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<meta name="keywords" content="C0012739, coagulation (dic), disseminated intravascular, coagulation, disseminated intravascular, coagulation, intravascular disseminated, coagulations, disseminated intravascular, coagulations, intravascular disseminated, coagulopathies, consumption, coagulopathy, consumption, consumption coagulopathies, consumption coagulopathy, consumptive coagulopathy, consumptive thrombohemorrhagic disorder, defibrination syndrome, dic, dic - disseminated intravascular coagulation, dic syndrome, dic, disseminated intravascular coagulation, diffuse or disseminated intravascular coagulation, disease or syndrome, disseminated coagulation, intravascular, disseminated coagulations, intravascular, disseminated intravascular coagulation, disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic), disseminated intravascular coagulations, hemorrhagic fibrinogenolysis, intravascular coagulation (dic), disseminated, intravascular coagulation, disseminated, intravascular coagulations, disseminated, intravascular disseminated coagulation, intravascular disseminated coagulations, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Disseminated intravascular coagulation is characterized by the widespread activation of coagulation, which results in the intravascular formation of fibrin and ultimately thrombotic occlusion of small and midsize vessels." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
UID=41620
ConceptID=C0012739
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>41620</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0012739</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular; Coagulation, Intravascular Disseminated; Coagulations, Disseminated Intravascular; Coagulations, Intravascular Disseminated; Coagulopathies, Consumption; Coagulopathy, Consumption; Consumption Coagulopathies; Consumption Coagulopathy; Disseminated Coagulation, Intravascular; Disseminated Coagulations, Intravascular; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulations; Intravascular Coagulation, Disseminated; Intravascular Coagulations, Disseminated; Intravascular Disseminated Coagulation; Intravascular Disseminated Coagulations</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Disseminated intravascular coagulation (67406007); Consumptive coagulopathy (67406007); DIC syndrome (67406007); Defibrination syndrome (67406007); Hemorrhagic fibrinogenolysis (67406007); Consumptive thrombohemorrhagic disorder (67406007); DIC - Disseminated intravascular coagulation (67406007)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0005521">HP:0005521</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001243" target="_blank">MONDO:0001243</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Disseminated intravascular coagulation is characterized by the widespread activation of coagulation, which results in the intravascular formation of fibrin and ultimately thrombotic occlusion of small and midsize vessels. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0012739[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=41620">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867443" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Phenotypic abnormality">Phenotypic abnormality</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/163092" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of blood and blood-forming tissues">Abnormality of blood and blood-forming tissues</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/871247" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal thrombosis">Abnormal thrombosis</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/868744" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Acute disseminated intravascular coagulation">Acute disseminated intravascular coagulation</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/354681" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation">Chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/510687" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Disseminated intravascular coagulation in newborn">Disseminated intravascular coagulation in newborn</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_40266"><div><strong>Cholesteryl ester storage disease</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>40266</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0008384</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The phenotypic spectrum of lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) deficiency ranges from the infantile-onset form (Wolman disease) to later-onset forms collectively known as cholesterol ester storage disease (CESD). Wolman disease is characterized by infantile-onset malabsorption that results in malnutrition, storage of cholesterol esters and triglycerides in hepatic macrophages that results in hepatomegaly and liver disease, and adrenal gland calcification that results in adrenal cortical insufficiency. Unless successfully treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), infants with classic Wolman disease do not survive beyond age one year. CESD may present in childhood in a manner similar to Wolman disease or later in life with such findings as serum lipid abnormalities, hepatosplenomegaly, and/or elevated liver enzymes long before a diagnosis is made. The morbidity of late-onset CESD results from atherosclerosis (coronary artery disease, stroke), liver disease (e.g., altered liver function ± jaundice, steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and related complications of esophageal varices, and/or liver failure), complications of secondary hypersplenism (i.e., anemia and/or thrombocytopenia), and/or malabsorption. Individuals with CESD may have a normal life span depending on the severity of disease manifestations.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/40266">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_96017"><div><strong>Heparin cofactor II deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>96017</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0398626</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Heparin cofactor II (HCF2; 142360) rapidly inhibits thrombin in plasma in the presence of dermatan sulfate or heparin. Congenital HCF2 deficiency is associated with thromboembolism and is classified into type I (quantitative) or type II (qualitative) deficiency (Kondo et al., 1996).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/96017">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_368840"><div><strong>Respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>368840</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1968593</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The main cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants is a developmental deficiency of pulmonary surfactant. The frequency of RDS is inversely proportional to gestational age. However, not all infants born prematurely develop RDS, suggesting that there may be susceptibility factors. Because multiple factors can contribute to the pathogenesis of RDS specifically in premature infants, the etiology is considered to be multifactorial (summaries by Ramet et al., 2000; Clark and Clark, 2005).&#13; Pathogenic germline mutations in several genes involved in surfactant metabolism, including SFTPB (178640) and SFTPC (178620), can cause clinical features of respiratory distress syndrome in term neonates, children, and adults, disorders referred to as 'surfactant metabolism dysfunction' (see, e.g., SMDP1, 265120). Susceptibility to the development of RDS in premature infants may be associated with polymorphisms in surfactant genes, such as surfactant protein A1 (SFTPA1; 178630), SFTPB, and SFTPC (see MOLECULAR GENETICS).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/368840">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_482722"><div><strong>Thrombophilia due to protein S deficiency, autosomal recessive</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>482722</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3281092</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal recessive thrombophilia due to protein S deficiency is a very rare and severe hematologic disorder resulting in thrombosis and secondary hemorrhage usually beginning in early infancy. Some affected individuals develop neonatal purpura fulminans, multifocal thrombosis, or intracranial hemorrhage (Pung-amritt et al., 1999; Fischer et al., 2010), whereas others have recurrent thromboses later in childhood (Comp et al., 1984).&#13; See also autosomal dominant thrombophilia due to protein S deficiency (THPH5; 612336), a less severe disorder caused by heterozygous mutation in the PROS1 gene.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/482722">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_863504"><div><strong>Periodic fever-infantile enterocolitis-autoinflammatory syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>863504</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4015067</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autoinflammation with infantile enterocolitis is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by onset of recurrent flares of autoinflammation in early infancy. Affected individuals tend to have poor overall growth and gastrointestinal symptoms in infancy associated with laboratory evidence of activated inflammation. This initial presentation is followed by recurrent febrile episodes with splenomegaly and sometimes hematologic disturbances, arthralgias, or myalgias. The disorder results from overactivation of an arm of the immune response system (Romberg et al., 2014; Canna et al., 2014).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/863504">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1780479"><div><strong>Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 52</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1780479</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5543592</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-52 (COXPD52) is an autosomal recessive infantile mitochondrial complex II/III deficiency characterized by lactic acidemia, multiorgan system failure, and abnormal mitochondria. Intrafamilial variability has been reported (Farhan et al., 2014; Hershkovitz et al., 2021).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency, see COXPD1 (609060).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1780479">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1805977"><div><strong>Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1805977</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5676919</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome-2 (STWS2) is an autosomal recessive lethal skeletal dysplasia characterized by short stature, small chest, bowing of the long bones, and neonatal cardiopulmonary and autonomous dysfunction. Additional variable features include congenital thrombocytopenia, eczematoid dermatitis, renal anomalies, and defective acute-phase response (Chen et al., 2020).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome, see STWS1 (601559).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1805977">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_40266" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cholesteryl ester storage disease</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1780479" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 52</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_96017" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Heparin cofactor II deficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_863504" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Periodic fever-infantile enterocolitis-autoinflammatory syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_368840" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1805977" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_482722" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Thrombophilia due to protein S deficiency, autosomal recessive</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34217531">Coagulopathy and sepsis: Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and treatment.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Giustozzi M,
Ehrlinder H,
Bongiovanni D,
Borovac JA,
Guerreiro RA,
Gąsecka A,
Papakonstantinou PE,
Parker WAE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Blood Rev</span>
2021 Nov;50:100864.
Epub 2021 Jun 25
doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100864.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34217531" target="_blank">34217531</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33555051">Disseminated intravascular coagulation: epidemiology, biomarkers, and management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Adelborg K,
Larsen JB,
Hvas AM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Br J Haematol</span>
2021 Mar;192(5):803-818.
Epub 2021 Feb 8
doi: 10.1111/bjh.17172.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33555051" target="_blank">33555051</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28937571">Practice Bulletin No. 183: Postpartum Hemorrhage.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Obstet Gynecol</span>
2017 Oct;130(4):e168-e186.
doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002351.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28937571" target="_blank">28937571</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22disseminated%20intravascular%20coagulation%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (432)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37881856">How we manage a high D-dimer.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Franchini M,
Focosi D,
Pezzo MP,
Mannucci PM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Haematologica</span>
2024 Apr 1;109(4):1035-1045.
doi: 10.3324/haematol.2023.283966.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37881856" target="_blank">37881856</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10985443" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34217531">Coagulopathy and sepsis: Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and treatment.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Giustozzi M,
Ehrlinder H,
Bongiovanni D,
Borovac JA,
Guerreiro RA,
Gąsecka A,
Papakonstantinou PE,
Parker WAE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Blood Rev</span>
2021 Nov;50:100864.
Epub 2021 Jun 25
doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100864.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34217531" target="_blank">34217531</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33860520">Management of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Acute Leukemias.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ten Cate H,
Leader A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hamostaseologie</span>
2021 Apr;41(2):120-126.
Epub 2021 Apr 15
doi: 10.1055/a-1393-8302.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33860520" target="_blank">33860520</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30567917">Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in the Neonate.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">VanVooren DM,
Bradshaw WT,
Blake SM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neonatal Netw</span>
2018 Jul;37(4):205-211.
Epub 2018 Jul 1
doi: 10.1891/0730-0832.37.4.205.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30567917" target="_blank">30567917</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29255070">How I treat disseminated intravascular coagulation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Levi M,
Scully M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Blood</span>
2018 Feb 22;131(8):845-854.
Epub 2017 Dec 18
doi: 10.1182/blood-2017-10-804096.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29255070" target="_blank">29255070</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Disseminated%20intravascular%20coagulation%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (3133)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36100234">Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: The Past, Present, and Future Considerations.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Iba T,
Levi M,
Thachil J,
Levy JH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Semin Thromb Hemost</span>
2022 Nov;48(8):978-987.
Epub 2022 Sep 13
doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1756300.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36100234" target="_blank">36100234</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32044801">Sepsis-induced Coagulopathy and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Iba T,
Levy JH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Anesthesiology</span>
2020 May;132(5):1238-1245.
doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000003122.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32044801" target="_blank">32044801</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29999440">Disseminated intravascular coagulation: an update on pathogenesis and diagnosis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Levi M,
Sivapalaratnam S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Expert Rev Hematol</span>
2018 Aug;11(8):663-672.
Epub 2018 Jul 20
doi: 10.1080/17474086.2018.1500173.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29999440" target="_blank">29999440</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/10451465">Disseminated intravascular coagulation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Levi M,
Ten Cate H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">N Engl J Med</span>
1999 Aug 19;341(8):586-92.
doi: 10.1056/NEJM199908193410807.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/10451465" target="_blank">10451465</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/4551655">Disseminated intravascular coagulation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Damus PS,
Salzman EW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Surg</span>
1972 Mar;104(3):262-5.
doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1972.04180030010005.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/4551655" target="_blank">4551655</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Disseminated%20intravascular%20coagulation%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (4212)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27540263">Disseminated intravascular coagulation in paediatrics.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Rajagopal R,
Thachil J,
Monagle P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Dis Child</span>
2017 Feb;102(2):187-193.
Epub 2016 Aug 18
doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-311053.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27540263" target="_blank">27540263</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21668737">Obstetric hemorrhage.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">McLintock C,
James AH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Thromb Haemost</span>
2011 Aug;9(8):1441-51.
doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04398.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21668737" target="_blank">21668737</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/19222477">Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. British Committee for Standards in Haematology.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Levi M,
Toh CH,
Thachil J,
Watson HG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Br J Haematol</span>
2009 Apr;145(1):24-33.
Epub 2009 Feb 12
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07600.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/19222477" target="_blank">19222477</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/10451465">Disseminated intravascular coagulation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Levi M,
Ten Cate H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">N Engl J Med</span>
1999 Aug 19;341(8):586-92.
doi: 10.1056/NEJM199908193410807.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/10451465" target="_blank">10451465</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/4558894">Intravascular coagulation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Flute PT</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Postgrad Med J</span>
1972 Jun;48(560):346-50.
doi: 10.1136/pgmj.48.560.346.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/4558894" target="_blank">4558894</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2495219" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Disseminated%20intravascular%20coagulation%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (3978)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38082418">Amniotic fluid embolism: a reappraisal.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Young BK,
Florine Magdelijns P,
Chervenak JL,
Chan M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Perinat Med</span>
2024 Feb 26;52(2):126-135.
Epub 2023 Dec 13
doi: 10.1515/jpm-2023-0365.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38082418" target="_blank">38082418</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36367668">Predicting neonatal mortality with a disseminated intravascular coagulation scoring system.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Go H,
Ogasawara K,
Maeda H,
Ohto H,
Nollet KE,
Iwasa H,
Kawasaki Y,
Hosoya M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Hematol</span>
2023 Feb;117(2):278-282.
Epub 2022 Nov 11
doi: 10.1007/s12185-022-03476-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36367668" target="_blank">36367668</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22695447">Causes, prevention, and treatment of intravascular coagulation and disseminated intravascular coagulation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Blaisdell FW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Trauma Acute Care Surg</span>
2012 Jun;72(6):1719-22.
doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3182444491.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22695447" target="_blank">22695447</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/19372342">Amniotic fluid embolism.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gist RS,
Stafford IP,
Leibowitz AB,
Beilin Y</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Anesth Analg</span>
2009 May;108(5):1599-602.
doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31819e43a4.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/19372342" target="_blank">19372342</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/17710955">Neonatal subgaleal hemorrhage.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Reid J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neonatal Netw</span>
2007 Jul-Aug;26(4):219-27.
doi: 10.1891/0730-0832.26.4.219.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/17710955" target="_blank">17710955</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Disseminated%20intravascular%20coagulation%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2800)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34344558">Roles of Coagulation Abnormalities and Microthrombosis in Sepsis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Iba T,
Umemura Y,
Wada H,
Levy JH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Med Res</span>
2021 Nov;52(8):788-797.
Epub 2021 Jul 31
doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.07.003.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34344558" target="_blank">34344558</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33860520">Management of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Acute Leukemias.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ten Cate H,
Leader A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hamostaseologie</span>
2021 Apr;41(2):120-126.
Epub 2021 Apr 15
doi: 10.1055/a-1393-8302.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33860520" target="_blank">33860520</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31410983">Diagnosis and management of sepsis-induced coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Iba T,
Levy JH,
Warkentin TE,
Thachil J,
van der Poll T,
Levi M;
Scientific and Standardization Committee on DIC, and the Scientific and Standardization Committee on Perioperative and Critical Care of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Thromb Haemost</span>
2019 Nov;17(11):1989-1994.
Epub 2019 Aug 13
doi: 10.1111/jth.14578.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31410983" target="_blank">31410983</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27250996">Disseminated intravascular coagulation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gando S,
Levi M,
Toh CH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Nat Rev Dis Primers</span>
2016 Jun 2;2:16037.
doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.37.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27250996" target="_blank">27250996</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/19222477">Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. British Committee for Standards in Haematology.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Levi M,
Toh CH,
Thachil J,
Watson HG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Br J Haematol</span>
2009 Apr;145(1):24-33.
Epub 2009 Feb 12
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07600.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/19222477" target="_blank">19222477</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Disseminated%20intravascular%20coagulation%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2171)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35855054">The Effect of Heparin and Its Preparations on Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Mortality and Hospitalization: A Systematic Review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Omidkhoda N,
Abedi F,
Ghavami V,
Rahimi H,
Samadi S,
Arasteh O,
Mohammadpour AH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Clin Pract</span>
2022;2022:2226761.
Epub 2022 Jul 9
doi: 10.1155/2022/2226761.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35855054" target="_blank">35855054</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9288321" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34989711">Executive Summary of Recommendations and Expert Consensus for Plasma and Platelet Transfusion Practice in Critically Ill Children: From the Transfusion and Anemia EXpertise Initiative-Control/Avoidance of Bleeding (TAXI-CAB).</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Nellis ME,
Karam O,
Valentine SL,
Bateman ST,
Remy KE,
Lacroix J,
Cholette JM,
Bembea MM,
Russell RT,
Steiner ME,
Goobie SM,
Tucci M,
Stricker PA,
Stanworth SJ,
Delaney M,
Lieberman L,
Muszynski JA,
Bauer DF,
Steffen K,
Nishijima D,
Ibla J,
Emani S,
Vogel AM,
Haas T,
Goel R,
Crighton G,
Delgado D,
Demetres M,
Parker RI;
Pediatric Critical Care Transfusion and Anemia EXpertise Initiative—Control/Avoidance of Bleeding (TAXI-CAB), in collaboration with the Pediatric Critical Care Blood Research Network (BloodNet), and the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators (PALISI) Network</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Crit Care Med</span>
2022 Jan 1;23(1):34-51.
doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002851.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34989711" target="_blank">34989711</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8820267" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33769424">The Role of TEG and ROTEM in Damage Control Resuscitation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Brill JB,
Brenner M,
Duchesne J,
Roberts D,
Ferrada P,
Horer T,
Kauvar D,
Khan M,
Kirkpatrick A,
Ordonez C,
Perreira B,
Priouzram A,
Cotton BA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Shock</span>
2021 Dec 1;56(1S):52-61.
doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000001686.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33769424" target="_blank">33769424</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8601668" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32551814">Coagulation Dysfunction.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Fei Y,
Tang N,
Liu H,
Cao W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Pathol Lab Med</span>
2020 Oct 1;144(10):1223-1229.
doi: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0324-SA.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32551814" target="_blank">32551814</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32282949">Hematological findings and complications of COVID-19.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Terpos E,
Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I,
Elalamy I,
Kastritis E,
Sergentanis TN,
Politou M,
Psaltopoulou T,
Gerotziafas G,
Dimopoulos MA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Hematol</span>
2020 Jul;95(7):834-847.
Epub 2020 May 23
doi: 10.1002/ajh.25829.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32282949" target="_blank">32282949</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7262337" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Disseminated%20intravascular%20coagulation%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (72)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0012739%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (4)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0012739%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (4)</a></li>
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