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<!--
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||
UID=43779
|
||
ConceptID=C0020459
|
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-->
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||
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Hyperinsulinemia</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>43779</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0020459</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome; Finding</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
|
||
<td>Hyperinsulinism</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
|
||
<td>Hyperinsulinemia (83469008); Hyperinsulinism (83469008)</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
|
||
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000842">HP:0000842</a></td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
|
||
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0002177" target="_blank">MONDO:0002177</a></td></tr>
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</tbody></table></div><div class="rprt-body jig-ncbiinpagenav" data-jigconfig="smoothScroll: false, gotoTopLink: true, gotoTopLinkText: '', gotoTopLinkAttrs: {'title': 'Go to the top of the page'},allHeadingLevels: ['h1'], topOfPageTOC: true, tocId: 'my-toc'"><div id="rprt-tabs-1" class="rprt-tab"><div id="tb-termsProp-1"><div class="leftCol mgCol"><div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln">An increased concentration of insulin in the blood. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
|
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</div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
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<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test, </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test, </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM, </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>, </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0020459[DISCUI]&test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=43779">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&from_uid=43779" ref="ncbi_uid=43779">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Hyperinsulinemia</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867443" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Phenotypic abnormality">Phenotypic abnormality</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/893021" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the endocrine system">Abnormality of the endocrine system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/871176" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal circulating hormone concentration">Abnormal circulating hormone concentration</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/893016" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal circulating insulin concentration">Abnormal circulating insulin concentration</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Hyperinsulinemia</span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/854723" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Familial hyperinsulinism">Familial hyperinsulinism</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/907576" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Adult-onset non-insulinoma persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia">Adult-onset non-insulinoma persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1830116" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Atypical Fanconi syndrome-neonatal hyperinsulinism syndrome">Atypical Fanconi syndrome-neonatal hyperinsulinism syndrome</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/351246" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Exercise-induced hyperinsulinism">Exercise-induced hyperinsulinism</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/419505" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 1">Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 1</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/419173" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 2">Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 2</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/400646" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4">Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/355435" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Hyperinsulinism due to glucokinase deficiency">Hyperinsulinism due to glucokinase deficiency</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/355335" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Hyperinsulinism due to INSR deficiency">Hyperinsulinism due to INSR deficiency</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/376153" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome">Hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/45047" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Nesidioblastosis">Nesidioblastosis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/351259" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Fasting hyperinsulinemia">Fasting hyperinsulinemia</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/351247" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia">Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/678528" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Insulin autoimmune syndrome">Insulin autoimmune syndrome</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/43904" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Insulin resistance">Insulin resistance</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/163439" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus">Insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/373411" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus at puberty">Insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus at puberty</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/480266" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Neonatal insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus">Neonatal insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
|
||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_46057"><div><strong>Prader-Willi syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>46057</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0032897</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is characterized by severe hypotonia, poor appetite, and feeding difficulties in early infancy, followed in early childhood by excessive eating and gradual development of morbid obesity (unless food intake is strictly controlled). Motor milestones and language development are delayed. All individuals have some degree of cognitive impairment. Hypogonadism is present in both males and females and manifests as genital hypoplasia, incomplete pubertal development, and, in most, infertility. Short stature is common (if not treated with growth hormone). A distinctive behavioral phenotype (temper tantrums, stubbornness, manipulative behavior, and obsessive-compulsive characteristics) is common. Characteristic facial features, strabismus, and scoliosis are often present.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/46057">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_82708"><div><strong>Leprechaunism syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>82708</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0265344</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">INSR-related severe insulin resistance syndrome (INSR-SIRS) comprises a phenotypic spectrum that is a continuum from the severe phenotype of Donohue syndrome to the milder phenotype of Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS). Donohue syndrome is characterized by severe insulin resistance (hyperinsulinemia with associated fasting hypoglycemia and postprandial hyperglycemia), severe prenatal growth restriction, postnatal growth failure, hypotonia, developmental delay, characteristic facies (proptosis, infraorbital folds, large, low-set, posteriorly rotated ears, thick vermilion of the upper and lower lips, and gingival hypertrophy), and organomegaly involving the heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, and ovaries. Death usually occurs before age one year. RMS, at the milder end of the spectrum, is characterized by severe insulin resistance that, although not as severe as that of Donohue syndrome, is nonetheless accompanied by fluctuations in blood glucose levels, diabetic ketoacidosis, and – in the second decade – microvascular complications. Findings can range from severe growth delay and intellectual disability to normal growth and development. Facial features can be milder than those of Donohue syndrome. Complications of longstanding hyperglycemia are the most common cause of death. While death usually occurs in the second decade, some affected individuals live longer.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/82708">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_78675"><div><strong>Alstrom syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>78675</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C0268425</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Alström syndrome is characterized by cone-rod dystrophy, obesity, progressive bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment, acute infantile-onset cardiomyopathy and/or adolescent- or adult-onset restrictive cardiomyopathy, insulin resistance / type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and chronic progressive kidney disease. Cone-rod dystrophy presents as progressive visual impairment, photophobia, and nystagmus usually starting between birth and age 15 months. Many individuals lose all perception of light by the end of the second decade, but a minority retain the ability to read large print into the third decade. Children usually have normal birth weight but develop truncal obesity during their first year. Sensorineural hearing loss presents in the first decade in as many as 70% of individuals and may progress to the severe or moderately severe range (40-70 db) by the end of the first to second decade. Insulin resistance is typically accompanied by the skin changes of acanthosis nigricans, and proceeds to T2DM in the majority by the third decade. Nearly all demonstrate hypertriglyceridemia. Other findings can include endocrine abnormalities (hypothyroidism, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in males, and hyperandrogenism in females), urologic dysfunction / detrusor instability, progressive decrease in renal function, and hepatic disease (ranging from elevated transaminases to steatohepatitis/NAFLD). Approximately 20% of affected individuals have delay in early developmental milestones, most commonly in gross and fine motor skills. About 30% have a learning disability. Cognitive impairment (IQ <70) is very rare. Wide clinical variability is observed among affected individuals, even within the same family.</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/78675">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_78783"><div><strong>Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>78783</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0271695</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">INSR-related severe insulin resistance syndrome (INSR-SIRS) comprises a phenotypic spectrum that is a continuum from the severe phenotype of Donohue syndrome to the milder phenotype of Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS). Donohue syndrome is characterized by severe insulin resistance (hyperinsulinemia with associated fasting hypoglycemia and postprandial hyperglycemia), severe prenatal growth restriction, postnatal growth failure, hypotonia, developmental delay, characteristic facies (proptosis, infraorbital folds, large, low-set, posteriorly rotated ears, thick vermilion of the upper and lower lips, and gingival hypertrophy), and organomegaly involving the heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, and ovaries. Death usually occurs before age one year. RMS, at the milder end of the spectrum, is characterized by severe insulin resistance that, although not as severe as that of Donohue syndrome, is nonetheless accompanied by fluctuations in blood glucose levels, diabetic ketoacidosis, and – in the second decade – microvascular complications. Findings can range from severe growth delay and intellectual disability to normal growth and development. Facial features can be milder than those of Donohue syndrome. Complications of longstanding hyperglycemia are the most common cause of death. While death usually occurs in the second decade, some affected individuals live longer.</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/78783">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_137967"><div><strong>Hyperproinsulinemia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>137967</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0342283</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">Insulin (INS; 176730) is produced posttranslationally from its precursor molecule, proinsulin, by site-directed proteolysis in beta-cell granules. Conversion involves cleavage at pairs of basic residues that link both the insulin A and B chains to C-peptide. Human proinsulin conversion has a preferred sequential route, such that cleavage at the B-chain/C-peptide junction occurs first, producing des-31,32 split proinsulin as the major conversion intermediate. Under normal circumstances, proinsulin conversion is largely completed before secretion, and low plasma levels of intact proinsulin and conversion intermediates are found. Structural abnormalities in the proinsulin molecule can impair conversion, leading to the accumulation of proinsulin-like material in the circulation. Such defects show an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance and are the main cause of familial hyperproinsulinemia (summary by Warren-Perry et al., 1997).</div>
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/137967">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_354526"><div><strong>Familial partial lipodystrophy, Dunnigan type</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>354526</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C1720860</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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<div class="spaceAbove">Familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD) is a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormal subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution beginning in late childhood or early adult life. Affected individuals gradually lose fat from the upper and lower extremities and the gluteal and truncal regions, resulting in a muscular appearance with prominent superficial veins. In some patients, adipose tissue accumulates on the face and neck, causing a double chin, fat neck, or cushingoid appearance. Metabolic abnormalities include insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with acanthosis nigricans and hypertriglyceridemia; hirsutism and menstrual abnormalities occur infrequently. Familial partial lipodystrophy may also be referred to as lipoatrophic diabetes mellitus, but the essential feature is loss of subcutaneous fat (review by Garg, 2004). The disorder may be misdiagnosed as Cushing disease (see 219080) (Kobberling and Dunnigan, 1986; Garg, 2004). Genetic Heterogeneity of Familial Partial Lipodystrophy Familial partial lipodystrophy is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. Types 1 and 2 were originally described as clinical subtypes: type 1 (FPLD1; 608600), characterized by loss of subcutaneous fat confined to the limbs (Kobberling et al., 1975), and FPLD2, characterized by loss of subcutaneous fat from the limbs and trunk (Dunnigan et al., 1974; Kobberling and Dunnigan, 1986). No genetic basis for FPLD1 has yet been delineated. FPLD3 (604367) is caused by mutation in the PPARG gene (601487) on chromosome 3p25; FPLD4 (613877) is caused by mutation in the PLIN1 gene (170290) on chromosome 15q26; FPLD5 (615238) is caused by mutation in the CIDEC gene (612120) on chromosome 3p25; FPLD6 (615980) is caused by mutation in the LIPE gene (151750) on chromosome 19q13; FPLD7 (606721) is caused by mutation in the CAV1 gene (601047) on chromosome 7q31; FPLD8 (620679), caused by mutation in the ADRA2A gene (104210) on chromosome 10q25; and FPLD9 (620683), caused by mutation in the PLAAT3 gene (613867) on chromosome 11q12.</div>
|
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/354526">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_328393"><div><strong>PPARG-related familial partial lipodystrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>328393</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C1720861</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
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<div class="spaceAbove">Familial partial lipodystrophy type 3 (FPLD3) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by marked loss of subcutaneous fat from the extremities. Calves and lower arms appear prominently muscular. Excess subcutaneous facial, neck, suprascapular, and abdominal fat may be present. Patients have insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, and develop type 2 diabetes (summary by Hegele et al., 2002, Agarwal and Garg, 2002). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD), see 151660.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/328393">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_318592"><div><strong>Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>318592</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C1720862</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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||
<div class="spaceAbove">Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) is usually diagnosed at birth or soon thereafter. Because of the absence of functional adipocytes, lipid is stored in other tissues, including muscle and liver. Affected individuals develop insulin resistance and approximately 25%-35% develop diabetes mellitus between ages 15 and 20 years. Hepatomegaly secondary to hepatic steatosis and skeletal muscle hypertrophy occur in all affected individuals. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is reported in 20%-25% of affected individuals and is a significant cause of morbidity from cardiac failure and early mortality.</div>
|
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<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/318592">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_318593"><div><strong>Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>318593</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C1720863</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) is usually diagnosed at birth or soon thereafter. Because of the absence of functional adipocytes, lipid is stored in other tissues, including muscle and liver. Affected individuals develop insulin resistance and approximately 25%-35% develop diabetes mellitus between ages 15 and 20 years. Hepatomegaly secondary to hepatic steatosis and skeletal muscle hypertrophy occur in all affected individuals. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is reported in 20%-25% of affected individuals and is a significant cause of morbidity from cardiac failure and early mortality.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/318593">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_332940"><div><strong>Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>332940</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C1837756</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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||
<div class="spaceAbove">Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy (MADB) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by postnatal growth retardation, craniofacial anomalies such as mandibular hypoplasia, skeletal anomalies such as progressive osteolysis of the terminal phalanges and clavicles, and skin changes such as mottled hyperpigmentation and atrophy. The lipodystrophy is characterized by generalized loss of subcutaneous fat involving the face, trunk, and extremities. Some patients have a progeroid appearance. Metabolic complications associated with insulin resistance have been reported (Schrander-Stumpel et al., 1992; summary by Simha et al., 2003). For a general phenotypic description of lipodystrophy associated with mandibuloacral dysplasia, see MADA (248370).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/332940">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_338336"><div><strong>Homozygous 11P15-p14 deletion syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>338336</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C1847866</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/338336">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_351246"><div><strong>Exercise-induced hyperinsulinism</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>351246</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C1864902</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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||
<div class="spaceAbove">The severity of congenital hyperinsulinism varies widely among affected individuals, even among members of the same family. About 60 percent of infants with this condition experience a hypoglycemic episode within the first month of life. Other affected children develop hypoglycemia by early childhood. Unlike typical episodes of hypoglycemia, which occur most often after periods without food (fasting) or after exercising, episodes of hypoglycemia in people with congenital hyperinsulinism can also occur after eating.\n\nCongenital hyperinsulinism is a condition that causes individuals to have abnormally high levels of insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps control levels of blood glucose, also called blood sugar. People with this condition have frequent episodes of low blood glucose (hypoglycemia). In infants and young children, these episodes are characterized by a lack of energy (lethargy), irritability, or difficulty feeding. Repeated episodes of low blood glucose increase the risk for serious complications such as breathing difficulties, seizures, intellectual disability, vision loss, brain damage, and coma.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/351246">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_412871"><div><strong>Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 4</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>412871</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C2750069</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) is usually diagnosed at birth or soon thereafter. Because of the absence of functional adipocytes, lipid is stored in other tissues, including muscle and liver. Affected individuals develop insulin resistance and approximately 25%-35% develop diabetes mellitus between ages 15 and 20 years. Hepatomegaly secondary to hepatic steatosis and skeletal muscle hypertrophy occur in all affected individuals. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is reported in 20%-25% of affected individuals and is a significant cause of morbidity from cardiac failure and early mortality.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/412871">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_815580"><div><strong>Estrogen resistance syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>815580</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C3809250</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Estrogen resistance (ESTRR) is characterized by absence of puberty with elevated estradiol and gonadotropic hormones, as well as markedly delayed bone maturation. Female patients show absent breast development, small uterus, and enlarged multicystic ovaries; male patients may show small testes (Bernard et al., 2017). Some patients exhibit continued growth into adulthood (Smith et al., 1994).</div>
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||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/815580">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1638030"><div><strong>BODY MASS INDEX QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS 19</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1638030</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C4693522</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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||
<div class="spaceAbove">Patients with biallelic mutations in the ADCY3 gene show hyperphagia within the first 2 years of life and develop severe obesity. Other features include hyposmia or anosmia, and some patients exhibit mild to moderate intellectual disability (Saeed et al., 2018).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1638030">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1674972"><div><strong>BODY MASS INDEX QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS 20</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1674972</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C4759928</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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||
<div class="spaceAbove">Obesity due to mutation in the MC4R gene is the most common cause of monogenic obesity. Patients have early-onset severe obesity and hyperphagia (Farooqi et al., 2003).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1674972">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1757618"><div><strong>Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type A lipodystrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1757618</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5399785</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type A lipodystrophy (MADA) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by growth retardation, craniofacial anomalies with mandibular hypoplasia, skeletal abnormalities with progressive osteolysis of the distal phalanges and clavicles, and pigmentary skin changes. The lipodystrophy is characterized by a marked acral loss of fatty tissue with normal or increased fatty tissue in the neck and trunk. Some patients may show progeroid features. Metabolic complications can arise due to insulin resistance and diabetes (Young et al., 1971; Simha and Garg, 2002; summary by Garavelli et al., 2009). See also MAD type B (MADB; 608612), which is caused by mutation in the ZMPSTE24 gene (606480).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1757618">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1785671"><div><strong>BDV syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1785671</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5543403</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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||
<div class="spaceAbove">BDV syndrome (BDVS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early-onset profound obesity, hyperphagia, and moderately impaired intellectual development accompanied by infantile hypotonia and other endocrine disorders including hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, and insulin resistance (summary by Bosch et al., 2021).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1785671">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1824055"><div><strong>Atelis syndrome 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1824055</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5774282</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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||
<div class="spaceAbove">Atelis syndrome-2 (ATELS2) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by poor overall growth with microcephaly and short stature, dysmorphic facial features, and congenital cardiac defects. Additional more variable features may include hematologic abnormalities, variable ocular abnormalities, motor delay, and anxiety. Patient cells exhibit a unique chromosomal instability phenotype consisting of segmented and dicentric chromosomes with mosaic variegated hyperploidy (Grange et al., 2022). See also ATELS1 (620184), caused by mutation in the SLF2 gene (610348). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of MVA, see MVA1 (257300).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1824055">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1824062"><div><strong>Obesity and hypopigmentation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1824062</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5774289</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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||
<div class="spaceAbove">Obesity and hypopigmentation (OBHP) is characterized by early-onset severe obesity and hypopigmentation of the skin. Some affected individuals have red hair, and some experience increased appetite and exhibit reduced energy expenditure (Kempf et al., 2022).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1824062">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1824072"><div><strong>Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 8</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1824072</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5774299</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
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||
<div class="spaceAbove">Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia-8 (HHF8) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by protein-related hypoglycemia and persistent mild hyperammonemia (summary by Shahroor et al., 2022). For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, see HHF1 (256450).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1824072">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1847991"><div><strong>Lipodystrophy, congenital generalized, type 5</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1847991</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5882745</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 5 (CGL5) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by childhood onset of lipodystrophy, severe nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL, and insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus. Affected individuals also have short stature (Payne et al., 2014). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of congenital generalized lipodystrophy, see CGL1 (608594).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1847991">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1845936"><div><strong>Lipodystrophy, familial partial, type 9</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1845936</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5882746</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Familial partial lipodystrophy type 9 (FPLD9) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the loss of adipose tissue resulting in a lean appearance with muscular hypertrophy, usually most apparent in the limbs and trunk. Some patients have more generalized lipoatrophy, whereas others have abnormal fat accumulation in the face and neck regions and show cushingoid or acromegalic facial features. The disorder is associated with insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, low HDL, and hepatic steatosis. Symptom onset is usually in the first decade. Females tend to have hirsutism and polycystic ovary syndrome, whereas males have gynecomastia. Most patients also have neurologic involvement, including demyelinating polyneuropathy (in most) and delayed development with intellectual disability (in about half) (Schuermans et al., 2023). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD), see 151660.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1845936">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_78675" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Alstrom syndrome</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1824055" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Atelis syndrome 2</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1785671" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">BDV syndrome</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1638030" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">BODY MASS INDEX QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS 19</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1674972" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">BODY MASS INDEX QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS 20</a></div><div class="jig-moreless" data-jigconfig="class: 'moveDown', moreText: 'See full list (23)', lessText: 'Show less', nodeBefore: 0"><span id="clinMore">
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_318592" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_318593" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_412871" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 4</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_815580" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Estrogen resistance syndrome</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_351246" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Exercise-induced hyperinsulinism</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_354526" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Familial partial lipodystrophy, Dunnigan type</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_338336" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Homozygous 11P15-p14 deletion syndrome</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1824072" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 8</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_137967" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hyperproinsulinemia</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_82708" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Leprechaunism syndrome</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1847991" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Lipodystrophy, congenital generalized, type 5</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1845936" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Lipodystrophy, familial partial, type 9</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1757618" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type A lipodystrophy</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_332940" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1824062" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Obesity and hypopigmentation</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_328393" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">PPARG-related familial partial lipodystrophy</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_46057" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Prader-Willi syndrome</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_78783" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome</a></div></span></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
|
||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35408946">Pathophysiology and Treatment of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Nakamura K,
|
||
Miyoshi T,
|
||
Yoshida M,
|
||
Akagi S,
|
||
Saito Y,
|
||
Ejiri K,
|
||
Matsuo N,
|
||
Ichikawa K,
|
||
Iwasaki K,
|
||
Naito T,
|
||
Namba Y,
|
||
Yoshida M,
|
||
Sugiyama H,
|
||
Ito H</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Mol Sci</span>
|
||
2022 Mar 25;23(7)
|
||
doi: 10.3390/ijms23073587.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35408946" target="_blank">35408946</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8999085" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33813813">Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure in Diabetes.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Park JJ</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Diabetes Metab J</span>
|
||
2021 Mar;45(2):146-157.
|
||
Epub 2021 Mar 25
|
||
doi: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0282.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33813813" target="_blank">33813813</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8024162" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28791858">The pathogenesis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: What's new?</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bednarska S,
|
||
Siejka A</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Adv Clin Exp Med</span>
|
||
2017 Mar-Apr;26(2):359-367.
|
||
doi: 10.17219/acem/59380.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28791858" target="_blank">28791858</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22hyperinsulinemia%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (282)</a></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
|
||
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
|
||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32819363">Insulin: too much of a good thing is bad.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kolb H,
|
||
Kempf K,
|
||
Röhling M,
|
||
Martin S</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMC Med</span>
|
||
2020 Aug 21;18(1):224.
|
||
doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01688-6.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32819363" target="_blank">32819363</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7441661" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31722374">Review: Diabetes, Obesity, and Cancer-Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lega IC,
|
||
Lipscombe LL</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Endocr Rev</span>
|
||
2020 Feb 1;41(1)
|
||
doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnz014.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31722374" target="_blank">31722374</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31454547">Obesity-related cognitive impairment: The role of endothelial dysfunction.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Buie JJ,
|
||
Watson LS,
|
||
Smith CJ,
|
||
Sims-Robinson C</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurobiol Dis</span>
|
||
2019 Dec;132:104580.
|
||
Epub 2019 Aug 24
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104580.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31454547" target="_blank">31454547</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6834913" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/12489270">Modifiable risk factors for colon cancer.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Giovannucci E</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Gastroenterol Clin North Am</span>
|
||
2002 Dec;31(4):925-43.
|
||
doi: 10.1016/s0889-8553(02)00057-2.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/12489270" target="_blank">12489270</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/8674889">Hyperinsulinemia and atherosclerosis.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Stout RW</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Diabetes</span>
|
||
1996 Jul;45 Suppl 3:S45-6.
|
||
doi: 10.2337/diab.45.3.s45.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/8674889" target="_blank">8674889</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hyperinsulinemia%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (4072)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38285626">Hormonal changes in PCOS.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yang J,
|
||
Chen C</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Endocrinol</span>
|
||
2024 Apr 1;261(1)
|
||
Epub 2024 Feb 15
|
||
doi: 10.1530/JOE-23-0342.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38285626" target="_blank">38285626</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36726472">Phosphomannomutase 2 hyperinsulinemia: Recent advances of genetic pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Chen C,
|
||
Sang Y</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)</span>
|
||
2022;13:1102307.
|
||
Epub 2023 Jan 16
|
||
doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1102307.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36726472" target="_blank">36726472</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9884677" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34360563">Hyperinsulinemia and Its Pivotal Role in Aging, Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Janssen JAMJL</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Mol Sci</span>
|
||
2021 Jul 21;22(15)
|
||
doi: 10.3390/ijms22157797.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34360563" target="_blank">34360563</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8345990" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23263437">Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gupta J,
|
||
Daniel JM,
|
||
Vasudevan V</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent</span>
|
||
2012 Jul-Sep;30(3):279-82.
|
||
doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.105026.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23263437" target="_blank">23263437</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/2035966">Polycystic ovarian disease.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Barbieri RL</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Annu Rev Med</span>
|
||
1991;42:199-204.
|
||
doi: 10.1146/annurev.me.42.020191.001215.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/2035966" target="_blank">2035966</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hyperinsulinemia%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2528)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35797039">Plant-Based and Ketogenic Diets As Diverging Paths to Address Cancer: A Review.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Shah UA,
|
||
Iyengar NM</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA Oncol</span>
|
||
2022 Aug 1;8(8):1201-1208.
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32819363">Insulin: too much of a good thing is bad.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kolb H,
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32150819">Insulin: The Friend and the Foe in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Rachdaoui N</span><br />
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31722374">Review: Diabetes, Obesity, and Cancer-Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications.</a></div>
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<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hyperinsulinemia%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1182)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32819363">Insulin: too much of a good thing is bad.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kolb H,
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32389340">Role of Hyperinsulinemia and Insulin Resistance in Hypertension: Metabolic Syndrome Revisited.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">da Silva AA,
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32354674">Multifactorial effects of hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia and inflammation on bone remodelling in type 2 diabetes mellitus.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Shahen VA,
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Gerbaix M,
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29998913">Pathophysiology of Diabetic Dyslipidemia.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hirano T</span><br />
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29998913" target="_blank">29998913</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6143775" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
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<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hyperinsulinemia%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2190)</a></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
|
||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln">
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37554096">Metformin and Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills in the Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Melin J,
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Forslund M,
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Alesi S,
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Piltonen T,
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Romualdi D,
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Spritzer PM,
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Tay CT,
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Pena A,
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Witchel SF,
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Mousa A,
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Teede H</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Clin Endocrinol Metab</span>
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2024 Jan 18;109(2):e817-e836.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37554096" target="_blank">37554096</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10795934" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38174331">Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 and insulin in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Jin Y,
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Sun F,
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Yang A,
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Yu X,
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Li Y,
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Liang S,
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Jing X,
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Wang K,
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Zhang L,
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Xiao S,
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38174331" target="_blank">38174331</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10762309" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
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|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35319136">The effect of exercise training on adipose tissue insulin sensitivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Engin B,
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Willis SA,
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Malaikah S,
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Sargeant JA,
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Gray LJ,
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Obes Rev</span>
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35319136" target="_blank">35319136</a></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32605879">Metformin and risk of cancer among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zhang K,
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Bai P,
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Dai H,
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Deng Z</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Prim Care Diabetes</span>
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2021 Feb;15(1):52-58.
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||
Epub 2020 Jun 27
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doi: 10.1016/j.pcd.2020.06.001.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32605879" target="_blank">32605879</a></div>
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||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31121198">Appetite regulating hormones in first-episode psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Misiak B,
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Bartoli F,
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Stramecki F,
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Samochowiec J,
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Lis M,
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31121198" target="_blank">31121198</a></div>
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<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hyperinsulinemia%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (51)</a></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
|
||
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|
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<div class="supplemental col three_col last">
|
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<h2 class="offscreen_noflow">Supplemental Content</h2>
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|
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_113">
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Table_of_contents">Table of contents</h1><a sid="113" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0020459%5bDISCUI%5d&filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (16)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0020459%5bDISCUI%5d&filter=method%3A2%5F9" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of select exons (1)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0020459%5bDISCUI%5d&filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (16)</a></li>
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<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0020459%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (16)</a></total></li>
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