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<meta name="keywords" content="C1868675, autosomal recessive juvenile parkinson disease, autosomal recessive juvenile parkinson disease 2, autosomal recessive juvenile parkinson disease type 2, autosomal recessive juvenile parkinson's disease 2, autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism, chromosome 6 linked autosomal recessive parkinsonism, chromosome 6-linked autosomal recessive parkinsonism, disease or syndrome, epdf, familial parkinson disease, autosomal recessive, jp, juvenile parkinson disease, autosomal recessive, juvenile parkinsonism, juvenile parkinsonism, autosomal recessive, park2, parkin type of early-onset parkinson disease, parkin type of juvenile parkinson disease, parkinson disease 2, parkinson disease 2, autosomal recessive juvenile, parkinson disease autosomal recessive, early onset, parkinson disease, familial, autosomal recessive, parkinson disease, juvenile, autosomal recessive, parkinson disease, juvenile, type 2, parkinsonism, early onset, with diurnal fluctuation, parkinsonism, early-onset, with diurnal fluctuation, parkinsonism, juvenile, autosomal recessive, pdj, prkn, prkn young-onset parkinson disease, young-onset parkinson disease caused by mutation in prkn, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Parkin type of early-onset Parkinson disease (PARK-Parkin) is characterized by the cardinal signs of Parkinson disease (PD): bradykinesia, resting tremor, and rigidity. The median age at onset is 31 years (range: 3-81 years). The disease is slowly progressive: disease duration of more than 50 years has been reported. Clinical findings vary; hyperreflexia is common. Lower-limb dystonia may be a presenting sign and cognitive decline appears to be no more frequent than in the general population. Dyskinesia as a result of treatment with levodopa frequently occurs." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<title>Autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease 2 (Concept Id: C1868675)
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<!--
UID=401500
ConceptID=C1868675
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 1--><div class="ncbi_carousel" data-ncbicarousel-config="imageWidth:'100px',numItemsVisible:2,toggler:false"><div class="nc_header"><span class="img_strip_title">Image</span></div><div class="nc_content"><div class="nc_item"><a class="figpopup"><img alt="Image from GeneReviews" src="/books/NBK1223/bin/parkinson-overview-Image001.gif" src-large="/books/NBK1223/bin/parkinson-overview-Image001.jpg" /></a><br /><a href="/books/NBK1223/figure/parkinson-overview.F1/" title="GeneReviews" target="_blank">details</a></div></div></div><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease 2<span class="h1sub">(PARK2; PDJ; EPDF)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>401500</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1868675</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>Juvenile parkinsonism; Parkin Type of Early-Onset Parkinson Disease; Parkin Type of Juvenile Parkinson Disease; Parkinson disease 2; Parkinson disease autosomal recessive, early onset; PARKINSON DISEASE, JUVENILE, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE; Parkinson disease, juvenile, type 2; Parkinsonism, early onset, with diurnal fluctuation</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="PRKN - ID: 5071 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/5071" class="medgenPMinfo">PRKN</a> (6q26)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0010820" target="_blank">MONDO:0010820</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/600116" target="_blank">600116</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Parkin type of early-onset Parkinson disease (PARK-Parkin) is characterized by the cardinal signs of Parkinson disease (PD): bradykinesia, resting tremor, and rigidity. The median age at onset is 31 years (range: 3-81 years). The disease is slowly progressive: disease duration of more than 50 years has been reported. Clinical findings vary; hyperreflexia is common. Lower-limb dystonia may be a presenting sign and cognitive decline appears to be no more frequent than in the general population. Dyskinesia as a result of treatment with levodopa frequently occurs. [from <a title="GeneReviews" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1116" class="defSource" target="_blank">GeneReviews</a>]</div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_117">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Additional_description">Additional description</h1><a sid="117" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><div class="mgSection"><strong>From MedlinePlus Genetics</strong><br />Parkinson's disease can also affect emotions and thinking ability (cognition). Some affected individuals develop psychiatric conditions such as depression and visual hallucinations. People with Parkinson's disease also have an increased risk of developing dementia, which is a decline in intellectual functions including judgment and memory.<br /><br />Often the first symptom of Parkinson's disease is trembling or shaking (tremor) of a limb, especially when the body is at rest. Typically, the tremor begins on one side of the body, usually in one hand. Tremors can also affect the arms, legs, feet, and face. Other characteristic symptoms of Parkinson's disease include rigidity or stiffness of the limbs and torso, slow movement (bradykinesia) or an inability to move (akinesia), and impaired balance and coordination (postural instability). These symptoms worsen slowly over time.<br /><br />Generally, Parkinson's disease that begins after age 50 is called late-onset disease. The condition is described as early-onset disease if signs and symptoms begin before age 50. Early-onset cases that begin before age 20 are sometimes referred to as juvenile-onset Parkinson's disease.<br /><br />Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system. The disorder affects several regions of the brain, especially an area called the substantia nigra that controls balance and movement.  <a target="_blank" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/parkinsons-disease">https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/parkinsons-disease</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_3940"><div><strong>Dystonic disorder</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>3940</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0013421</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormally increased muscular tone that causes fixed abnormal postures. There is a slow, intermittent twisting motion that leads to exaggerated turning and posture of the extremities and trunk.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/3940">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Dystonic%20disorder%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%203940%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_19708"><div><strong>Babinski sign</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>19708</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0034935</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Upturning of the big toe (and sometimes fanning of the other toes) in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot. If the Babinski sign is present it can indicate damage to the corticospinal tract.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/19708">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Babinski%20sign%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2019708%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_21635"><div><strong>Tremor</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>21635</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0040822</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An unintentional, oscillating to-and-fro muscle movement about a joint axis.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/21635">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Tremor%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2021635%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_43126"><div><strong>Lewy bodies</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>43126</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0085200</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Cell Component</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Intracytoplasmic, eosinophilic, round to elongated inclusions found in vacuoles of injured or fragmented neurons. The presence of Lewy bodies is the histological marker of the degenerative changes in LEWY BODY DISEASE and PARKINSON DISEASE but they may be seen in other neurological conditions. They are typically found in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but they are also seen in the basal forebrain, hypothalamic nuclei, and neocortex.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen?term=%22Lewy%20bodies%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2043126%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_39223"><div><strong>Hypokinesia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>39223</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0086439</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Abnormally diminished motor activity. In contrast to paralysis, hypokinesia is not characterized by a lack of motor strength, but rather by a poverty of movement. The typical habitual movements (e.g., folding the arms, crossing the legs) are reduced in frequency.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/39223">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypokinesia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2039223%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_57738"><div><strong>Hyperreflexia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>57738</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0151889</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/57738">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hyperreflexia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2057738%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_68545"><div><strong>Shuffling gait</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>68545</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0231688</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of gait (walking) characterized by by dragging one's feet along or without lifting the feet fully from the ground.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/68545">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Shuffling%20gait%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2068545%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_115925"><div><strong>Bradykinesia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>115925</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0233565</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Bradykinesia literally means slow movement, and is used clinically to denote a slowness in the execution of movement (in contrast to hypokinesia, which is used to refer to slowness in the initiation of movement).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/115925">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Bradykinesia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20115925%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_66696"><div><strong>Postural tremor</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66696</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0234378</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of tremors that is triggered by holding a limb in a fixed position.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66696">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Postural%20tremor%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2066696%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_66697"><div><strong>Resting tremor</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66697</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0234379</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A resting tremor occurs when muscles are at rest and becomes less noticeable or disappears when the affected muscles are moved. Resting tremors are often slow and coarse.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66697">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Resting%20tremor%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2066697%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_116012"><div><strong>Cerebral atrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>116012</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0235946</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Atrophy (wasting, decrease in size of cells or tissue) affecting the cerebrum.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/116012">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebral%20atrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20116012%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_66079"><div><strong>Parkinsonian disorder</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66079</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0242422</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Characteristic neurologic anomaly resulting from degeneration of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain, characterized clinically by shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and gait.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66079">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Parkinsonian%20disorder%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2066079%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_99229"><div><strong>Dementia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>99229</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0497327</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A loss of global cognitive ability of sufficient amount to interfere with normal social or occupational function. Dementia represents a loss of previously present cognitive abilities, generally in adults, and can affect memory, thinking, language, judgment, and behavior.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/99229">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Dementia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2099229%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_107895"><div><strong>Gait disturbance</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107895</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0575081</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The term gait disturbance can refer to any disruption of the ability to walk.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107895">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Gait%20disturbance%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20107895%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_149279"><div><strong>Focal dystonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>149279</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0743332</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of dystonia that is localized to a specific part of the body.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/149279">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Focal%20dystonia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20149279%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_199684"><div><strong>Pill-rolling tremor</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>199684</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0751564</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of resting tremor characterized by simultaneous rubbing movements of thumb and index fingers against each other.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/199684">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Pill-rolling%20tremor%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20199684%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_155642"><div><strong>Gait ataxia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>155642</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0751837</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of ataxia characterized by the impairment of the ability to coordinate the movements required for normal walking. Gait ataxia is characteirzed by a wide-based staggering gait with a tendency to fall.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/155642">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Gait%20ataxia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20155642%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_332305"><div><strong>Loss of ambulation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>332305</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836843</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Inability to walk in a person who previous had the ability to walk.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/332305">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Loss%20of%20ambulation%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20332305%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_334529"><div><strong>Postural instability</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>334529</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1843921</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A tendency to fall or the inability to keep oneself from falling; imbalance. The retropulsion test is widely regarded as the gold standard to evaluate postural instability, Use of the retropulsion test includes a rapid balance perturbation in the backward direction, and the number of balance correcting steps (or total absence thereof) is used to rate the degree of postural instability. Healthy subjects correct such perturbations with either one or two large steps, or without taking any steps, hinging rapidly at the hips while swinging the arms forward as a counterweight. In patients with balance impairment, balance correcting steps are often too small, forcing patients to take more than two steps. Taking three or more steps is generally considered to be abnormal, and taking more than five steps is regarded as being clearly abnormal. Markedly affected patients continue to step backward without ever regaining their balance and must be caught by the examiner (this would be called true retropulsion). Even more severely affected patients fail to correct entirely, and fall backward like a pushed toy soldier, without taking any corrective steps.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/334529">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Postural%20instability%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20334529%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_337668"><div><strong>Substantia nigra gliosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>337668</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1846865</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Focal proliferation of glial cells in the substantia nigra.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/337668">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Substantia%20nigra%20gliosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20337668%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_7752"><div><strong>Rigidity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>7752</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026837</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from muscle spasticity.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/7752">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Rigidity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%207752%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_57469"><div><strong>Cogwheel rigidity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>57469</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0151564</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of rigidity in which a muscle responds with cogwheellike jerks to the use of constant force in bending the limb (i.e., it gives way in little, repeated jerks when the muscle is passively stretched).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/57469">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cogwheel%20rigidity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2057469%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_57469" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cogwheel rigidity</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_7752" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Rigidity</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_19708" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Babinski sign</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_115925" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Bradykinesia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_116012" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebral atrophy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_99229" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Dementia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_3940" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Dystonic disorder</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_149279" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Focal dystonia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_155642" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Gait ataxia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_107895" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Gait disturbance</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_57738" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hyperreflexia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_39223" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypokinesia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_43126" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Lewy bodies</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_332305" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Loss of ambulation</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_66079" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Parkinsonian disorder</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_199684" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Pill-rolling tremor</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_334529" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Postural instability</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_66696" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Postural tremor</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_66697" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Resting tremor</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_68545" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Shuffling gait</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_337668" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Substantia nigra gliosis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_21635" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Tremor</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0030567[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=10590">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=10590" target="_blank" href="/omim/516000">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1223/" ref="ncbi_uid=10590">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=10590" ref="ncbi_uid=10590">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/10590" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=10590&amp;link_uid=10590" title="View MedGen record for 'Parkinson disease'">Parkinson disease</a></span><ul><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1868595[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=357008">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=357008" target="_blank" href="/omim/163890">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1223/" ref="ncbi_uid=357008">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=357008" ref="ncbi_uid=357008">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/357008" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=357008&amp;link_uid=357008" title="View MedGen record for 'Autosomal dominant Parkinson disease 1'">Autosomal dominant Parkinson disease 1</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1854182[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=381361">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=381361" target="_blank" href="/omim/163890">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1223/" ref="ncbi_uid=381361">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=381361" ref="ncbi_uid=381361">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/381361" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=381361&amp;link_uid=381361" title="View MedGen record for 'Autosomal dominant Parkinson disease 4'">Autosomal dominant Parkinson disease 4</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1846862[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=339628">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=339628" target="_blank" href="/omim/607060">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/?term=(NBK1208%20OR%20NBK1223)%20AND%20gene%5Bbook%5D&amp;showtype=onebook" ref="ncbi_uid=339628">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=339628" ref="ncbi_uid=339628">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/339628" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=339628&amp;link_uid=339628" title="View MedGen record for 'Autosomal dominant Parkinson disease 8'">Autosomal dominant Parkinson disease 8</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1853833[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=342982">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=342982" target="_blank" href="/omim/602533">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/?term=(NBK1223%20OR%20NBK26472)%20AND%20gene%5Bbook%5D&amp;showtype=onebook" ref="ncbi_uid=342982">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=342982" ref="ncbi_uid=342982">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/342982" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=342982&amp;link_uid=342982" title="View MedGen record for 'Autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson disease 6'">Autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson disease 6</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1853445[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=344049">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=344049" target="_blank" href="/omim/602533">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1223/" ref="ncbi_uid=344049">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=344049" ref="ncbi_uid=344049">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/344049" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=344049&amp;link_uid=344049" title="View MedGen record for 'Autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson disease 7'">Autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson disease 7</a></span></li><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1868675[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=401500">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=401500" target="_blank" href="/omim/600116">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/?term=(NBK1223%20OR%20NBK1478)%20AND%20gene%5Bbook%5D&amp;showtype=onebook" ref="ncbi_uid=401500">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=401500" ref="ncbi_uid=401500">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease 2</span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C2751842[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=414488">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=414488" target="_blank" href="/omim/612953">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1223/" ref="ncbi_uid=414488">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=414488" ref="ncbi_uid=414488">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/414488" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=414488&amp;link_uid=414488" title="View MedGen record for 'Autosomal recessive Parkinson disease 14'">Autosomal recessive Parkinson disease 14</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=66768" target="_blank" href="/omim/168100">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1223/" ref="ncbi_uid=66768">G</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/66768" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=66768&amp;link_uid=66768" title="View MedGen record for 'Juvenile paralysis agitans of Hunt'">Juvenile paralysis agitans of Hunt</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1847640[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=338281">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=338281" target="_blank" href="/omim/606693">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/?term=(NBK1223%20OR%20NBK121988)%20AND%20gene%5Bbook%5D&amp;showtype=onebook" ref="ncbi_uid=338281">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=338281" ref="ncbi_uid=338281">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/338281" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=338281&amp;link_uid=338281" title="View MedGen record for 'Kufor-Rakeb syndrome'">Kufor-Rakeb syndrome</a></span><ul><li class="TLclosed"><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/830971" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=830971&amp;link_uid=830971" title="View MedGen record for 'Parkinsonism due to ATP13A2 deficiency'">Parkinsonism due to ATP13A2 deficiency</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=409973" target="_blank" href="/omim/605909">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1223/" ref="ncbi_uid=409973">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=409973" ref="ncbi_uid=409973">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/409973" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=409973&amp;link_uid=409973" title="View MedGen record for 'Parkinson disease 6'">Parkinson disease 6</a></span><ul><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1223/" ref="ncbi_uid=1684827">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=1684827" ref="ncbi_uid=1684827">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1684827" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=1684827&amp;link_uid=1684827" title="View MedGen record for 'Parkinson disease, autosomal recessive early-onset, digenic, PINK1/DJ1'">Parkinson disease, autosomal recessive early-onset, digenic, PINK1/DJ1</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=339741" target="_blank" href="/omim/606852">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1223/" ref="ncbi_uid=339741">G</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/339741" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=339741&amp;link_uid=339741" title="View MedGen record for 'Parkinson disease 10'">Parkinson disease 10</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C4083045[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=896658">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=896658" target="_blank" href="/omim/607688">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1223/" ref="ncbi_uid=896658">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=896658" ref="ncbi_uid=896658">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/896658" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=896658&amp;link_uid=896658" title="View MedGen record for 'Parkinson disease 11, autosomal dominant, susceptibility to'">Parkinson disease 11, autosomal dominant, susceptibility to</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=337173" target="_blank" href="/omim/300557">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1223/" ref="ncbi_uid=337173">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=337173" ref="ncbi_uid=337173">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/337173" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=337173&amp;link_uid=337173" title="View MedGen record for 'Parkinson disease 12'">Parkinson disease 12</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1853202[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=343992">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=343992" target="_blank" href="/omim/606441">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1223/" ref="ncbi_uid=343992">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=343992" ref="ncbi_uid=343992">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/343992" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=343992&amp;link_uid=343992" title="View MedGen record for 'Parkinson disease 13, autosomal dominant, susceptibility to'">Parkinson disease 13, autosomal dominant, susceptibility to</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=442620" target="_blank" href="/omim/613164">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1223/" ref="ncbi_uid=442620">G</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/442620" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=442620&amp;link_uid=442620" title="View MedGen record for 'Parkinson disease 16'">Parkinson disease 16</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C3280133[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=481763">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=481763" target="_blank" href="/omim/601501">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/?term=(NBK1223%20OR%20NBK447258)%20AND%20gene%5Bbook%5D&amp;showtype=onebook" ref="ncbi_uid=481763">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=481763" ref="ncbi_uid=481763">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/481763" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=481763&amp;link_uid=481763" title="View MedGen record for 'Parkinson disease 17'">Parkinson disease 17</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=355499" target="_blank" href="/omim/602404">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1223/" ref="ncbi_uid=355499">G</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/355499" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=355499&amp;link_uid=355499" title="View MedGen record for 'Parkinson disease 3, autosomal dominant'">Parkinson disease 3, autosomal dominant</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C3150899[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=462249">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=462249" target="_blank" href="/omim/191342">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1223/" ref="ncbi_uid=462249">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=462249" ref="ncbi_uid=462249">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/462249" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=462249&amp;link_uid=462249" title="View MedGen record for 'Parkinson disease 5, autosomal dominant, susceptibility to'">Parkinson disease 5, autosomal dominant, susceptibility to</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C3160718[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=463618">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=463618" target="_blank" href="/omim/168600">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/?term=(NBK1223%20OR%20NBK1269)%20AND%20gene%5Bbook%5D&amp;showtype=onebook" ref="ncbi_uid=463618">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=463618" ref="ncbi_uid=463618">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/463618" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=463618&amp;link_uid=463618" title="View MedGen record for 'Parkinson disease, late-onset'">Parkinson disease, late-onset</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1838867[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical&amp;redirect=true" ref="ncbi_uid=333199">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=333199" target="_blank" href="/omim/556500">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1223/" ref="ncbi_uid=333199">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=333199" ref="ncbi_uid=333199">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/333199" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=333199&amp;link_uid=333199" title="View MedGen record for 'Parkinson disease, mitochondrial'">Parkinson disease, mitochondrial</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1850100[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=337969">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=337969" target="_blank" href="/omim/260300">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1223/" ref="ncbi_uid=337969">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=337969" ref="ncbi_uid=337969">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/337969" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=337969&amp;link_uid=337969" title="View MedGen record for 'Parkinsonian-pyramidal syndrome'">Parkinsonian-pyramidal syndrome</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/311052" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Non-Neoplastic Disorder">Non-Neoplastic Disorder</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/317955" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Non-Neoplastic Disorder by Special Category">Non-Neoplastic Disorder by Special Category</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/224837" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Degenerative disorder">Degenerative disorder</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/124363" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Degenerative disease of the central nervous system">Degenerative disease of the central nervous system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/41927" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Extrapyramidal disease">Extrapyramidal disease</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/10590" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Parkinson disease">Parkinson disease</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease 2</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38267191">A biological classification of Parkinson's disease: the SynNeurGe research diagnostic criteria.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Höglinger GU,
Adler CH,
Berg D,
Klein C,
Outeiro TF,
Poewe W,
Postuma R,
Stoessl AJ,
Lang AE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet Neurol</span>
2024 Feb;23(2):191-204.
doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00404-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38267191" target="_blank">38267191</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31519472">New evidence on the management of Lewy body dementia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Taylor JP,
McKeith IG,
Burn DJ,
Boeve BF,
Weintraub D,
Bamford C,
Allan LM,
Thomas AJ,
O'Brien JT</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet Neurol</span>
2020 Feb;19(2):157-169.
Epub 2019 Sep 10
doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30153-X.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31519472" target="_blank">31519472</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7017451" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30704681">The Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Spectrum: Diagnosis and Management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Atri A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Med Clin North Am</span>
2019 Mar;103(2):263-293.
doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2018.10.009.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30704681" target="_blank">30704681</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(autosomal%20recessive%20juvenile%20parkinson%20disease%202)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (1283)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35606622">Life style and Parkinson's disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Reichmann H,
Csoti I,
Koschel J,
Lorenzl S,
Schrader C,
Winkler J,
Wüllner U</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neural Transm (Vienna)</span>
2022 Sep;129(9):1235-1245.
Epub 2022 May 23
doi: 10.1007/s00702-022-02509-1.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35606622" target="_blank">35606622</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9463300" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33237660">Dopamine transporter SPECT imaging in Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonian disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Akdemir ÜÖ,
Bora Tokçaer A,
Atay LÖ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Turk J Med Sci</span>
2021 Apr 30;51(2):400-410.
doi: 10.3906/sag-2008-253.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33237660" target="_blank">33237660</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8203173" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27263112">mTOR Signaling in Parkinson's Disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lan AP,
Chen J,
Zhao Y,
Chai Z,
Hu Y</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuromolecular Med</span>
2017 Mar;19(1):1-10.
Epub 2016 Jun 4
doi: 10.1007/s12017-016-8417-7.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27263112" target="_blank">27263112</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21269927">Rotenone, paraquat, and Parkinson's disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tanner CM,
Kamel F,
Ross GW,
Hoppin JA,
Goldman SM,
Korell M,
Marras C,
Bhudhikanok GS,
Kasten M,
Chade AR,
Comyns K,
Richards MB,
Meng C,
Priestley B,
Fernandez HH,
Cambi F,
Umbach DM,
Blair A,
Sandler DP,
Langston JW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Environ Health Perspect</span>
2011 Jun;119(6):866-72.
Epub 2011 Jan 26
doi: 10.1289/ehp.1002839.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21269927" target="_blank">21269927</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3114824" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/19524782">Parkinson's disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lees AJ,
Hardy J,
Revesz T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet</span>
2009 Jun 13;373(9680):2055-66.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60492-X.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/19524782" target="_blank">19524782</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Autosomal%20recessive%20juvenile%20Parkinson%20disease%202%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (13367)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34100679">Imaging the Substantia Nigra in Parkinson Disease and Other Parkinsonian Syndromes.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bae YJ,
Kim JM,
Sohn CH,
Choi JH,
Choi BS,
Song YS,
Nam Y,
Cho SJ,
Jeon B,
Kim JH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Radiology</span>
2021 Aug;300(2):260-278.
Epub 2021 Jun 8
doi: 10.1148/radiol.2021203341.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34100679" target="_blank">34100679</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33237660">Dopamine transporter SPECT imaging in Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonian disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Akdemir ÜÖ,
Bora Tokçaer A,
Atay LÖ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Turk J Med Sci</span>
2021 Apr 30;51(2):400-410.
doi: 10.3906/sag-2008-253.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33237660" target="_blank">33237660</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8203173" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29151060">Genetics of Parkinson's disease and related disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zhang PL,
Chen Y,
Zhang CH,
Wang YX,
Fernandez-Funez P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Med Genet</span>
2018 Feb;55(2):73-80.
Epub 2017 Nov 18
doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-105047.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29151060" target="_blank">29151060</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29094559">Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hoem G,
Koht J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen</span>
2017 Oct 31;137(20)
Epub 2017 Oct 30
doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0317.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29094559" target="_blank">29094559</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21269927">Rotenone, paraquat, and Parkinson's disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tanner CM,
Kamel F,
Ross GW,
Hoppin JA,
Goldman SM,
Korell M,
Marras C,
Bhudhikanok GS,
Kasten M,
Chade AR,
Comyns K,
Richards MB,
Meng C,
Priestley B,
Fernandez HH,
Cambi F,
Umbach DM,
Blair A,
Sandler DP,
Langston JW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Environ Health Perspect</span>
2011 Jun;119(6):866-72.
Epub 2011 Jan 26
doi: 10.1289/ehp.1002839.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21269927" target="_blank">21269927</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3114824" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Autosomal%20recessive%20juvenile%20Parkinson%20disease%202%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (9221)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39031388">Parkinson's Disease Drug Therapies in the Clinical Trial Pipeline: 2024 Update.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">McFarthing K,
Buff S,
Rafaloff G,
Pitzer K,
Fiske B,
Navangul A,
Beissert K,
Pilcicka A,
Fuest R,
Wyse RK,
Stott SRW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Parkinsons Dis</span>
2024;14(5):899-912.
doi: 10.3233/JPD-240272.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39031388" target="_blank">39031388</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11307066" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35527571">Parkinson's Disease Drug Therapies in the Clinical Trial Pipeline: 2022 Update.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">McFarthing K,
Rafaloff G,
Baptista M,
Mursaleen L,
Fuest R,
Wyse RK,
Stott SRW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Parkinsons Dis</span>
2022;12(4):1073-1082.
doi: 10.3233/JPD-229002.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35527571" target="_blank">35527571</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9198738" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21269927">Rotenone, paraquat, and Parkinson's disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tanner CM,
Kamel F,
Ross GW,
Hoppin JA,
Goldman SM,
Korell M,
Marras C,
Bhudhikanok GS,
Kasten M,
Chade AR,
Comyns K,
Richards MB,
Meng C,
Priestley B,
Fernandez HH,
Cambi F,
Umbach DM,
Blair A,
Sandler DP,
Langston JW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Environ Health Perspect</span>
2011 Jun;119(6):866-72.
Epub 2011 Jan 26
doi: 10.1289/ehp.1002839.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21269927" target="_blank">21269927</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3114824" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/19524782">Parkinson's disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lees AJ,
Hardy J,
Revesz T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet</span>
2009 Jun 13;373(9680):2055-66.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60492-X.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/19524782" target="_blank">19524782</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/12160740">Animal models of PD: pieces of the same puzzle?</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Dawson T,
Mandir A,
Lee M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuron</span>
2002 Jul 18;35(2):219-22.
doi: 10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00780-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/12160740" target="_blank">12160740</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Autosomal%20recessive%20juvenile%20Parkinson%20disease%202%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (9692)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35606622">Life style and Parkinson's disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Reichmann H,
Csoti I,
Koschel J,
Lorenzl S,
Schrader C,
Winkler J,
Wüllner U</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neural Transm (Vienna)</span>
2022 Sep;129(9):1235-1245.
Epub 2022 May 23
doi: 10.1007/s00702-022-02509-1.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35606622" target="_blank">35606622</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9463300" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35085135">Deaths from Parkinson Disease Have Surged.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Nurs</span>
2022 Feb 1;122(2):15.
doi: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000820508.46781.eb.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35085135" target="_blank">35085135</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30789229">Risk and predictors of dementia and parkinsonism in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder: a multicentre study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Postuma RB,
Iranzo A,
Hu M,
Högl B,
Boeve BF,
Manni R,
Oertel WH,
Arnulf I,
Ferini-Strambi L,
Puligheddu M,
Antelmi E,
Cochen De Cock V,
Arnaldi D,
Mollenhauer B,
Videnovic A,
Sonka K,
Jung KY,
Kunz D,
Dauvilliers Y,
Provini F,
Lewis SJ,
Buskova J,
Pavlova M,
Heidbreder A,
Montplaisir JY,
Santamaria J,
Barber TR,
Stefani A,
St Louis EK,
Terzaghi M,
Janzen A,
Leu-Semenescu S,
Plazzi G,
Nobili F,
Sixel-Doering F,
Dusek P,
Bes F,
Cortelli P,
Ehgoetz Martens K,
Gagnon JF,
Gaig C,
Zucconi M,
Trenkwalder C,
Gan-Or Z,
Lo C,
Rolinski M,
Mahlknecht P,
Holzknecht E,
Boeve AR,
Teigen LN,
Toscano G,
Mayer G,
Morbelli S,
Dawson B,
Pelletier A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2019 Mar 1;142(3):744-759.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awz030.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30789229" target="_blank">30789229</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6391615" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29151060">Genetics of Parkinson's disease and related disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zhang PL,
Chen Y,
Zhang CH,
Wang YX,
Fernandez-Funez P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Med Genet</span>
2018 Feb;55(2):73-80.
Epub 2017 Nov 18
doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-105047.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29151060" target="_blank">29151060</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/19524782">Parkinson's disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lees AJ,
Hardy J,
Revesz T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet</span>
2009 Jun 13;373(9680):2055-66.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60492-X.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/19524782" target="_blank">19524782</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Autosomal%20recessive%20juvenile%20Parkinson%20disease%202%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (5168)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37081741">Axial Postural Abnormalities in Parkinsonism: Gaps in Predictors, Pathophysiology, and Management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Geroin C,
Artusi CA,
Nonnekes J,
Aquino C,
Garg D,
Dale ML,
Schlosser D,
Lai Y,
Al-Wardat M,
Salari M,
Wolke R,
Labou VT,
Imbalzano G,
Camozzi S,
Merello M,
Bloem BR,
Capato T,
Djaldetti R,
Doherty K,
Fasano A,
Tibar H,
Lopiano L,
Margraf NG,
Moreau C,
Ugawa Y,
Bhidayasiri R,
Tinazzi M;
International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society Task Force on Postural Abnormalities</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Mov Disord</span>
2023 May;38(5):732-739.
Epub 2023 Apr 20
doi: 10.1002/mds.29377.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37081741" target="_blank">37081741</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34602503">Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Risk Factor for Parkinsonism-A Nationwide Population-Based Study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yoon SY,
Heo SJ,
Kim YW,
Yang SN,
Moon HI</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Parkinsons Dis</span>
2022;12(1):353-360.
doi: 10.3233/JPD-212878.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34602503" target="_blank">34602503</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28912301">Early-onset drug-induced parkinsonism after exposure to offenders implies nigrostriatal dopaminergic dysfunction.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Chung SJ,
Yoo HS,
Moon H,
Oh JS,
Kim JS,
Park YH,
Hong JY,
Ye BS,
Sohn YH,
Lee PH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry</span>
2018 Feb;89(2):169-174.
Epub 2017 Sep 14
doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-315873.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28912301" target="_blank">28912301</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28629634">(123)I-FP-CIT SPECT imaging in blepharospasm.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">De Verdal M,
Renard D,
Collombier L,
Castelnovo G</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Rev Neurol (Paris)</span>
2017 Dec;173(10):645-649.
Epub 2017 Jun 16
doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.05.006.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28629634" target="_blank">28629634</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28150432">Molecular imaging to track Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonisms: New imaging frontiers.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Strafella AP,
Bohnen NI,
Perlmutter JS,
Eidelberg D,
Pavese N,
Van Eimeren T,
Piccini P,
Politis M,
Thobois S,
Ceravolo R,
Higuchi M,
Kaasinen V,
Masellis M,
Peralta MC,
Obeso I,
Pineda-Pardo JÁ,
Cilia R,
Ballanger B,
Niethammer M,
Stoessl JA;
IPMDS-Neuroimaging Study Group</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Mov Disord</span>
2017 Feb;32(2):181-192.
Epub 2017 Feb 2
doi: 10.1002/mds.26907.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28150432" target="_blank">28150432</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Autosomal%20recessive%20juvenile%20Parkinson%20disease%202%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (11007)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36820916">Effects of motor-cognitive training on dual-task performance in people with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Johansson H,
Folkerts AK,
Hammarström I,
Kalbe E,
Leavy B</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol</span>
2023 Jun;270(6):2890-2907.
Epub 2023 Feb 23
doi: 10.1007/s00415-023-11610-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36820916" target="_blank">36820916</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10188503" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36602886">Physical exercise for people with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ernst M,
Folkerts AK,
Gollan R,
Lieker E,
Caro-Valenzuela J,
Adams A,
Cryns N,
Monsef I,
Dresen A,
Roheger M,
Eggers C,
Skoetz N,
Kalbe E</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2023 Jan 5;1(1):CD013856.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013856.pub2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36602886" target="_blank">36602886</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9815433" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33372386">Quality of life in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zhao N,
Yang Y,
Zhang L,
Zhang Q,
Balbuena L,
Ungvari GS,
Zang YF,
Xiang YT</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">CNS Neurosci Ther</span>
2021 Mar;27(3):270-279.
Epub 2020 Dec 28
doi: 10.1111/cns.13549.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33372386" target="_blank">33372386</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7871788" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24976103">The prevalence of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pringsheim T,
Jette N,
Frolkis A,
Steeves TD</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Mov Disord</span>
2014 Nov;29(13):1583-90.
Epub 2014 Jun 28
doi: 10.1002/mds.25945.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24976103" target="_blank">24976103</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22867913">Physiotherapy intervention in Parkinson's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tomlinson CL,
Patel S,
Meek C,
Herd CP,
Clarke CE,
Stowe R,
Shah L,
Sackley C,
Deane KH,
Wheatley K,
Ives N</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ</span>
2012 Aug 6;345:e5004.
doi: 10.1136/bmj.e5004.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22867913" target="_blank">22867913</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3412755" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Autosomal%20recessive%20juvenile%20Parkinson%20disease%202%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (774)</a></div></div>
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<div class="supplemental col three_col last">
<h2 class="offscreen_noflow">Supplemental Content</h2>
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<!-- MedGen supplemental column starts here -->
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_113">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Table_of_contents">Table of contents</h1><a sid="113" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul id="my-toc"></ul></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_106">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Genetic_Testing_Registry">Genetic Testing Registry</h1><a sid="106" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1868675%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (15)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1868675%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F17" target="_blank">Mutation scanning of the entire coding region (1)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1868675%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (19)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1868675%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F19" target="_blank">Targeted variant analysis (3)</a></li>
<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1868675%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (24)</a></total></li>
</ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_resources">Clinical resources</h1><a sid="119" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=600116" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Autosomal%20recessive%20juvenile%20Parkinson%20disease%202" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Practice_guidelines">Practice guidelines</h1><a sid="121" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(autosomal%20recessive%20juvenile%20parkinson%20disease%202)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">PubMed</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li><li><a target="_blank" href="/books/?term=((%22clinical%20guidelines%22%5BResource%20Type%5D)%20OR%20%22practice%20guideline%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)%20AND%20(%22Autosomal%20recessive%20juvenile%20Parkinson%20disease%202%22)">Bookshelf</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="http://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=602544" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=5071[geneid]" target="_blank">View PRKN variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/nuccore/194440663" target="_blank">RefSeqGene</a></li><li><a href="https://catalog.coriell.org/Search?q=600116" target="_blank">Coriell Institute for Medical Research</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/parkinson_disease_2_autosomal_recessive_juvenile" target="_blank">MalaCards</a></li><li><a href="https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&amp;query=Autosomal%20recessive%20juvenile%20Parkinson%20disease%202" target="_blank">MedlinePlus</a></li><li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/parkinsons-disease" target="_blank">MedlinePlusGenetics (GHR)</a></li><li><a href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/9642/disease" target="_blank">NCATS Office of Rare Diseases Research (GARD)</a></li></ul></div>
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<a href="/pubmed/20301651" ref="ncbi_uid=&amp;discoId=gtr_reviews&amp;linkpos=2&amp;linkpostotal=4" target="_blank"><span class="gene_reviews">GeneReviews</span></a>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=401500" ref="log$=recordlinks">ClinVar</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related medical variations</div>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/gene?LinkName=medgen_gene_diseases&amp;from_uid=401500" ref="log$=recordlinks">Gene</a>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/gtr/tests?term=C1868675[DISCUI]" ref="log$=recordlinks">GTR</a>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/gtr/tests?term=C1868675[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="log$=recordlinks">GTR(Clinical)</a>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/omim?LinkName=medgen_omim_gene&amp;from_uid=401500" ref="log$=recordlinks">OMIM(Genes)</a>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pmc?LinkName=medgen_pmc&amp;from_uid=401500" ref="log$=recordlinks">PMC Articles</a>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed?LinkName=medgen_pubmed&amp;from_uid=401500" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed</a>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed?LinkName=medgen_pubmed_bookshelf_cited&amp;from_uid=401500" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed (Bookshelf cited)</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Links to PubMed based on citations in GeneReviews and Medical Genetics Summaries</div>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed?LinkName=medgen_pubmed_genereviews&amp;from_uid=401500" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed (GeneReviews)</a>
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<a class="htb" ref="log$=activity&amp;linkpos=2" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d4f1a5cde49f3df725aa5f">NBK1223 OR NBK1478 <span class="number">(30)</span></a>
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<a class="htb" ref="log$=activity&amp;linkpos=4" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d4f19f2f30673f7b426987">NBK1223 OR NBK26472 <span class="number">(33)</span></a>
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<a class="htb" ref="log$=activity&amp;linkpos=5" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d4f19bcde49f3df72581f7">NBK1208 OR NBK1223 <span class="number">(29)</span></a>
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