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<meta name="keywords" content="C0042510, cardiac arrest - ventricular fibrillation, disease or syndrome, fibrillation, ventricular, fibrillations, ventricular, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation (disease), ventricular fibrillations, vf, vf - ventricular fibrillation, vfib, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Uncontrolled contractions of muscles fibers in the left ventricle not producing contraction of the left ventricle. Ventricular fibrillation usually begins with a ventricular premature contraction and a short run of rapid ventricular tachycardia degenerating into uncoordinating ventricular fibrillations." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
UID=21844
ConceptID=C0042510
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Ventricular fibrillation</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>21844</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0042510</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>Fibrillation, Ventricular; Fibrillations, Ventricular; Ventricular Fibrillation; Ventricular Fibrillations</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Ventricular fibrillation (71908006); Cardiac arrest - ventricular fibrillation (71908006); VF - Ventricular fibrillation (71908006)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001663">HP:0001663</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0000190" target="_blank">MONDO:0000190</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Uncontrolled contractions of muscles fibers in the left ventricle not producing contraction of the left ventricle. Ventricular fibrillation usually begins with a ventricular premature contraction and a short run of rapid ventricular tachycardia degenerating into uncoordinating ventricular fibrillations. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0042510[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=21844">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=21844" ref="ncbi_uid=21844">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Ventricular fibrillation</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/232130" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Disorder by Site">Disorder by Site</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/2848" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Disorder of cardiovascular system">Disorder of cardiovascular system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/116727" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the cardiovascular system">Abnormality of the cardiovascular system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/869166" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal cardiovascular system physiology">Abnormal cardiovascular system physiology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1393551" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of cardiovascular system electrophysiology">Abnormality of cardiovascular system electrophysiology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/2039" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Cardiac arrhythmia">Cardiac arrhythmia</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Ventricular fibrillation</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_61231"><div><strong>Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>61231</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0175694</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a congenital multiple-anomaly / cognitive impairment syndrome caused by an abnormality in cholesterol metabolism resulting from deficiency of the enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) reductase. It is characterized by prenatal and postnatal growth restriction, microcephaly, moderate-to-severe intellectual disability, and multiple major and minor malformations. The malformations include distinctive facial features, cleft palate, cardiac defects, underdeveloped external genitalia in males, postaxial polydactyly, and 2-3 syndactyly of the toes. The clinical spectrum is wide; individuals with normal development and only minor malformations have been described.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/61231">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_331395"><div><strong>Timothy syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>331395</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1832916</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The clinical manifestations of CACNA1C-related disorders include a spectrum of nonsyndromic and syndromic phenotypes, which generally correlate with the impact of the pathogenic variant on calcium current. Phenotypes can include nonsyndromic long QT syndrome (rate-corrected QT [QTc] interval &gt;480 ms); nonsyndromic short QT syndrome (QTc &lt;350 ms), with risk of sudden death; Brugada syndrome (ST segment elevation in right precordial leads [V1-V2]) with short QT interval; classic Timothy syndrome (prolonged QT interval, autism, and congenital heart defect) with or without unilateral or bilateral cutaneous syndactyly variably involving fingers two (index), three (middle), four (ring), and five (little) and bilateral cutaneous syndactyly of toes two and three; and CACNA1C-related neurodevelopmental disorder, in which the features tend to favor one or more of the following: developmental delay / intellectual disability, hypotonia, epilepsy, and/or ataxia.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/331395">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_320273"><div><strong>Sick sinus syndrome 2, autosomal dominant</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>320273</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1834144</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Sick sinus syndrome (also known as sinus node dysfunction) is a group of related heart conditions that can affect how the heart beats. "Sick sinus" refers to the sino-atrial (SA) node, which is an area of specialized cells in the heart that functions as a natural pacemaker. The SA node generates electrical impulses that start each heartbeat. These signals travel from the SA node to the rest of the heart, signaling the heart (cardiac) muscle to contract and pump blood. In people with sick sinus syndrome, the SA node does not function normally. In some cases, it does not produce the right signals to trigger a regular heartbeat. In others, abnormalities disrupt the electrical impulses and prevent them from reaching the rest of the heart.\n\nSick sinus syndrome tends to cause the heartbeat to be too slow (bradycardia), although occasionally the heartbeat is too fast (tachycardia). In some cases, the heartbeat rapidly switches from being too fast to being too slow, a condition known as tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome. Symptoms related to abnormal heartbeats can include dizziness, light-headedness, fainting (syncope), a sensation of fluttering or pounding in the chest (palpitations), and confusion or memory problems. During exercise, many affected individuals experience chest pain, difficulty breathing, or excessive tiredness (fatigue). Once symptoms of sick sinus syndrome appear, they usually worsen with time. However, some people with the condition never experience any related health problems.\n\nSick sinus syndrome occurs most commonly in older adults, although it can be diagnosed in people of any age. The condition increases the risk of several life-threatening problems involving the heart and blood vessels. These include a heart rhythm abnormality called atrial fibrillation, heart failure, cardiac arrest, and stroke.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/320273">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_331754"><div><strong>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 10</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>331754</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1834460</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Any hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the MYL2 gene.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/331754">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_324806"><div><strong>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 8</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>324806</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1837471</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Any hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the MYL3 gene.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/324806">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_336069"><div><strong>Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 8</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>336069</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1843896</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">ARVD8 is characterized by progressive degeneration of the right ventricular myocardium. Patients may experience life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias and show depolarization, conduction, and repolarization defects on electrocardiography (Rampazzo et al., 2002).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of ARVD, see 107970.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/336069">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_337919"><div><strong>Lethal congenital glycogen storage disease of heart</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>337919</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1849813</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A rare glycogen storage disease with fetal or neonatal onset of severe cardiomyopathy with non-lysosomal glycogen accumulation and fatal outcome in infancy. Patients present with massive cardiomegaly, severe cardiac and respiratory complications and failure to thrive. Non-specific facial dysmorphism, bilateral cataracts, macroglossia, hydrocephalus, enlarged kidneys and skeletal muscle involvement have been reported in some cases.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/337919">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_349087"><div><strong>Long QT syndrome 3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>349087</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1859062</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital long QT syndrome is electrocardiographically characterized by a prolonged QT interval and polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias (torsade de pointes). These cardiac arrhythmias may result in recurrent syncope, seizure, or sudden death (Jongbloed et al., 1999).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of long QT syndrome, see LQT1 (192500).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/349087">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_350526"><div><strong>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 4</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>350526</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1861862</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">While most people with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are symptom-free or have only mild symptoms, this condition can have serious consequences. It can cause abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) that may be life threatening. People with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have an increased risk of sudden death, even if they have no other symptoms of the condition. A small number of affected individuals develop potentially fatal heart failure, which may require heart transplantation.\n\nNonfamilial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy tends to be milder. This form typically begins later in life than familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and affected individuals have a lower risk of serious cardiac events and sudden death than people with the familial form.\n\nThe symptoms of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are variable, even within the same family. Many affected individuals have no symptoms. Other people with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may experience chest pain; shortness of breath, especially with physical exertion; a sensation of fluttering or pounding in the chest (palpitations); lightheadedness; dizziness; and fainting.\n\nIn familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiac thickening usually occurs in the interventricular septum, which is the muscular wall that separates the lower left chamber of the heart (the left ventricle) from the lower right chamber (the right ventricle). In some people, thickening of the interventricular septum impedes the flow of oxygen-rich blood from the heart, which may lead to an abnormal heart sound during a heartbeat (heart murmur) and other signs and symptoms of the condition. Other affected individuals do not have physical obstruction of blood flow, but the pumping of blood is less efficient, which can also lead to symptoms of the condition. Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy often begins in adolescence or young adulthood, although it can develop at any time throughout life.\n\nHypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a heart condition characterized by thickening (hypertrophy) of the heart (cardiac) muscle. When multiple members of a family have the condition, it is known as familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy also occurs in people with no family history; these cases are considered nonfamilial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. </div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/350526">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_355890"><div><strong>Short QT syndrome type 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>355890</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1865019</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Short QT syndrome is a cardiac channelopathy associated with a predisposition to atrial fibrillation and sudden cardiac death. Patients have a structurally normal heart, but electrocardiography (ECG) exhibits abbreviated QTc (Bazett's corrected QT) intervals of less than 360 ms (summary by Moreno et al., 2015).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of short QT syndrome, see SQT1 (609620).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/355890">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_358092"><div><strong>Long QT syndrome 5</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>358092</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1867904</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital long QT syndrome is electrocardiographically characterized by a prolonged QT interval and polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias (torsade de pointes). These cardiac arrhythmias may result in recurrent syncope, seizure, or sudden death (Jongbloed et al., 1999).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of long QT syndrome, see LQT1 (192500).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/358092">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_382031"><div><strong>Brugada syndrome 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>382031</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2673193</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Brugada syndrome is characterized by cardiac conduction abnormalities (ST segment abnormalities in leads V1-V3 on EKG and a high risk for ventricular arrhythmias) that can result in sudden death. Brugada syndrome presents primarily during adulthood, although age at diagnosis may range from infancy to late adulthood. The mean age of sudden death is approximately 40 years. Clinical presentations may also include sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS; death of a child during the first year of life without an identifiable cause) and sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS), a typical presentation in individuals from Southeast Asia. Other conduction defects can include first-degree AV block, intraventricular conduction delay, right bundle branch block, and sick sinus syndrome.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/382031">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_436962"><div><strong>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 11</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>436962</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2677506</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An autosomal dominant subtype of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by mutation(s) in the ACTC1 gene, encoding actin, alpha cardiac muscle 1.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/436962">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_411607"><div><strong>Brugada syndrome 5</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>411607</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2748541</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Brugada syndrome is characterized by cardiac conduction abnormalities (ST segment abnormalities in leads V1-V3 on EKG and a high risk for ventricular arrhythmias) that can result in sudden death. Brugada syndrome presents primarily during adulthood, although age at diagnosis may range from infancy to late adulthood. The mean age of sudden death is approximately 40 years. Clinical presentations may also include sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS; death of a child during the first year of life without an identifiable cause) and sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS), a typical presentation in individuals from Southeast Asia. Other conduction defects can include first-degree AV block, intraventricular conduction delay, right bundle branch block, and sick sinus syndrome.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/411607">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_442487"><div><strong>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 13</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>442487</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2750472</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Any hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the TNNC1 gene.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/442487">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_413473"><div><strong>Brugada syndrome 6</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>413473</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2751089</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Brugada syndrome is characterized by cardiac conduction abnormalities (ST segment abnormalities in leads V1-V3 on EKG and a high risk for ventricular arrhythmias) that can result in sudden death. Brugada syndrome presents primarily during adulthood, although age at diagnosis may range from infancy to late adulthood. The mean age of sudden death is approximately 40 years. Clinical presentations may also include sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS; death of a child during the first year of life without an identifiable cause) and sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS), a typical presentation in individuals from Southeast Asia. Other conduction defects can include first-degree AV block, intraventricular conduction delay, right bundle branch block, and sick sinus syndrome.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/413473">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_442823"><div><strong>Ventricular fibrillation, paroxysmal familial, 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>442823</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2751829</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Any ventricular fibrillation in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the DPP6 gene.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/442823">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_442824"><div><strong>Long QT syndrome 12</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>442824</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2751830</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) is electrocardiographically characterized by a prolonged QT interval and polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias (torsade de pointes). These cardiac arrhythmias may result in recurrent syncope, seizure, or sudden death (Jongbloed et al., 1999).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of long QT syndrome, see LQT1 (192500).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/442824">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_414502"><div><strong>Ventricular fibrillation, paroxysmal familial, type 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>414502</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2751898</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is said to cause more than 300,000 sudden deaths each year in the US alone. In approximately 5 to 12% of cases, there are no demonstrable cardiac or noncardiac causes to account for the episode, which is therefore classified as idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (IVF). Patients with a distinct form of VF called Brugada syndrome (see 601144) present with a characteristic electrocardiographic pattern, with right bundle branch block (RBBB) and elevation of ST segment in leads V1 to V3 and may account for 40 to 60% of all IVF cases (review by Chen et al., 1998). Mutations in the SCN5A gene were identified in patients with Brugada syndrome-1 (601144).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Paroxysmal Familial Ventricular Fibrillation&#13; Another familial form of VF (VF2; 612956) is caused by mutation in the DPP6 gene (126141) on chromosome 7q26.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/414502">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462104"><div><strong>Glycogen storage disease XV</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462104</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3150754</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Glycogen storage disease type 15 is an extremely rare genetic glycogen storage disease reported in one patient to date. Clinical signs included muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmia associated with accumulation of abnormal storage material in the heart and glycogen depletion in skeletal muscle.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462104">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462293"><div><strong>Long QT syndrome 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462293</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3150943</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital long QT syndrome is electrocardiographically characterized by a prolonged QT interval and polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias (torsade de pointes). These cardiac arrhythmias may result in recurrent syncope, seizure, or sudden death (Jongbloed et al., 1999).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of long QT syndrome, see LQT1 (192500).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462293">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462303"><div><strong>Long QT syndrome 6</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462303</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3150953</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital long QT syndrome is electrocardiographically characterized by a prolonged QT interval and polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias (torsade de pointes). These cardiac arrhythmias may result in recurrent syncope, seizure, or sudden death (Jongbloed et al., 1999).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of long QT syndrome, see LQT1 (192500).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462303">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462813"><div><strong>Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462813</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3151463</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is characterized by episodic syncope occurring during exercise or acute emotion. The underlying cause of these episodes is the onset of fast ventricular tachycardia (bidirectional or polymorphic). Spontaneous recovery may occur when these arrhythmias self-terminate. In other instances, ventricular tachycardia may degenerate into ventricular fibrillation and cause sudden death if cardiopulmonary resuscitation is not readily available. The mean onset of symptoms (usually a syncopal episode) is between age seven and 12 years; onset as late as the fourth decade of life has been reported. If untreated, CPVT is highly lethal, as approximately 30% of affected individuals experience at least one cardiac arrest and up to 80% have one or more syncopal spells. Sudden death may be the first manifestation of the disease.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462813">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_766961"><div><strong>Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 4</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>766961</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3554047</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is characterized by episodic syncope occurring during exercise or acute emotion. The underlying cause of these episodes is the onset of fast ventricular tachycardia (bidirectional or polymorphic). Spontaneous recovery may occur when these arrhythmias self-terminate. In other instances, ventricular tachycardia may degenerate into ventricular fibrillation and cause sudden death if cardiopulmonary resuscitation is not readily available. The mean onset of symptoms (usually a syncopal episode) is between age seven and 12 years; onset as late as the fourth decade of life has been reported. If untreated, CPVT is highly lethal, as approximately 30% of affected individuals experience at least one cardiac arrest and up to 80% have one or more syncopal spells. Sudden death may be the first manifestation of the disease.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/766961">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_864108"><div><strong>Long QT syndrome 14</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>864108</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4015671</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">LQT14 is a cardiac arrhythmia disorder characterized by ventricular arrhythmias, often life-threatening, occurring very early in life, frequent episodes of T-wave alternans, markedly prolonged QTc intervals, and intermittent 2:1 atrioventricular block (Crotti et al., 2013).&#13; Patients with LQT14, LQT15 (616249), or LQT16 (618782), resulting from mutation in calmodulin genes CALM1, CALM2 (114182), or CALM3 (114183), respectively, typically have a more severe phenotype, with earlier onset, profound QT prolongation, and a high predilection for cardiac arrest and sudden death, than patients with mutations in other genes (Boczek et al., 2016).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/864108">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_864132"><div><strong>Long QT syndrome 15</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>864132</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4015695</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">LQT15 is a cardiac arrhythmia disorder characterized by ventricular arrhythmias, often life-threatening, occurring very early in life, frequent episodes of T-wave alternans, markedly prolonged QTc intervals, and intermittent 2:1 atrioventricular block (Crotti et al., 2013).&#13; Patients with LQT14 (616247), LQT15, or LQT16 (618782), resulting from mutation in calmodulin genes CALM1 (114180), CALM2, or CALM3 (114183), respectively, typically have a more severe phenotype, with earlier onset, profound QT prolongation, and a high predilection for cardiac arrest and sudden death, than patients with mutations in other genes (Boczek et al., 2016).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/864132">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_906997"><div><strong>Linear skin defects with multiple congenital anomalies 3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>906997</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4225421</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Microphthalmia with linear skin defects (MLS) syndrome is characterized by unilateral or bilateral microphthalmia and/or anophthalmia and linear skin defects, usually involving the face and neck, which are present at birth and heal with age, leaving minimal residual scarring. Other findings can include a wide variety of other ocular abnormalities (e.g., corneal anomalies, orbital cysts, cataracts), central nervous system involvement (e.g., structural anomalies, developmental delay, infantile seizures), cardiac concerns (e.g., hypertrophic or oncocytic cardiomyopathy, atrial or ventricular septal defects, arrhythmias), short stature, diaphragmatic hernia, nail dystrophy, hearing impairment, and genitourinary malformations. Inter- and intrafamilial variability is described.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/906997">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1641146"><div><strong>Long QT syndrome 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1641146</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551647</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An autosomal dominant condition caused by mutation(s) in the KCNQ1 gene, encoding potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1. It is characterized by a prolonged QT interval that may result in torsade de pointes, ventricular fibrillation and/or sudden cardiac death.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1641146">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1646402"><div><strong>Brugada syndrome 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1646402</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551804</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Brugada syndrome is characterized by cardiac conduction abnormalities (ST segment abnormalities in leads V1-V3 on EKG and a high risk for ventricular arrhythmias) that can result in sudden death. Brugada syndrome presents primarily during adulthood, although age at diagnosis may range from infancy to late adulthood. The mean age of sudden death is approximately 40 years. Clinical presentations may also include sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS; death of a child during the first year of life without an identifiable cause) and sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS), a typical presentation in individuals from Southeast Asia. Other conduction defects can include first-degree AV block, intraventricular conduction delay, right bundle branch block, and sick sinus syndrome.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1646402">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1781114"><div><strong>Ventricular arrhythmias due to cardiac ryanodine receptor calcium release deficiency syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1781114</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5542154</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Ventricular arrhythmias due to cardiac ryanodine receptor calcium release deficiency syndrome (VACRDS) is characterized by syncope, cardiac arrest, and/or sudden unexpected death. Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation have been documented in these patients. Symptoms generally occur with physical activity or emotional stress, but unlike typical catecholaminergic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), arrhythmias are not reproducible on exercise stress testing or adrenaline challenge (Sun et al., 2021).&#13; Mutation in the RYR2 gene also causes catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia-1 (CPVT1; 604772).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1781114">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1798947"><div><strong>Recurrent metabolic encephalomyopathic crises-rhabdomyolysis-cardiac arrhythmia-intellectual disability syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1798947</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5567524</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">TANGO2 deficiency is characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, gait incoordination, speech difficulties, seizures, and hypothyroidism. Most individuals have TANGO2 spells, non-life-threatening paroxysmal worsening of baseline symptoms, including sudden onset of hypotonia, ataxia with loss of balance, head and body tilt, increased dysarthria, drooling, lethargy, and disorientation. In addition, life-threatening acute metabolic crises can occur, including rhabdomyolysis with elevated creatine phosphokinase and liver transaminases, hypoglycemia, prolonged QTc on EKG, ventricular arrhythmias, and/or cardiomyopathy.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1798947">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1802616"><div><strong>Cardiomyopathy, dilated, 2F</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1802616</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5676917</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Dilated cardiomyopathy-2F (CMD2F) is an autosomal recessive early-onset cardiomyopathy associated with refractory ventricular arrhythmias and severe heart failure requiring placement of a left ventricular assist device (Hakui et al., 2022).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of dilated cardiomyopathy, see 115200.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1802616">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1824077"><div><strong>Short QT syndrome 7</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1824077</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5774304</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Short QT syndrome-7 (SQT7) is characterized by a corrected QT interval of 370 ms or less and a J-point to T-peak less than 140 ms. Affected individuals may experience cardiac arrest and/or ventricular fibrillation at rest, and sudden death may occur. Affected children and most females are asymptomatic (Thorsen et al., 2017).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of short QT syndrome, see SQT1 (609620).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1824077">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_336069" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 8</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1646402" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Brugada syndrome 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_382031" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Brugada syndrome 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_411607" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Brugada syndrome 5</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_413473" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Brugada syndrome 6</a></div><div class="jig-moreless" data-jigconfig="class: 'moveDown', moreText: 'See full list (33)', lessText: 'Show less', nodeBefore: 0"><span id="clinMore">
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1802616" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cardiomyopathy, dilated, 2F</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462813" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 3</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_766961" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 4</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462104" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Glycogen storage disease XV</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_331754" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 10</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_436962" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 11</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_442487" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 13</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_350526" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 4</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_324806" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 8</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_337919" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Lethal congenital glycogen storage disease of heart</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_906997" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Linear skin defects with multiple congenital anomalies 3</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1641146" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Long QT syndrome 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_442824" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Long QT syndrome 12</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_864108" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Long QT syndrome 14</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_864132" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Long QT syndrome 15</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462293" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Long QT syndrome 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_349087" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Long QT syndrome 3</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_358092" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Long QT syndrome 5</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462303" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Long QT syndrome 6</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1798947" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Recurrent metabolic encephalomyopathic crises-rhabdomyolysis-cardiac arrhythmia-intellectual disability syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1824077" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Short QT syndrome 7</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_355890" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Short QT syndrome type 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_320273" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Sick sinus syndrome 2, autosomal dominant</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_61231" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_331395" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Timothy syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1781114" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ventricular arrhythmias due to cardiac ryanodine receptor calcium release deficiency syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_442823" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ventricular fibrillation, paroxysmal familial, 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_414502" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ventricular fibrillation, paroxysmal familial, type 1</a></div></span></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37257955">Multidisciplinary Critical Care Management of Electrical Storm: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Jentzer JC,
Noseworthy PA,
Kashou AH,
May AM,
Chrispin J,
Kabra R,
Arps K,
Blumer V,
Tisdale JE,
Solomon MA;
American College of Cardiology Critical Care Cardiology and Electrophysiology Sections</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Am Coll Cardiol</span>
2023 Jun 6;81(22):2189-2206.
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.424.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37257955" target="_blank">37257955</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10683004" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36017572">2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zeppenfeld K,
Tfelt-Hansen J,
de Riva M,
Winkel BG,
Behr ER,
Blom NA,
Charron P,
Corrado D,
Dagres N,
de Chillou C,
Eckardt L,
Friede T,
Haugaa KH,
Hocini M,
Lambiase PD,
Marijon E,
Merino JL,
Peichl P,
Priori SG,
Reichlin T,
Schulz-Menger J,
Sticherling C,
Tzeis S,
Verstrael A,
Volterrani M;
ESC Scientific Document Group</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur Heart J</span>
2022 Oct 21;43(40):3997-4126.
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36017572" target="_blank">36017572</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29097320">2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: Executive summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Al-Khatib SM,
Stevenson WG,
Ackerman MJ,
Bryant WJ,
Callans DJ,
Curtis AB,
Deal BJ,
Dickfeld T,
Field ME,
Fonarow GC,
Gillis AM,
Granger CB,
Hammill SC,
Hlatky MA,
Joglar JA,
Kay GN,
Matlock DD,
Myerburg RJ,
Page RL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Heart Rhythm</span>
2018 Oct;15(10):e190-e252.
Epub 2017 Oct 30
doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.10.035.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29097320" target="_blank">29097320</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22ventricular%20fibrillation%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (565)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37558303">Short-Coupled Ventricular Fibrillation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Steinberg C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Card Electrophysiol Clin</span>
2023 Sep;15(3):331-341.
Epub 2023 Jun 18
doi: 10.1016/j.ccep.2023.05.004.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37558303" target="_blank">37558303</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27830772">Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of exercise-induced arrhythmias.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Guasch E,
Mont L</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Nat Rev Cardiol</span>
2017 Feb;14(2):88-101.
Epub 2016 Nov 10
doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2016.173.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27830772" target="_blank">27830772</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26888446">Early Repolarization in Athletes: A Review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Aagaard P,
Baranowski B,
Aziz P,
Phelan D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol</span>
2016 Mar;9(3):e003577.
doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.115.003577.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26888446" target="_blank">26888446</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/17497257">Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tilz RR,
Fedele L,
Satomi K,
Kuck KH,
Antz M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Herz</span>
2007 May;32(3):233-9.
doi: 10.1007/s00059-007-2978-z.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/17497257" target="_blank">17497257</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/880140">Cardiac arrest.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sloman JG,
Ross DL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Aust Fam Physician</span>
1977 Apr;6(4):368, 371, 373-4, 377-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/880140" target="_blank">880140</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ventricular%20fibrillation%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (7240)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38548423">Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Belhassen B</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Heart Rhythm</span>
2024 Apr;21(4):509-511.
doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2024.01.012.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38548423" target="_blank">38548423</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37498247">Purkinje-Related Ventricular Tachycardia and Ventricular Fibrillation: Solved and Unsolved Questions.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Nogami A,
Komatsu Y,
Talib AK,
Phanthawimol W,
Naeemah QJ,
Haruna T,
Morishima I</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JACC Clin Electrophysiol</span>
2023 Oct;9(10):2172-2196.
Epub 2023 Jul 26
doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2023.05.040.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37498247" target="_blank">37498247</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29273208">Malignant Early Repolarization.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hanna EB,
LeLorier PA,
Tadin DM,
Ortiz RO,
Glancy DL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Cardiol</span>
2018 Feb 15;121(4):520-522.
Epub 2017 Nov 24
doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.11.019.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29273208" target="_blank">29273208</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/17497257">Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tilz RR,
Fedele L,
Satomi K,
Kuck KH,
Antz M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Herz</span>
2007 May;32(3):233-9.
doi: 10.1007/s00059-007-2978-z.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/17497257" target="_blank">17497257</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9429481">Ventricular fibrillation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Miracle V,
Sims JM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Nursing</span>
1997 Dec;27(12):64.
doi: 10.1097/00152193-199712000-00029.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/9429481" target="_blank">9429481</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ventricular%20fibrillation%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (5181)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38527130">Scrutinizing the Role of Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Has Clinical Practice Outpaced the Evidence?</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lüsebrink E,
Binzenhöfer L,
Hering D,
Villegas Sierra L,
Schrage B,
Scherer C,
Speidl WS,
Uribarri A,
Sabate M,
Noc M,
Sandoval E,
Erglis A,
Pappalardo F,
De Roeck F,
Tavazzi G,
Riera J,
Roncon-Albuquerque R Jr,
Meder B,
Luedike P,
Rassaf T,
Hausleiter J,
Hagl C,
Zimmer S,
Westermann D,
Combes A,
Zeymer U,
Massberg S,
Schäfer A,
Orban M,
Thiele H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Circulation</span>
2024 Mar 26;149(13):1033-1052.
Epub 2024 Mar 25
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067087.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38527130" target="_blank">38527130</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29730796">The Saga of Defibrillation Testing: When Less Is More.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gleva MJ,
Robinson M,
Poole J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Cardiol Rep</span>
2018 May 5;20(6):44.
doi: 10.1007/s11886-018-0987-6.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29730796" target="_blank">29730796</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27043165">Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kudenchuk PJ,
Brown SP,
Daya M,
Rea T,
Nichol G,
Morrison LJ,
Leroux B,
Vaillancourt C,
Wittwer L,
Callaway CW,
Christenson J,
Egan D,
Ornato JP,
Weisfeldt ML,
Stiell IG,
Idris AH,
Aufderheide TP,
Dunford JV,
Colella MR,
Vilke GM,
Brienza AM,
Desvigne-Nickens P,
Gray PC,
Gray R,
Seals N,
Straight R,
Dorian P;
Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">N Engl J Med</span>
2016 May 5;374(18):1711-22.
Epub 2016 Apr 4
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1514204.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27043165" target="_blank">27043165</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/11085972">Cardiovascular drugs. Dofetilide.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mounsey JP,
DiMarco JP</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Circulation</span>
2000 Nov 21;102(21):2665-70.
doi: 10.1161/01.cir.102.21.2665.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/11085972" target="_blank">11085972</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/10225249">Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pinski SL,
Fahy GJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Med</span>
1999 Apr;106(4):446-58.
doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00047-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/10225249" target="_blank">10225249</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ventricular%20fibrillation%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (6139)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28838364">Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Clinical Outcomes and Risk of Recurrence.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Saw J,
Humphries K,
Aymong E,
Sedlak T,
Prakash R,
Starovoytov A,
Mancini GBJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Am Coll Cardiol</span>
2017 Aug 29;70(9):1148-1158.
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.06.053.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28838364" target="_blank">28838364</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28238537">Defibrillation before EMS arrival in western Sweden.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Claesson A,
Herlitz J,
Svensson L,
Ottosson L,
Bergfeldt L,
Engdahl J,
Ericson C,
Sandén P,
Axelsson C,
Bremer A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Emerg Med</span>
2017 Aug;35(8):1043-1048.
Epub 2017 Feb 16
doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.02.030.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28238537" target="_blank">28238537</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27423412">J-Wave syndromes expert consensus conference report: Emerging concepts and gaps in knowledge.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Antzelevitch C,
Yan GX,
Ackerman MJ,
Borggrefe M,
Corrado D,
Guo J,
Gussak I,
Hasdemir C,
Horie M,
Huikuri H,
Ma C,
Morita H,
Nam GB,
Sacher F,
Shimizu W,
Viskin S,
Wilde AA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Heart Rhythm</span>
2016 Oct;13(10):e295-324.
Epub 2016 Jul 13
doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.05.024.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27423412" target="_blank">27423412</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5035208" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20828914">Global incidences of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and survival rates: Systematic review of 67 prospective studies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Berdowski J,
Berg RA,
Tijssen JG,
Koster RW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Resuscitation</span>
2010 Nov;81(11):1479-87.
Epub 2010 Sep 9
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.006.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20828914" target="_blank">20828914</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/10738477">Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">McR Meyer AD,
Cameron PA,
Smith KL,
McNeil JJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Med J Aust</span>
2000 Jan 17;172(2):73-6.
doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2000.tb139205.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/10738477" target="_blank">10738477</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ventricular%20fibrillation%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (5352)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33550818">Familial Evaluation in Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation: Diagnostic Yield and Significance of J Wave Syndromes.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mellor GJ,
Blom LJ,
Groeneveld SA,
Winkel BG,
Ensam B,
Bargehr J,
van Rees B,
Scrocco C,
Krapels IPC,
Volders PGA,
Tfelt-Hansen J,
Krahn AD,
Hassink RJ,
Behr ER</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol</span>
2021 Mar;14(3):e009089.
Epub 2021 Feb 7
doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.120.009089.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33550818" target="_blank">33550818</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32701367">Applicability of the MADIT-CRT Response Score for Prediction of Long-Term Clinical and Arrhythmic Events by QRS Morphology.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Younis A,
Goldenberg M,
Kutyifa V,
Polonsky B,
Mcnitt S,
Zareba W,
Golovchiner G,
Aktas MK,
Barsheshet A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol</span>
2020 Sep;13(9):e008499.
Epub 2020 Jul 23
doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.120.008499.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32701367" target="_blank">32701367</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28431071">J-Wave syndromes expert consensus conference report: Emerging concepts and gaps in knowledge.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Antzelevitch C,
Yan GX,
Ackerman MJ,
Borggrefe M,
Corrado D,
Guo J,
Gussak I,
Hasdemir C,
Horie M,
Huikuri H,
Ma C,
Morita H,
Nam GB,
Sacher F,
Shimizu W,
Viskin S,
Wilde AAM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Europace</span>
2017 Apr 1;19(4):665-694.
doi: 10.1093/europace/euw235.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28431071" target="_blank">28431071</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5834028" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28108086">Long term risk of Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern and syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kim SS,
Knight BP</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Trends Cardiovasc Med</span>
2017 May;27(4):260-268.
Epub 2016 Dec 5
doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2016.12.001.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28108086" target="_blank">28108086</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/19789399">Brain natriuretic peptide for the prediction of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias: a meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Scott PA,
Barry J,
Roberts PR,
Morgan JM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Heart Fail</span>
2009 Oct;11(10):958-66.
doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfp123.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/19789399" target="_blank">19789399</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ventricular%20fibrillation%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (4175)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37482919">Defibrillation strategies for refractory ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Abuelazm MT,
Ghanem A,
Katamesh BE,
Hassan AR,
Abdalshafy H,
Seri AR,
Awad AK,
Abdelnabi M,
Abdelazeem B</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol</span>
2023 Sep;28(5):e13075.
Epub 2023 Jul 22
doi: 10.1111/anec.13075.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37482919" target="_blank">37482919</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10475889" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35093388">Beta-blockers for the treatment of arrhythmias: Bisoprolol - a systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Muresan L,
Cismaru G,
Muresan C,
Rosu R,
Gusetu G,
Puiu M,
Mada RO,
Martins RP</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ann Pharm Fr</span>
2022 Sep;80(5):617-634.
Epub 2022 Jan 31
doi: 10.1016/j.pharma.2022.01.007.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35093388" target="_blank">35093388</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32205299">Cardiac radioablation-A systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">van der Ree MH,
Blanck O,
Limpens J,
Lee CH,
Balgobind BV,
Dieleman EMT,
Wilde AAM,
Zei PC,
de Groot JR,
Slotman BJ,
Cuculich PS,
Robinson CG,
Postema PG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Heart Rhythm</span>
2020 Aug;17(8):1381-1392.
Epub 2020 Mar 20
doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.03.013.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32205299" target="_blank">32205299</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20828914">Global incidences of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and survival rates: Systematic review of 67 prospective studies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Berdowski J,
Berg RA,
Tijssen JG,
Koster RW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Resuscitation</span>
2010 Nov;81(11):1479-87.
Epub 2010 Sep 9
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.006.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20828914" target="_blank">20828914</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20123673">Predictors of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sasson C,
Rogers MA,
Dahl J,
Kellermann AL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes</span>
2010 Jan;3(1):63-81.
Epub 2009 Nov 10
doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.889576.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20123673" target="_blank">20123673</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ventricular%20fibrillation%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (136)</a></div></div>
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<h2 class="offscreen_noflow">Supplemental Content</h2>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_113">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Table_of_contents">Table of contents</h1><a sid="113" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul id="my-toc"></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0042510%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (14)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0042510%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F9" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of select exons (1)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0042510%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (13)</a></li>
<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0042510%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (14)</a></total></li>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Ventricular%20fibrillation" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
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