearms, motor and speech delays, intellectual disability, seizures, ophthalmologic abnormalities including visual impairment and retinal dysplasia, and progressive cardiac involvement after age ten years. Swallowing disturbance occurs in individuals with severe FCMD and in individuals older than age ten years, leading to recurrent aspiration pneumonia and death.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/140820">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_98046"><div><strong>Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy 1A</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98046</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0410179</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Collagen VI-related dystrophies (COL6-RDs) represent a continuum of overlapping clinical phenotypes with Bethlem muscular dystrophy at the milder end, Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD) at the more severe end, and a phenotype in between UCMD and Bethlem muscular dystrophy, referred to as intermediate COL6-RD. Bethlem muscular dystrophy is characterized by a combination of proximal muscle weakness and joint contractures. Hypotonia and delayed motor milestones occur in early childhood; mild hypotonia and weakness may be present congenitally. By adulthood, there is evidence of proximal weakness and contractures of the elbows, Achilles tendons, and long finger flexors. The progression of weakness is slow, and more than two thirds of affected individuals older than age 50 years remain independently ambulatory indoors, while relying on supportive means for mobility outdoors. Respiratory involvement is not a consistent feature. UCMD is characterized by congenital weakness, hypotonia, proximal joint contractures, and striking hyperlaxity of distal joints. Decreased fetal movements are frequently reported. Some affected children acquire the ability to walk independently; however, progression of the disease results in a loss of ambulation by age ten to eleven years. Early and severe respiratory insufficiency occurs in all individuals, resulting in the need for nocturnal noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in the form of bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) by age 11 years. Intermediate COL6-RD is characterized by independent ambulation past age 11 years and respiratory insufficiency that is later in onset than in UCMD and results in the need for NIV in the form of BiPAP by the late teens to early 20s. In contrast to individuals with Bethlem muscular dystrophy, those with intermediate COL6-RD typically do not achieve the ability to run, jump, or climb stairs without use of a railing.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98046">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_98047"><div><strong>Eichsfeld type congenital muscular dystrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98047</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0410180</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Rigid spine muscular dystrophy (RSMD) is a form of congenital muscular dystrophy. Disorders in this group cause muscle weakness and wasting (atrophy) beginning very early in life. In particular, RSMD involves weakness of the muscles of the torso and neck (axial muscles). Other characteristic features include spine stiffness and serious breathing problems.\n\nIn RSMD, muscle weakness is often apparent at birth or within the first few months of life. Affected infants can have poor head control and weak muscle tone (hypotonia), which may delay the development of motor skills such as crawling or walking. Over time, muscles surrounding the spine atrophy, and the joints of the spine develop deformities called contractures that restrict movement. The neck and back become stiff and rigid, and affected children have limited ability to move their heads up and down or side to side. Affected children eventually develop an abnormal curvature of the spine (scoliosis). In some people with RSMD, muscles in the inner thighs also atrophy, although it does not impair the ability to walk.\n\nA characteristic feature of RSMD is breathing difficulty (respiratory insufficiency) due to restricted movement of the torso and weakness of the diaphragm, which is the muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest cavity. The breathing problems, which tend to occur only at night, can be life-threatening. Many affected individuals require a machine to help them breathe (mechanical ventilation) during sleep.\n\nThe combination of features characteristic of RSMD, particularly axial muscle weakness, spine rigidity, and respiratory insufficiency, is sometimes referred to as rigid spine syndrome. While these features occur on their own in RSMD, they can also occur along with additional signs and symptoms in other muscle disorders. The features of rigid spine syndrome typically appear at a younger age in people with RSMD than in those with other muscle disorders.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98047">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_182959"><div><strong>Becker muscular dystrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>182959</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0917713</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The dystrophinopathies cover a spectrum of X-linked muscle disease ranging from mild to severe that includes Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker muscular dystrophy, and DMD-associated dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The mild end of the spectrum includes the phenotypes of asymptomatic increase in serum concentration of creatine phosphokinase (CK) and muscle cramps with myoglobinuria. The severe end of the spectrum includes progressive muscle diseases that are classified as Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy when skeletal muscle is primarily affected and as DMD-associated DCM when the heart is primarily affected. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) usually presents in early childhood with delayed motor milestones including delays in walking independently and standing up from a supine position. Proximal weakness causes a waddling gait and difficulty climbing stairs, running, jumping, and standing up from a squatting position. DMD is rapidly progressive, with affected children being wheelchair dependent by age 12 years. Cardiomyopathy occurs in almost all individuals with DMD after age 18 years. Few survive beyond the third decade, with respiratory complications and progressive cardiomyopathy being common causes of death. Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is characterized by later-onset skeletal muscle weakness. With improved diagnostic techniques, it has been recognized that the mild end of the spectrum includes men with onset of symptoms after age 30 years who remain ambulatory even into their 60s. Despite the milder skeletal muscle involvement, heart failure from DCM is a common cause of morbidity and the most common cause of death in BMD. Mean age of death is in the mid-40s. DMD-associated DCM is characterized by left ventricular dilatation and congestive heart failure. Females heterozygous for a DMD pathogenic variant are at increased risk for DCM.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/182959">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_224728"><div><strong>Merosin deficient congenital muscular dystrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>224728</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1263858</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy is an autosomal recessive form of muscular dystrophy characterized by muscle weakness apparent at birth or in the first 6 months of life. Patients show hypotonia, poor suck and cry, and delayed motor development; most never achieve independent ambulation. Most patients also have periventricular white matter abnormalities on brain imaging, but mental retardation and/or seizures occur only rarely (summary by Xiong et al., 2015).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/224728">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_254845"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy, cardiac type</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>254845</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1442927</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/254845">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_354526"><div><strong>Familial partial lipodystrophy, Dunnigan type</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>354526</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1720860</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD) is a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormal subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution beginning in late childhood or early adult life. Affected individuals gradually lose fat from the upper and lower extremities and the gluteal and truncal regions, resulting in a muscular appearance with prominent superficial veins. In some patients, adipose tissue accumulates on the face and neck, causing a double chin, fat neck, or cushingoid appearance. Metabolic abnormalities include insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with acanthosis nigricans and hypertriglyceridemia; hirsutism and menstrual abnormalities occur infrequently. Familial partial lipodystrophy may also be referred to as lipoatrophic diabetes mellitus, but the essential feature is loss of subcutaneous fat (review by Garg, 2004).&#13; The disorder may be misdiagnosed as Cushing disease (see 219080) (Kobberling and Dunnigan, 1986; Garg, 2004).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Familial Partial Lipodystrophy&#13; Familial partial lipodystrophy is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. Types 1 and 2 were originally described as clinical subtypes: type 1 (FPLD1; 608600), characterized by loss of subcutaneous fat confined to the limbs (Kobberling et al., 1975), and FPLD2, characterized by loss of subcutaneous fat from the limbs and trunk (Dunnigan et al., 1974; Kobberling and Dunnigan, 1986). No genetic basis for FPLD1 has yet been delineated. FPLD3 (604367) is caused by mutation in the PPARG gene (601487) on chromosome 3p25; FPLD4 (613877) is caused by mutation in the PLIN1 gene (170290) on chromosome 15q26; FPLD5 (615238) is caused by mutation in the CIDEC gene (612120) on chromosome 3p25; FPLD6 (615980) is caused by mutation in the LIPE gene (151750) on chromosome 19q13; FPLD7 (606721) is caused by mutation in the CAV1 gene (601047) on chromosome 7q31; FPLD8 (620679), caused by mutation in the ADRA2A gene (104210) on chromosome 10q25; and FPLD9 (620683), caused by mutation in the PLAAT3 gene (613867) on chromosome 11q12.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/354526">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_331308"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2F</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>331308</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1832525</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-6 (LGMDR6) is a very rare and severe neuromuscular disorder with onset in most patients in the first decade of life. Generalized muscle weakness affecting predominantly proximal and distal muscles of the limbs is progressive, and patients require walking aids or become wheelchair-bound. Some patients have cardiomyopathy or heart rhythm abnormalities, or require ventilatory support (Alonso-Perez et al., 2022).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, see LGMDR1 (253600).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/331308">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_320399"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy, pseudohypertrophic, with Internalized capillaries</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>320399</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1834652</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/320399">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_322468"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy, Barnes type</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>322468</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1834688</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/322468">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_332193"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2K</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>332193</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836373</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239) represent the mildest end of the phenotypic spectrum of muscular dystrophies collectively known as dystroglycanopathies. The limb-girdle phenotype is characterized by onset of muscular weakness apparent after ambulation is achieved; impaired intellectual development and mild brain anomalies are variable (Balci et al., 2005; review by Godfrey et al., 2007). The most severe end of the phenotypic spectrum of dystroglycanopathies is represented by congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A; see MDDGA1, 236670), previously designated Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) or muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB), and the intermediate range of the spectrum is represented by congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with or without impaired intellectual development (type B; see MDDGB1, 613155).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy-Dystroglycanopathy (Type C)&#13; Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy due to defective glycosylation of DAG1 is genetically heterogeneous. See also MDDGC2 (613158), caused by mutation in the POMT2 gene (607439); MDDGC3 (613157), caused by mutation in the POMGNT1 gene (606822); MDDGC4 (611588), caused by mutation in the FKTN gene (607440); MDDGC5 (607155), caused by mutation in the FKRP gene (606596); MDDGC7 (616052), caused by mutation in the ISPD gene (CRPPA; 614631); MDDGC8 (618135), caused by mutation in the POMGNT2 gene (614828); MDDGC9 (613818) caused by mutation in the DAG1 gene (128239); MDDGC12 (616094), caused by mutation in the POMK gene (615247); MDDGC14 (615352) caused by mutation in the GMPPB gene (615320); and MDDGC15 (612937), caused by mutation in the DPM3 gene (605951).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/332193">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_373284"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type B6</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>373284</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1837229</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">MDDGB6 is an autosomal recessive congenital muscular dystrophy with impaired intellectual development and structural brain abnormalities (Longman et al., 2003). It is part of a group of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (Mercuri et al., 2009).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type B, see MDDGB1 (613155).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/373284">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_324735"><div><strong>Myofibrillar myopathy 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>324735</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1837317</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Myofibrillar myopathy-2 (MFM2) is an autosomal dominant muscular disorder characterized by adult onset of progressive muscle weakness affecting both the proximal and distal muscles and associated with respiratory insufficiency, cardiomyopathy, and cataracts. There is phenotypic variability both within and between families (Fardeau et al., 1978; Selcen and Engel, 2003).&#13; A homozygous founder mutation in the CRYAB gene has been identified in Canadian aboriginal infants of Cree origin who have a severe fatal infantile hypertonic form of myofibrillar myopathy; see 613869.&#13; For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of myofibrillar myopathy, see MFM1 (601419).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/324735">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_324741"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2J</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>324741</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1837342</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy that usually has a childhood onset (but can range from the first to third decade of life) of severe progressive proximal weakness, eventually involving the distal muscles. Some patients may remain ambulatory but most are wheelchair dependant 20 years after onset. Caused by homozygous mutation in the titin gene (TTN).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/324741">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_324784"><div><strong>Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1E</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>324784</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1837396</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) are metabolic deficiencies in glycoprotein biosynthesis that usually cause severe mental and psychomotor retardation. Different forms of CDGs can be recognized by altered isoelectric focusing (IEF) patterns of serum transferrin.&#13; For a discussion of the classification of CDGs, see CDG Ia (212065).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/324784">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_333047"><div><strong>Tibial muscular dystrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>333047</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1838244</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Udd distal myopathy – tibial muscular dystrophy (UDM-TMD) is characterized by weakness of ankle dorsiflexion and inability to walk on the heels after age 30 years. Disease progression is slow and muscle weakness remains confined to the anterior compartment muscles for many years. The long toe extensors become clinically involved after ten to 20 years, leading to foot drop and clumsiness when walking. In the mildest form, UDM-TMD can remain unnoticed even in the elderly. EMG shows profound myopathic changes in the anterior tibial muscle, but preservation of the extensor brevis muscle. Muscle MRI shows selective fatty degeneration of the anterior tibial muscles and other anterior compartment muscles of the lower legs. Serum CK concentration may be normal or slightly elevated. Muscle biopsy shows progressive dystrophic changes in the tibialis anterior muscle with rimmed vacuoles at the early stages and replacement with adipose tissue at later stages of the disease.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/333047">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_333983"><div><strong>Autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1F</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>333983</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1842062</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-2 (LGMDD2) is a myopathy characterized by proximal muscle weakness primarily affecting the lower limbs, but also affecting the upper limbs in most patients. Affected individuals also have distal muscle weakness of the hands and lower leg muscles. There is variability in presentation and progression. Some patients present in early childhood with mildly delayed walking and difficulty running and jumping, whereas others present as adults with mainly pelvic-girdle weakness. Patients with early onset tend to have a more severe disorder, and may develop contractures, loss of independent ambulation, and respiratory insufficiency. Muscle biopsy shows dystrophic changes with abnormal nuclei, rimmed vacuoles, and filamentous inclusions (summary by Melia et al., 2013).&#13; For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, see LGMDD1 (603511).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/333983">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_339580"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2I</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>339580</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1846672</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">MDGDC5 is an autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy characterized by variable age at onset, normal cognition, and no structural brain changes (Brockington et al., 2001). It is part of a group of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (Mercuri et al., 2006).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type C, see MDDGC1 (609308).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/339580">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_335764"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type B5</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>335764</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1847759</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">MDDGB5 is an autosomal recessive congenital muscular dystrophy with impaired intellectual development and structural brain abnormalities (Brockington et al., 2001). It is part of a group of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (Mercuri et al., 2006).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type B, see MDDGB1 (613155).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/335764">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_340597"><div><strong>Congenital multicore myopathy with external ophthalmoplegia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>340597</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1850674</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital myopathy-1B (CMYO1B) is an autosomal recessive disorder of skeletal muscle characterized by severe hypotonia and generalized muscle weakness apparent soon after birth or in early childhood with delayed motor development, generalized muscle weakness and atrophy, and difficulty walking or running. Affected individuals show proximal muscle weakness with axial and shoulder girdle involvement, external ophthalmoplegia, and bulbar weakness, often resulting in feeding difficulties and respiratory insufficiency. Orthopedic complications such as joint laxity, distal contractures, hip dislocation, cleft palate, and scoliosis are commonly observed. Serum creatine kinase is normal. The phenotype is variable in severity (Jungbluth et al., 2005; Bharucha-Goebel et al., 2013). Some patients show symptoms in utero, including reduced fetal movements, polyhydramnios, and intrauterine growth restriction. The most severely affected patients present in utero with fetal akinesia, arthrogryposis, and lung hypoplasia resulting in fetal or perinatal death (McKie et al., 2014). Skeletal muscle biopsy of patients with recessive RYR1 mutations can show variable features, including multiminicores (Ferreiro and Fardeau, 2002), central cores (Jungbluth et al., 2002), congenital fiber-type disproportion (CFTD) (Monnier et al., 2009), and centronuclear myopathy (Wilmshurst et al., 2010).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of congenital myopathy, see CMYO1A (117000).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/340597">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_338135"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy, congenital, with rapid progression</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>338135</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1850840</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The clinical manifestations of LAMA2 muscular dystrophy (LAMA2-MD) comprise a continuous spectrum ranging from severe congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A) to milder late-onset LAMA2-MD. MDC1A is typically characterized by neonatal profound hypotonia, poor spontaneous movements, and respiratory failure. Failure to thrive, gastroesophageal reflux, aspiration, and recurrent chest infections necessitating frequent hospitalizations are common. As disease progresses, facial muscle weakness, temporomandibular joint contractures, and macroglossia may further impair feeding and can affect speech. In late-onset LAMA2-MD onset of manifestations range from early childhood to adulthood. Affected individuals may show muscle hypertrophy and develop a rigid spine syndrome with joint contractures, usually most prominent in the elbows. Progressive respiratory insufficiency, scoliosis, and cardiomyopathy can occur.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/338135">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_376896"><div><strong>Congenital muscular dystrophy-infantile cataract-hypogonadism syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>376896</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1850864</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital muscular dystrophy-infantile cataract-hypogonadism syndrome is characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy, infantile cataract and hypogonadism. It has been described in seven individuals from an isolated Norwegian village and in one unrelated individual. Transmission appears to be autosomal recessive.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/376896">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_338149"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>338149</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1850889</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Dysferlinopathy includes a spectrum of muscle disease characterized by two major phenotypes: Miyoshi muscular dystrophy (MMD) and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B); and two minor phenotypes: asymptomatic hyperCKemia and distal myopathy with anterior tibial onset (DMAT). MMD (median age of onset 19 years) is characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy, most marked in the distal parts of the legs, especially the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Over a period of years, the weakness and atrophy spread to the thighs and gluteal muscles. The forearms may become mildly atrophic with decrease in grip strength; the small muscles of the hands are spared. LGMD2B is characterized by early weakness and atrophy of the pelvic and shoulder girdle muscles in adolescence or young adulthood, with slow progression. Other phenotypes in this spectrum are scapuloperoneal syndrome and congenital muscular dystrophy. Asymptomatic hyperCKemia is characterized by marked elevation of serum CK concentration only. DMAT is characterized by early and predominant distal muscle weakness, particularly of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the legs.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/338149">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_340269"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy, adult-onset, with leukoencephalopathy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>340269</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1854646</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/340269">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_346746"><div><strong>Congenital muscular dystrophy 1B</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>346746</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1858118</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A rare genetic neuromuscular disorder characterized by proximal and symmetrical muscle weakness (particularly of neck, sternomastoid, facial and diaphragm muscles), spinal rigidity, joint contractures (Achilles tendon, elbows, hands), generalized muscle hypertrophy and early respiratory failure (usually in the first decade of life). Patients typically present delayed motor milestones and grossly elevated serum creatine kinase levels, and with disease progression, forced expiratory abdominal squeeze and nocturnal hypoventilation.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/346746">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_347674"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2E</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>347674</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1858593</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies are characterized clinically by predominantly proximal muscle weakness of variable severity and dystrophic changes on muscle biopsy. LGMDR4 is in general a severe form of the disorder, with some patients developing symptoms before 8 years of age and losing the ability to ambulate in their second decade. Some patients have a milder course, with weakness evident in the teenage years and loss of walking ability in their fourth decade (summary by Lim et al., 1995 and Bonnemann et al., 1996).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, see LGMDR1 (253600).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/347674">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_347955"><div><strong>Amino aciduria with mental deficiency, dwarfism, muscular dystrophy, osteoporosis, and acidosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>347955</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1859818</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/347955">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_400595"><div><strong>Finnish upper limb-onset distal myopathy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>400595</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1864706</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Distal myopathy-3 (MPD3) is an autosomal dominant skeletal muscle disorder characterized by adult onset of slowly progressive distal muscular weakness and atrophy affecting the upper and lower limbs, leading to difficulties using the hands and walking difficulties. Proximal muscle involvement may occur later in the disease, but patients typically remain ambulatory. Muscle biopsy shows myopathic changes with rimmed vacuoles (Hackman et al., 2021).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/400595">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_355943"><div><strong>Megaconial type congenital muscular dystrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>355943</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1865233</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">CHKB-related muscular dystrophy (CHKB-MD), reported in 47 individuals to date, comprises congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) (44 individuals) and adolescent-onset limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) (3 individuals). CMD: All affected children have developmental delay and speech delay; gross motor milestones are delayed with subsequent loss of ambulation over time. Most have intellectual disability of varying severity; some have no speech. Autism spectrum disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is common. Dilated cardiomyopathy, seen in 14 children, resulted in death from heart failure in five and cardiac transplantation in one. Seizures are seen in some individuals. Ichthyosis is common. LGMD: Motor development is normal; all affected children start walking at the usual age. Two affected individuals presented with rhabdomyolysis. One had mild intellectual disability. Behavior abnormalities and dilated cardiomyopathy were not observed.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/355943">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_400895"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2G</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>400895</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1866008</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-7 (LGMDR7), also known as LGMDR7, is a skeletal muscle disorder with age of onset in the first or second decade of life. Weakness of proximal and some distal muscles progresses to inability to walk by the third or fourth decade, although some individuals retain the ability to walk without support later. Heart involvement may be present. Creatine kinase levels are increased as much as 30-fold (summary by Moreira et al., 2000).&#13; For a general description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, see LGMDR1 (253600).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/400895">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_355637"><div><strong>Vacuolar Neuromyopathy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>355637</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1866139</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal dominant myopathy with rimmed ubiquitin-positive autophagic vacuolation (MRUPAV) is characterized by adult onset of slowly progressive skeletal muscle weakness variably affecting the distal or proximal lower limbs. Some patients may also have upper limb involvement or neck muscle weakness, but respiratory and bulbar involvement only rarely occurs. EMG studies show a myopathic process, and myotonia may also be observed. Skeletal muscle biopsy shows myopathic features, rimmed vacuoles, and abnormal subsarcolemmal protein aggregation with activation of the autophagy pathway (Ruggieri et al., 2020).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/355637">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_358391"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>358391</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1869123</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Calpainopathy is characterized by symmetric and progressive weakness of proximal limb-girdle muscles. Clinical findings of calpainopathy include the tendency to walk on tiptoe, difficulty in running, scapular winging, waddling gait, laxity of the abdominal muscles, Achilles tendon shortening, and scoliosis. Affected individuals typically do not have cardiac involvement or intellectual disability. Three autosomal recessive calpainopathy phenotypes have been identified based on the distribution of muscle weakness and age at onset: Pelvifemoral limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) (Leyden-Möbius LGMD) phenotype, the most frequently observed calpainopathy phenotype, in which muscle weakness is first evident in the pelvic girdle and later in the shoulder girdle, with onset that may occur as early as before age 12 years or as late as after age 30 years. Scapulohumeral LGMD (Erb LGMD) phenotype, usually a milder phenotype with infrequent early onset, in which muscle weakness is first evident in the shoulder girdle and later in the pelvic girdle. HyperCKemia, usually observed in children or young individuals, in which individuals are asymptomatic and have high serum creatine kinase (CK) concentrations. The autosomal dominant form of calpainopathy is clinically variable, ranging from almost asymptomatic to wheelchair dependence after age 60 years in a few individuals; phenotype is generally milder than the recessive form.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/358391">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_370585"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2M</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>370585</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1969040</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">MDDGC4 is an autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy with onset in infancy or early childhood. Cognition and brain structure are usually normal (Godfrey et al., 2006). It is part of a group of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (Mercuri et al., 2009).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/370585">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_370102"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>370102</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1969785</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The spectrum of ANO5 muscle disease is a continuum that ranges from asymptomatic hyperCKemia and exercise-induced myalgia to proximal and/or distal muscle weakness. The most typical presentation is limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L (LGMD2L) with late-onset proximal lower-limb weakness in the fourth or fifth decade (range 15-70 years). Less common is Miyoshi-like disease (Miyoshi muscular dystrophy 3) with early-adult-onset calf distal myopathy (around age 20 years). Incidental hyperCKemia may be present even earlier. Initial symptoms are walking difficulties, reduced sports performance, and difficulties in standing on toes as well as nonspecific exercise myalgia and/or burning sensation in the calf muscles. Muscle weakness and atrophy are frequently asymmetric. Cardiac findings can include cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias and/or left ventricular dysfunction. Bulbar or respiratory symptoms have not been reported. Females have milder disease manifestations than males. Disease progression is slow in both the LGMD and distal forms; ambulation is preserved until very late in the disease course. Life span is normal.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/370102">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_413212"><div><strong>Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 3, autosomal recessive</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>413212</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2750035</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy is characterized classically by the triad of weakness of the shoulder and pelvic girdle muscles, contractures of the elbows, neck, and Achilles tendon, and cardiac involvement, most commonly arrhythmias (summary by Jimenez-Escrig et al., 2012).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of EDMD, see 310300.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/413212">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_412871"><div><strong>Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 4</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>412871</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2750069</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) is usually diagnosed at birth or soon thereafter. Because of the absence of functional adipocytes, lipid is stored in other tissues, including muscle and liver. Affected individuals develop insulin resistance and approximately 25%-35% develop diabetes mellitus between ages 15 and 20 years. Hepatomegaly secondary to hepatic steatosis and skeletal muscle hypertrophy occur in all affected individuals. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is reported in 20%-25% of affected individuals and is a significant cause of morbidity from cardiac failure and early mortality.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/412871">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_413750"><div><strong>Miyoshi muscular dystrophy 3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>413750</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2750076</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The spectrum of ANO5 muscle disease is a continuum that ranges from asymptomatic hyperCKemia and exercise-induced myalgia to proximal and/or distal muscle weakness. The most typical presentation is limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L (LGMD2L) with late-onset proximal lower-limb weakness in the fourth or fifth decade (range 15-70 years). Less common is Miyoshi-like disease (Miyoshi muscular dystrophy 3) with early-adult-onset calf distal myopathy (around age 20 years). Incidental hyperCKemia may be present even earlier. Initial symptoms are walking difficulties, reduced sports performance, and difficulties in standing on toes as well as nonspecific exercise myalgia and/or burning sensation in the calf muscles. Muscle weakness and atrophy are frequently asymmetric. Cardiac findings can include cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias and/or left ventricular dysfunction. Bulbar or respiratory symptoms have not been reported. Females have milder disease manifestations than males. Disease progression is slow in both the LGMD and distal forms; ambulation is preserved until very late in the disease course. Life span is normal.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/413750">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_413043"><div><strong>Congenital muscular dystrophy due to LMNA mutation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>413043</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2750785</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">LMNA-related congenital muscular dystrophy (L-CMD) is a condition that primarily affects muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles). It is part of a group of genetic conditions called congenital muscular dystrophies, which cause weak muscle tone (hypotonia) and muscle wasting (atrophy) beginning very early in life.\n\nIn people with L-CMD, muscle weakness becomes apparent in infancy or early childhood and can worsen quickly. The most severely affected infants develop few motor skills, and they are never able to hold up their heads, roll over, or sit. Less severely affected children may learn to sit, stand, and walk before muscle weakness becomes apparent. First the neck muscles weaken, causing the head to fall forward (dropped-head syndrome). As other skeletal muscles become weaker, these children may ultimately lose the ability to sit, stand, and walk unassisted.\n\nOther features of L-CMD often include spinal rigidity and abnormal curvature of the spine (scoliosis and lordosis); joint deformities (contractures) that restrict movement, particularly in the hips and legs; and an inward-turning foot. People with L-CMD also have an increased risk of heart rhythm abnormalities (arrhythmias).\n\nOver time, muscle weakness causes most infants and children with L-CMD to have trouble eating and breathing. The breathing problems result from restrictive respiratory insufficiency, which occurs when muscles in the chest are weakened and the ribcage becomes increasingly rigid. This problem can be life-threatening, and many affected children require support with a machine to help them breathe (mechanical ventilation).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/413043">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_413044"><div><strong>Congenital muscular dystrophy due to integrin alpha-7 deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>413044</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2750786</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A rare genetic congenital muscular dystrophy due to extracellular matrix protein anomaly. The disease has characteristics of early motor development delay and muscle weakness with mild elevation of serum creatine kinase that may be followed by progressive disease course with predominantly proximal muscle weakness and atrophy, motor development regress, scoliosis and respiratory insufficiency. There is evidence this disease is caused by compound heterozygous mutation in the ITGA7 gene on chromosome 12q13.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/413044">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_413465"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital without intellectual disability), type B4</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>413465</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2751052</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">MDDGB4 is a rare autosomal recessive congenital muscular dystrophy that is part of a group of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies.' In contrast to most dystroglycanopathies, impaired intellectual development is not a feature of MDDGB4 (Godfrey et al., 2007).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type B, see MDDGB1 (613155).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/413465">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_414111"><div><strong>Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 5, autosomal dominant</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>414111</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2751805</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Any autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the SYNE2 gene.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/414111">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_414476"><div><strong>Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 4, autosomal dominant</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>414476</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2751807</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Any autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the SYNE1 gene.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/414476">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_414119"><div><strong>Myofibrillar myopathy 6</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>414119</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2751831</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Myofibrillar myopathy-6 (MFM6) is an autosomal dominant severe neuromuscular disorder characterized by onset in the first decade of progressive generalized and proximal muscle weakness, respiratory insufficiency, cardiomyopathy, and skeletal deformities related to muscle weakness. Most patients also have a motor or sensorimotor axonal peripheral neuropathy. Muscle biopsy shows fiber-type grouping, disruption of the Z lines, rimmed vacuoles, and filamentous inclusions, consistent with a myofibrillar myopathy. The disorder may cause severe disability by the second decade, leading to cardiac transplant, ventilation, and/or loss of ambulation (summary by Jaffer et al., 2012).&#13; For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of myofibrillar myopathy (MFM), see MFM1 (601419).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/414119">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_418981"><div><strong>Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 5B, with muscular dystrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>418981</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2931072</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is characterized by fragility of the skin (and mucosal epithelia in some instances) that results in non-scarring blisters and erosions caused by minor mechanical trauma. EBS is distinguished from other types of epidermolysis bullosa (EB) or non-EB skin fragility syndromes by the location of the blistering in relation to the dermal-epidermal junction. In EBS, blistering occurs within basal keratinocytes. The severity of blistering ranges from limited to hands and feet to widespread involvement. Additional features can include hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles (keratoderma), nail dystrophy, milia, and hyper- and/or hypopigmentation. Rare EBS subtypes have been associated with additional clinical features including pyloric atresia, muscular dystrophy, cardiomyopathy, and/or nephropathy.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/418981">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_461761"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>461761</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3150411</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A), which includes both the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB), is an autosomal recessive disorder with characteristic brain and eye malformations, profound mental retardation, congenital muscular dystrophy, and death usually in the first years of life. It represents the most severe end of a phenotypic spectrum of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of DAG1 (128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (van Reeuwijk et al., 2005).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type A, see MDDGA1 (236670).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/461761">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_461762"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with intellectual disability), type B3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>461762</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3150412</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">MDDGB3 is an autosomal recessive congenital muscular dystrophy with impaired intellectual development and mild brain abnormalities (Clement et al., 2008). It is part of a group of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (Mercuri et al., 2009).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type B, see MDDGB1 (613155).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/461762">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_461763"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A5</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>461763</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3150413</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A), which includes both the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB), is an autosomal recessive disorder with characteristic brain and eye malformations, profound mental retardation, congenital muscular dystrophy, and death usually in the first years of life. It represents the most severe end of a phenotypic spectrum of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of DAG1 (128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (Beltran-Valero de Bernabe et al., 2004).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type A, see MDDGA1 (236670).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/461763">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_461764"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A6</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>461764</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3150414</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A), which includes both the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB), is an autosomal recessive disorder with characteristic brain and eye malformations, profound mental retardation, congenital muscular dystrophy, and death usually in the first years of life. It represents the most severe end of a phenotypic spectrum of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of DAG1 (128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (Godfrey et al., 2007).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type A, see MDDGA1 (236670).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/461764">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_461766"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with intellectual disability), type B2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>461766</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3150416</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">MDDGB2 is an autosomal recessive congenital muscular dystrophy associated with impaired intellectual development and mild structural brain abnormalities (Yanagisawa et al., 2007). It is part of a group of similar disorders, collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies,' resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239) (Godfrey et al., 2007).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type B, see MDDGB1 (613155).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/461766">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_461767"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2O</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>461767</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3150417</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">MDDGC3 is a rare form of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy with normal cognition (Clement et al., 2008). It is part of a group of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (Godfrey et al., 2007).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type C, see MDDGC1 (609308).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/461767">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_461768"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2N</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>461768</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3150418</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">MDDGC2 is an autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy with onset after ambulation is achieved. Cognition is normal (Biancheri et al., 2007). It is part of a group of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (Godfrey et al., 2007).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type C, see MDDGC1 (609308).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/461768">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462136"><div><strong>Autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1H</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462136</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3150786</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1H (LGMD1H) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by adult onset of progressive proximal muscle weakness affecting both the upper and lower limbs (Bisceglia et al., 2010).&#13; For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, see LGMDD1 (603511).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462136">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462339"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2Q</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462339</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3150989</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-17 (LGMDR17) is characterized by early childhood onset of proximal muscle weakness and atrophy without skin involvement. One family has shown rapid progression of the disorder in adolescence (summary by Gundesli et al., 2010).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, see LGMDR1 (253600).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462339">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462869"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462869</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3151519</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy caused by mutations in the POMGNT1 gene. It is associated with characteristic brain and eye malformations, profound mental retardation, and death usually in the first years of life.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462869">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_765974"><div><strong>Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 7, autosomal dominant</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>765974</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3553060</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy is a genetically heterogeneous muscular disease that presents with muscular dystrophy, joint contractures, and cardiomyopathy with conduction defects (summary by Liang et al., 2011).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of EDMD, see 310300.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/765974">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_766244"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A, 7</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>766244</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3553330</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A), which includes both the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB), is an autosomal recessive disorder with characteristic brain and eye malformations, profound mental retardation, congenital muscular dystrophy, and death usually in the first years of life. It represents the most severe end of a phenotypic spectrum of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (summary by Roscioli et al., 2012).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type A, see MDDGA1 (236670).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/766244">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_766727"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type a, 8</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>766727</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3553813</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A) is an autosomal recessive disorder with characteristic brain and eye malformations, profound mental retardation, congenital muscular dystrophy, and death usually in the first years of life. The phenotype includes the alternative clinical designation Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS). The disorder represents the most severe end of a phenotypic spectrum of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (summary by Manzini et al., 2012).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type A, see MDDGA1 (236670).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/766727">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_767552"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type a, 11</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>767552</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3554638</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A) is an autosomal recessive disorder with congenital muscular dystrophy resulting in muscle weakness early in life and brain and eye anomalies. It is usually associated with delayed psychomotor development and shortened life expectancy. The phenotype includes the alternative clinical designations Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) and muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB). The disorder represents the most severe end of a phenotypic spectrum of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (summary by Stevens et al., 2013).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type A, see MDDGA1 (236670).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/767552">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_811608"><div><strong>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 20</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>811608</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3715156</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Any amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the HNRNPA1 gene.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/811608">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_815294"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type a, 12</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>815294</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3808964</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A) is an autosomal recessive disorder with congenital muscular dystrophy resulting in muscle weakness early in life and brain and eye anomalies. It is usually associated with delayed psychomotor development and shortened life expectancy. The phenotype includes the alternative clinical designations Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) and muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB). The disorder represents the most severe end of a phenotypic spectrum of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239), collectively known as dystroglycanopathies (summary by Stevens et al., 2013).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type A, see MDDGA1 (236670).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/815294">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_815372"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A13</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>815372</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3809042</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A) is a autosomal recessive disorder associated with severe neurologic defects and resulting in early infantile death. The phenotype includes the alternative clinical designations Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) and muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB). The disorder represents the most severe end of a phenotypic spectrum of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239), collectively known as dystroglycanopathies (summary by Buysse et al., 2013).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type A, see MDDGA1 (236670).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/815372">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_815546"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A14</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>815546</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3809216</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/815546">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_815551"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with intellectual disability), type B14</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>815551</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3809221</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">MDDGB14 is an autosomal recessive congenital muscular dystrophy characterized by severe muscle weakness apparent in infancy and impaired intellectual development. Some patients may have additional features, such as microcephaly, cardiac dysfunction, seizures, or cerebellar hypoplasia. It is part of a group of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (summary by Carss et al., 2013).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type B, see MDDGB1 (613155).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/815551">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_863306"><div><strong>LIPE-related familial partial lipodystrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>863306</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4014869</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Familial partial lipodystrophy type 6 (FPLD6) is characterized by abnormal subcutaneous fat distribution, with variable excess accumulation of fat in the face, neck, shoulders, axillae, back, abdomen, and pubic region, and reduction in subcutaneous fat of the lower extremities. Progressive adult-onset myopathy is seen in some patients, and there is variable association with diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and hepatic steatosis (Zolotov et al., 2017).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD), see 151660.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/863306">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_863621"><div><strong>Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy due to POMK deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>863621</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4015184</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy presenting in infancy with muscle weakness and delayed motor development (eventually learning to walk at 18 months of age) followed by progressive proximal weakness, pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles, mild facial weakness and borderline intelligence.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/863621">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_897675"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2W</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>897675</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4225192</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy with cardiomyopathy and triangular tongue (MDRCMTT) is an autosomal recessive muscle disorder characterized by onset of severe and progressive muscle weakness and atrophy in childhood, resulting in loss of independent ambulation. Patients may also have dilated cardiomyopathy and have macroglossia with a small tip, resulting in a triangular appearance of the tongue (summary by Warman Chardon et al., 2015).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/897675">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_902513"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A9</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>902513</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4225291</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A) is an autosomal recessive disorder with characteristic brain and eye malformations, profound mental retardation, and congenital muscular dystrophy. The phenotype includes the alternative clinical designation Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS), which is associated with death in infancy. The disorder represents the most severe end of a phenotypic spectrum of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (summary by Geis et al., 2013 and Riemersma et al., 2015).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type A, see MDDGA1 (236670).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/902513">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_899150"><div><strong>Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>899150</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4225314</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy-2 (UCMD2) is a severe autosomal recessive disorder characterized by joint hypermobility, proximal contractures, and muscle weakness precluding ambulation (summary by Zou et al., 2014).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy, see UCMD1A (254090).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/899150">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_924974"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>924974</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4284790</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A), which includes both the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB), is a genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder with characteristic brain and eye malformations, profound mental retardation, congenital muscular dystrophy, and early death. The phenotype commonly includes cobblestone (type II) lissencephaly, cerebellar malformations, and retinal malformations. More variable features include macrocephaly or microcephaly, hypoplasia of midline brain structures, ventricular dilatation, microphthalmia, cleft lip/palate, and congenital contractures (Dobyns et al., 1989). Those with a more severe phenotype characterized as Walker-Warburg syndrome often die within the first year of life, whereas those characterized as having muscle-eye-brain disease may rarely acquire the ability to walk and to speak a few words. These are part of a group of disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of DAG1 (128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (Godfrey et al., 2007).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Congenital Muscular Dystrophy-Dystroglycanopathy with Brain and Eye Anomalies (Type A)&#13; Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A) is genetically heterogeneous and can be caused by mutation in other genes involved in DAG1 glycosylation: see MDDGA2 (613150), caused by mutation in the POMT2 gene (607439); MDDGA3 (253280), caused by mutation in the POMGNT1 gene (606822); MDDGA4 (253800), caused by mutation in the FKTN gene (607440); MDDGA5 (613153), caused by mutation in the FKRP gene (606596); MDDGA6 (613154), caused by mutation in the LARGE gene (603590); MDDGA7 (614643), caused by mutation in the ISPD gene (CRPPA; 614631); MDDGA8 (614830) caused by mutation in the GTDC2 gene (POMGNT2; 614828); MDDGA9 (616538), caused by mutation in the DAG1 gene (128239); MDDGA10 (615041), caused by mutation in the TMEM5 gene (RXYLT1; 605862); MDDGA11 (615181), caused by mutation in the B3GALNT2 gene (610194); MDDGA12 (615249), caused by mutation in the SGK196 gene (POMK; 615247); MDDGA13 (615287), caused by mutation in the B3GNT1 gene (B4GAT1; 605517); and MDDGA14 (615350), caused by mutation in the GMPPB gene (615320).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/924974">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_934703"><div><strong>Congenital muscular dystrophy-respiratory failure-skin abnormalities-joint hyperlaxity syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>934703</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4310736</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A rare congenital muscular dystrophy characterised by neonatal hypotonia, life-threatening respiratory failure and feeding difficulties, furthermore by delayed motor development, severe muscle weakness predominantly affecting axial muscles (leading to poor head control, rigid cervical spine, and severe scoliosis), generalised joint laxity with no or mild contractures, as well as dry skin with follicular hyperkeratosis. Serum creatine kinase is normal or slightly elevated. Muscle biopsy shows fibre size variability, rounded fibres with mild increase of endomysial connective tissue and adipose replacement, abundant minicore lesions, increase of centrally located nuclei, angular fibres and cap lesions.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/934703">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1385152"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2Y</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1385152</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4511482</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal recessive myopathy with rigid spine and distal joint contractures (MRRSDC) is characterized by onset of slowly progressive muscle weakness in the first or second decades of life. There is initial involvement of the proximal lower limbs, followed by distal upper and lower limb muscle weakness and atrophy. Other features include joint contractures, rigid spine, and restricted pulmonary function; some patients may have mild cardiac involvement (summary by Kayman-Kurekci et al., 2014).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1385152">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1386785"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2P</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1386785</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4511963</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">MDDGC9 is an autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy showing onset in early childhood. It is part of a group of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of DAG1, collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (summary by Hara et al., 2011).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type C, see MDDGC1 (609308).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1386785">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1377325"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2T</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1377325</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4518000</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">MDDGC14 is an autosomal recessive form of muscular dystrophy characterized by onset in early childhood of mild proximal muscle weakness. Some patients may have additional features, such as mild intellectual disability or seizures. It is part of a group of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (summary by Carss et al., 2013). Some patients with GMPPB mutations may show features consistent with a congenital myasthenic syndrome (see, e.g., CMS1A; 601462), such as fatigability and decremental compound muscle action potential response to repetitive nerve stimulation; these patients may show a positive therapeutic response to treatment with pyridostigmine (Belaya et al., 2015).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type C, see MDDGC1 (609308).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1377325">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1640757"><div><strong>Miyoshi muscular dystrophy 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1640757</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551973</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Dysferlinopathy includes a spectrum of muscle disease characterized by two major phenotypes: Miyoshi muscular dystrophy (MMD) and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B); and two minor phenotypes: asymptomatic hyperCKemia and distal myopathy with anterior tibial onset (DMAT). MMD (median age of onset 19 years) is characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy, most marked in the distal parts of the legs, especially the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Over a period of years, the weakness and atrophy spread to the thighs and gluteal muscles. The forearms may become mildly atrophic with decrease in grip strength; the small muscles of the hands are spared. LGMD2B is characterized by early weakness and atrophy of the pelvic and shoulder girdle muscles in adolescence or young adulthood, with slow progression. Other phenotypes in this spectrum are scapuloperoneal syndrome and congenital muscular dystrophy. Asymptomatic hyperCKemia is characterized by marked elevation of serum CK concentration only. DMAT is characterized by early and predominant distal muscle weakness, particularly of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the legs.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1640757">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1648441"><div><strong>Autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1D (DNAJB6)</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1648441</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4721885</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy is characterized by proximal and/or distal muscle weakness and atrophy. The age at onset is variable and can range from the first to the sixth decade, although later onset is less common. Most patients present with proximal muscle weakness that progresses to distal involvement, but some can present with distal impairment. The severity is variable: patients with a more severe phenotype can lose ambulation after several decades and have facial weakness with bulbar and respiratory involvement. Muscle biopsy shows dystrophic changes with protein aggregates, myofibrillar degeneration, and rimmed vacuoles (summary by Ruggieri et al., 2015).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Autosomal Dominant Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy&#13; Other forms of autosomal dominant LGMD include LGMDD2 (608423), previously LGMD1F, caused by mutation in the TNPO3 gene (610032) on chromosome 7q32; LGMDD3 (609115), previously LGMD1G, caused by mutation in the HNRNPDL gene (607137) on chromosome 4q21; and LGMDD4 (618129), previously LGMD1I, caused by mutation in the CAPN3 gene (114240) on chromosome 15q15.&#13; For a discussion of autosomal recessive LGMD, see 253600.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1648441">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1684001"><div><strong>Fatal infantile hypertonic myofibrillar myopathy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1684001</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5190691</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Fatal infantile hypertonic myofibrillar myopathy is a severe autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy with onset in the first weeks of life after a normal neonatal period. Affected infants show rapidly progressive muscular rigidity of the trunk and limbs associated with increasing respiratory difficulty resulting in death before age 3 years (summary by Del Bigio et al., 2011).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1684001">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1774807"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with intellectual disability), type B1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1774807</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5436962</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital muscular dystrophies resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239) are characterized by early onset of muscle weakness, usually before ambulation is achieved; intellectual disability mild brain anomalies are variable (Balci et al., 2005; Godfrey et al., 2007). Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathies with or without impaired intellectual development (type B) represent the intermediate range of the spectrum of dystroglycanopathies. They are less severe than muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A; see MDDGA1, 236670), previously designated Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) or muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB), and more severe than limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (type C; see MDDGC1, 609308).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Congenital Muscular Dystrophy-Dystroglycanopathy with or without Impaired Intellectual Development (Type B)&#13; Congenital muscular dystrophy with impaired intellectual development due to defective glycosylation of DAG1 is genetically heterogeneous. See also MDDGB2 (613156), caused by mutation in the POMT2 gene (607439); MDDGB3 (613151), caused by mutation in the POMGNT1 gene (606822); MDDGB4 (613152), caused by mutation in the FKTN gene (607440); MDDGB5 (616612), caused by mutation in the FKRP gene (606596); MDDGB6 (608840), caused by mutation in the LARGE gene (603590); MDDGB14 (615351), caused by mutation in the GMPPB gene (615320); and MDDGB15 (618992), caused by mutation in the DPM3 gene (605951).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1774807">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1794212"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 27</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1794212</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5562002</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-27 (LGMDR27) is characterized by progressive muscle weakness primarily affecting the lower limbs and resulting in walking difficulty or loss of ambulation. The age at onset is highly variable, from infancy to young adulthood. Patients with infantile onset may have a more severe disease course with rapid progression. Upper limb involvement and distal muscle weakness may also occur. Additional more variable features include neck muscle weakness, scoliosis, and joint contractures. Less common features include impaired intellectual development or speech delay, cardiomyopathy, and cardiac arrhythmia. Muscle biopsy shows nonspecific dystrophic changes (Coppens et al., 2021).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, see LGMDR1 (253600).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1794212">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1799561"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2X</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1799561</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5568138</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-25 (LGMDR25) is characterized by slowly progressive onset of proximal lower limb weakness in adulthood. Affected individuals also develop cardiac arrhythmias resulting in syncopal episodes as young adults or later in life (summary by Schindler et al., 2016).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), see LGMDR1 (253600).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1799561">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1385152" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2Y</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_182959" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Becker muscular dystrophy</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_87442" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital adrenal hypoplasia, X-linked</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_324784" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1E</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_412871" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 4</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_340597" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital multicore myopathy with external ophthalmoplegia</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_346746" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital muscular dystrophy 1B</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_413044" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital muscular dystrophy due to integrin alpha-7 deficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_413043" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital muscular dystrophy due to LMNA mutation</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_376896" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital muscular dystrophy-infantile cataract-hypogonadism syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_934703" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital muscular dystrophy-respiratory failure-skin abnormalities-joint hyperlaxity syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_3925" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Duchenne muscular dystrophy</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_98047" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Eichsfeld type congenital muscular dystrophy</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_69128" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Elevated circulating creatine kinase concentration</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_413212" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 3, autosomal recessive</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_414476" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 4, autosomal dominant</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_414111" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 5, autosomal dominant</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_765974" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 7, autosomal dominant</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_418981" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 5B, with muscular dystrophy</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_354526" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Familial partial lipodystrophy, Dunnigan type</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1684001" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Fatal infantile hypertonic myofibrillar myopathy</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_400595" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Finnish upper limb-onset distal myopathy</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_82803" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Inborn glycerol kinase deficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_863621" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy due to POMK deficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_863306" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">LIPE-related familial partial lipodystrophy</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_355943" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Megaconial type congenital muscular dystrophy</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_224728" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Merosin deficient congenital muscular dystrophy</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1640757" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Miyoshi muscular dystrophy 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_413750" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Miyoshi muscular dystrophy 3</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_340269" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy, adult-onset, with leukoencephalopathy</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_322468" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy, Barnes type</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_254845" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy, cardiac type</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_338135" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy, congenital, with rapid progression</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1794212" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 27</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_320399" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy, pseudohypertrophic, with Internalized capillaries</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_767552" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type a, 11</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_815294" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type a, 12</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_140820" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A, 4</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_766244" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A, 7</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_766727" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type a, 8</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_924974" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_815372" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A13</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_815546" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A14</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_461761" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462869" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A3</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_461763" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A5</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_461764" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A6</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_902513" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A9</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1774807" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with intellectual disability), type B1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_815551" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with intellectual disability), type B14</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_461766" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with intellectual disability), type B2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_461762" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with intellectual disability), type B3</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_413465" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital without intellectual disability), type B4</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_335764" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type B5</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_373284" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type B6</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_324735" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Myofibrillar myopathy 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_414119" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Myofibrillar myopathy 6</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_78750" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Sarcotubular myopathy</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_333047" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Tibial muscular dystrophy</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_98046" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy 1A</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_899150" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_355637" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Vacuolar Neuromyopathy</a></div></span></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29395990">Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 2: respiratory, cardiac, bone health, and orthopaedic management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Birnkrant DJ,
Bushby K,
Bann CM,
Alman BA,
Apkon SD,
Blackwell A,
Case LE,
Cripe L,
Hadjiyannakis S,
Olson AK,
Sheehan DW,
Bolen J,
Weber DR,
Ward LM;
DMD Care Considerations Working Group</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet Neurol</span>
2018 Apr;17(4):347-361.
Epub 2018 Feb 3
doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30025-5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29395990" target="_blank">29395990</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5889091" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29395989">Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 1: diagnosis, and neuromuscular, rehabilitation, endocrine, and gastrointestinal and nutritional management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Birnkrant DJ,
Bushby K,
Bann CM,
Apkon SD,
Blackwell A,
Brumbaugh D,
Case LE,
Clemens PR,
Hadjiyannakis S,
Pandya S,
Street N,
Tomezsko J,
Wagner KR,
Ward LM,
Weber DR;
DMD Care Considerations Working Group</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet Neurol</span>
2018 Mar;17(3):251-267.
Epub 2018 Feb 3
doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30024-3.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29395989" target="_blank">29395989</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5869704" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29196274">Neuromuscular diseases: Diagnosis and management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mary P,
Servais L,
Vialle R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orthop Traumatol Surg Res</span>
2018 Feb;104(1S):S89-S95.
Epub 2017 Nov 28
doi: 10.1016/j.otsr.2017.04.019.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29196274" target="_blank">29196274</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22muscular%20dystrophy%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (925)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37422773">Diagnosis and management of Becker muscular dystrophy: the French guidelines.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Magot A,
Wahbi K,
Leturcq F,
Jaffre S,
Péréon Y,
Sole G;
French BMD working group</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol</span>
2023 Oct;270(10):4763-4781.
Epub 2023 Jul 9
doi: 10.1007/s00415-023-11837-5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37422773" target="_blank">37422773</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35642324">Exercise Training in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hammer S,
Toussaint M,
Vollsæter M,
Nesbjørg Tvedt M,
Drange Røksund O,
Reychler G,
Lund H,
Andersen T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Rehabil Med</span>
2022 Jan 11;54:jrm00250.
doi: 10.2340/jrm.v53.985.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35642324" target="_blank">35642324</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8862644" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32717791">Therapeutic Strategies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: An Update.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sun C,
Shen L,
Zhang Z,
Xie X</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Genes (Basel)</span>
2020 Jul 23;11(8)
doi: 10.3390/genes11080837.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32717791" target="_blank">32717791</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7463903" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29395990">Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 2: respiratory, cardiac, bone health, and orthopaedic management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Birnkrant DJ,
Bushby K,
Bann CM,
Alman BA,
Apkon SD,
Blackwell A,
Case LE,
Cripe L,
Hadjiyannakis S,
Olson AK,
Sheehan DW,
Bolen J,
Weber DR,
Ward LM;
DMD Care Considerations Working Group</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet Neurol</span>
2018 Apr;17(4):347-361.
Epub 2018 Feb 3
doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30025-5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29395990" target="_blank">29395990</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5889091" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24008050">Distal myopathies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pénisson-Besnier I</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Rev Neurol (Paris)</span>
2013 Aug-Sep;169(8-9):534-45.
Epub 2013 Sep 3
doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2012.09.021.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24008050" target="_blank">24008050</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Muscular%20dystrophy%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (5031)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37755693">Delandistrogene moxeparvovec (Elevidys) for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMjournal">Med Lett Drugs Ther</span>
2023 Oct 2;65(1686):159-160.
doi: 10.58347/tml.2023.1686d.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37755693" target="_blank">37755693</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37591308">An update on Becker muscular dystrophy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Straub V,
Guglieri M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Opin Neurol</span>
2023 Oct 1;36(5):450-454.
Epub 2023 Aug 21
doi: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000001191.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37591308" target="_blank">37591308</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10487383" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37422773">Diagnosis and management of Becker muscular dystrophy: the French guidelines.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Magot A,
Wahbi K,
Leturcq F,
Jaffre S,
Péréon Y,
Sole G;
French BMD working group</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol</span>
2023 Oct;270(10):4763-4781.
Epub 2023 Jul 9
doi: 10.1007/s00415-023-11837-5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37422773" target="_blank">37422773</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32717791">Therapeutic Strategies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: An Update.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sun C,
Shen L,
Zhang Z,
Xie X</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Genes (Basel)</span>
2020 Jul 23;11(8)
doi: 10.3390/genes11080837.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32717791" target="_blank">32717791</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7463903" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31840275">Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Heller SA,
Shih R,
Kalra R,
Kang PB</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Muscle Nerve</span>
2020 Apr;61(4):436-448.
Epub 2019 Dec 28
doi: 10.1002/mus.26782.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31840275" target="_blank">31840275</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7154529" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Muscular%20dystrophy%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (5801)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38786024">CRISPR-Based Gene Therapies: From Preclinical to Clinical Treatments.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Laurent M,
Geoffroy M,
Pavani G,
Guiraud S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cells</span>
2024 May 8;13(10)
doi: 10.3390/cells13100800.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38786024" target="_blank">38786024</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11119143" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38691382">The FDA and Gene Therapy for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Rind DM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA</span>
2024 May 28;331(20):1705-1706.
doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.5613.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38691382" target="_blank">38691382</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37591308">An update on Becker muscular dystrophy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Straub V,
Guglieri M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Opin Neurol</span>
2023 Oct 1;36(5):450-454.
Epub 2023 Aug 21
doi: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000001191.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37591308" target="_blank">37591308</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10487383" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36537978">Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mul K</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Continuum (Minneap Minn)</span>
2022 Dec 1;28(6):1735-1751.
doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001155.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36537978" target="_blank">36537978</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32026421">Golodirsen: First Approval.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Heo YA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Drugs</span>
2020 Feb;80(3):329-333.
doi: 10.1007/s40265-020-01267-2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32026421" target="_blank">32026421</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Muscular%20dystrophy%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2859)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37754285">Death after High-Dose rAAV9 Gene Therapy in a Patient with Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lek A,
Wong B,
Keeler A,
Blackwood M,
Ma K,
Huang S,
Sylvia K,
Batista AR,
Artinian R,
Kokoski D,
Parajuli S,
Putra J,
Carreon CK,
Lidov H,
Woodman K,
Pajusalu S,
Spinazzola JM,
Gallagher T,
LaRovere J,
Balderson D,
Black L,
Sutton K,
Horgan R,
Lek M,
Flotte T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">N Engl J Med</span>
2023 Sep 28;389(13):1203-1210.
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2307798.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37754285" target="_blank">37754285</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11288170" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32503598">Global epidemiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Crisafulli S,
Sultana J,
Fontana A,
Salvo F,
Messina S,
Trifirò G</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2020 Jun 5;15(1):141.
doi: 10.1186/s13023-020-01430-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32503598" target="_blank">32503598</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7275323" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29526319">Consensus on the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Nascimento Osorio A,
Medina Cantillo J,
Camacho Salas A,
Madruga Garrido M,
Vilchez Padilla JJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurologia (Engl Ed)</span>
2019 Sep;34(7):469-481.
Epub 2018 Mar 9
doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2018.01.001.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29526319" target="_blank">29526319</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29807575">Monogenic diseases in India.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Venugopal A,
Chandran M,
Eruppakotte N,
Kizhakkillach S,
Breezevilla SC,
Vellingiri B</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res</span>
2018 Apr-Jun;776:23-31.
Epub 2018 Mar 17
doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.03.003.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29807575" target="_blank">29807575</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28676062">Prevalence, incidence and carrier frequency of 5q-linked spinal muscular atrophy - a literature review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Verhaart IEC,
Robertson A,
Wilson IJ,
Aartsma-Rus A,
Cameron S,
Jones CC,
Cook SF,
Lochmüller H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2017 Jul 4;12(1):124.
doi: 10.1186/s13023-017-0671-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28676062" target="_blank">28676062</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5496354" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Muscular%20dystrophy%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2650)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38306719">An up-to-date myopathologic characterisation of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 1 muscle biopsies shows sarcolemmal complement membrane attack complex deposits and increased skeletal muscle regeneration.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hubregtse L,
Bouman K,
Lama C,
Lassche S,
de Graaf N,
Taglietti V,
Küsters B,
Periou B,
Relaix F,
van Engelen B,
Authier FJ,
Voermans NC,
Malfatti E</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuromuscul Disord</span>
2024 Mar;36:6-15.
Epub 2024 Jan 14
doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2024.01.003.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38306719" target="_blank">38306719</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37539981">Delandistrogene Moxeparvovec Gene Therapy in Ambulatory Patients (Aged ≥4 to &lt;8 Years) with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: 1-Year Interim Results from Study SRP-9001-103 (ENDEAVOR).</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zaidman CM,
Proud CM,
McDonald CM,
Lehman KJ,
Goedeker NL,
Mason S,
Murphy AP,
Guridi M,
Wang S,
Reid C,
Darton E,
Wandel C,
Lewis S,
Malhotra J,
Griffin DA,
Potter RA,
Rodino-Klapac LR,
Mendell JR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ann Neurol</span>
2023 Nov;94(5):955-968.
Epub 2023 Sep 7
doi: 10.1002/ana.26755.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37539981" target="_blank">37539981</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36749302">Disease progression rates in ambulatory Duchenne muscular dystrophy by steroid type, patient age and functional status.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">McDonald CM,
Marden JR,
Shieh PB,
Wong BL,
Lane H,
Zhang A,
Nguyen H,
Frean M,
Trifillis P,
Koladicz K,
Signorovitch J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Comp Eff Res</span>
2023 Apr;12(4):e220190.
Epub 2023 Feb 7
doi: 10.57264/cer-2022-0190.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36749302" target="_blank">36749302</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10402754" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34474581">The effect of trunk training on trunk control, upper extremity, and pulmonary function in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A randomized clinical trial.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Güneş Gencer GY,
Yilmaz Ö</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Rehabil</span>
2022 Mar;36(3):369-378.
Epub 2021 Sep 2
doi: 10.1177/02692155211043265.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34474581" target="_blank">34474581</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32539076">Assessment of Systemic Delivery of rAAVrh74.MHCK7.micro-dystrophin in Children With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mendell JR,
Sahenk Z,
Lehman K,
Nease C,
Lowes LP,
Miller NF,
Iammarino MA,
Alfano LN,
Nicholl A,
Al-Zaidy S,
Lewis S,
Church K,
Shell R,
Cripe LH,
Potter RA,
Griffin DA,
Pozsgai E,
Dugar A,
Hogan M,
Rodino-Klapac LR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA Neurol</span>
2020 Sep 1;77(9):1122-1131.
doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1484.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32539076" target="_blank">32539076</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7296461" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Muscular%20dystrophy%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (4349)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35642324">Exercise Training in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hammer S,
Toussaint M,
Vollsæter M,
Nesbjørg Tvedt M,
Drange Røksund O,
Reychler G,
Lund H,
Andersen T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Rehabil Med</span>
2022 Jan 11;54:jrm00250.
doi: 10.2340/jrm.v53.985.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35642324" target="_blank">35642324</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8862644" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35483324">Global Prevalence of Myotonic Dystrophy: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Liao Q,
Zhang Y,
He J,
Huang K</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuroepidemiology</span>
2022;56(3):163-173.
Epub 2022 Apr 28
doi: 10.1159/000524734.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35483324" target="_blank">35483324</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35168641">Global prevalence of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Salari N,
Fatahi B,
Valipour E,
Kazeminia M,
Fatahian R,
Kiaei A,
Shohaimi S,
Mohammadi M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Orthop Surg Res</span>
2022 Feb 15;17(1):96.
doi: 10.1186/s13018-022-02996-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35168641" target="_blank">35168641</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8848641" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32503598">Global epidemiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Crisafulli S,
Sultana J,
Fontana A,
Salvo F,
Messina S,
Trifirò G</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2020 Jun 5;15(1):141.
doi: 10.1186/s13023-020-01430-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32503598" target="_blank">32503598</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7275323" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31808555">Strength training and aerobic exercise training for muscle disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Voet NB,
van der Kooi EL,
van Engelen BG,
Geurts AC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2019 Dec 6;12(12):CD003907.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003907.pub5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31808555" target="_blank">31808555</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6953420" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Muscular%20dystrophy%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (166)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0026850%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (19)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0026850%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F18" target="_blank">Mutation scanning of select exons (1)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0026850%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (21)</a></li>
<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0026850%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (21)</a></total></li>
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