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<meta name="keywords" content="C5774286, disease or syndrome, fgfr3, fgfr3-related lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome, lacrimoauriculodentodigital syndrome 2, ladd syndrome 2, ladd2, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Lacrimoauriculodentodigital syndrome-2 (LADD2) is a multiple congenital anomaly disorder mainly affecting lacrimal glands and ducts, salivary glands and ducts, ears, teeth, and distal limb segments (summary by Rohmann et al., 2006)." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
UID=1824059
ConceptID=C5774286
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Lacrimoauriculodentodigital syndrome 2<span class="h1sub">(LADD2)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1824059</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5774286</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>FGFR3-Related Lacrimo-Auriculo-Dento-Digital Syndrome; LADD SYNDROME 2; LADD2</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="FGFR3 - ID: 2261 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/2261" class="medgenPMinfo">FGFR3</a> (4p16.3)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0859577" target="_blank">MONDO:0859577</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/620192" target="_blank">620192</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Lacrimoauriculodentodigital syndrome-2 (LADD2) is a multiple congenital anomaly disorder mainly affecting lacrimal glands and ducts, salivary glands and ducts, ears, teeth, and distal limb segments (summary by Rohmann et al., 2006). [from <a title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" href="http://www.omim.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">OMIM</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_107901"><div><strong>Thumb deformity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107901</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0575897</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormal structure of the first digit of the hand.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107901">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Thumb%20deformity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20107901%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_892306"><div><strong>Duplication of thumb phalanx</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>892306</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4021370</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Complete or partial duplication of the phalanges of the thumb. Depending on the severity, the appearance on x-ray can vary from a notched phalanx (the duplicated bone is almost completely fused with the phalanx), a partially fused appearance of the two bones (bifid), two separate bones appearing side to side, or completely duplicated phalanges (proximal and distal phalanx of the thumb and/or 1st metacarpal). In contrast to the phalanges of the digits 2-5 (proximal, middle and distal), the proximal phalanx of the thumb is embryologically equivalent to the middle phalanges of the other digits, whereas the first metacarpal is embryologically of phalangeal origin and as such equivalent to the proximal phalanges of the other digits.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/892306">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Duplication%20of%20thumb%20phalanx%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20892306%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_57535"><div><strong>Microtia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>57535</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0152423</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Underdevelopment of the external ear.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/57535">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Microtia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2057535%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_235586"><div><strong>Hearing impairment</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>235586</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1384666</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A decreased magnitude of the sensory perception of sound.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/235586">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hearing%20impairment%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20235586%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_335186"><div><strong>Cupped ear</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>335186</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1845447</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Laterally protruding ear that lacks antihelical folding (including absence of inferior and superior crura).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/335186">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cupped%20ear%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20335186%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1093"><div><strong>Conjunctivitis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1093</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0009763</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Inflammation of the conjunctiva.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1093">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Conjunctivitis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201093%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_8288"><div><strong>Carious teeth</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>8288</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0011334</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Caries is a multifactorial bacterial infection affecting the structure of the tooth. This term has been used to describe the presence of more than expected dental caries.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/8288">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Carious%20teeth%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%208288%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_43794"><div><strong>Hypodontia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>43794</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0020608</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Tooth agenesis in some form is a common human anomaly that affects approximately 20% of the population. Although tooth agenesis is associated with numerous syndromes, several case reports describe nonsyndromic forms that are either sporadic or familial in nature, as reviewed by Gorlin et al. (1990). The incidence of familial tooth agenesis varies with each class of teeth. Most commonly affected are third molars (wisdom teeth), followed by either upper lateral incisors or lower second premolars; agenesis involving first and second molars is very rare. Also see 114600 and 302400.&#13; Selective tooth agenesis without associated systemic disorders has sometimes been divided into 2 types: oligodontia, defined as agenesis of 6 or more permanent teeth, and hypodontia, defined as agenesis of less than 6 teeth. The number in both cases does not include absence of third molars (wisdom teeth). Faulty use of the terms, however, have confounded their use. The term 'partial anodontia' is obsolete (Salinas, 1978).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Selective Tooth Agenesis&#13; Other forms of selective tooth agenesis include STHAG2 (602639), mapped to chromosome 16q12; STHAG3 (604625), caused by mutation in the PAX9 gene (167416) on chromosome 14q12; STHAG4 (150400), caused by mutation in the WNT10A gene (606268) on chromosome 2q35; STHAG5 (610926), mapped to chromosome 10q11; STHAG7 (616724), caused by mutation in the LRP6 gene (603507) on chromosome 12p13; STHAG8 (617073), caused by mutation in the WNT10B gene (601906) on chromosome 12q13; STHAG9 (617275), caused by mutation in the GREM2 gene (608832) on chromosome 1q43; STHAG10 (620173), caused by mutation in the TSPEAR gene (612920) on chromosome 21q22; and STHAGX1 (313500), caused by mutation in the EDA gene (300451) on chromosome Xq13.&#13; A type of selective tooth agenesis that was formerly designated STHAG6 has been incorporated into the dental anomalies and short stature syndrome (DASS; 601216).&#13; Of 34 unrelated patients with nonsyndromic tooth agenesis, van den Boogaard et al. (2012) found that 56% (19 patients) had mutations in the WNT10A gene (STHAG4), whereas only 3% and 9% had mutations in the MSX1 (STHAG1) and PAX9 (STHAG3) genes, respectively. The authors concluded that WNT10A is a major gene in the etiology of isolated hypodontia.&#13; Genotype-Phenotype Correlations&#13; Yu et al. (2016) observed that the most frequently missing permanent teeth in WNT10B-associated oligodontia were the lateral incisors (83.3%), whereas premolars were missing only 51.4% of the time, which they noted was a pattern 'clearly different' from the oligodontia patterns resulting from WNT10A mutations. They also stated that the selective pattern in WNT10B mutants was different from that associated with mutations in other genes, such as MSX1, in which second premolars are missing, and PAX9, in which there is agenesis of molars.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/43794">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypodontia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2043794%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_66008"><div><strong>Microdontia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66008</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0240340</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Decreased size of the teeth, which can be defined as a mesiodistal tooth diameter (width) more than 2 SD below mean. Alternatively, an apparently decreased maximum width of tooth.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66008">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Microdontia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2066008%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_82730"><div><strong>Conical tooth</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>82730</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0266037</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormal conical form of the teeth, that is, a tooth whose sides converge or taper together incisally.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/82730">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Conical%20tooth%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2082730%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_576318"><div><strong>Lacrimal duct atresia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>576318</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0344511</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A developmental disorder of the lacrimal drainage system that most often affects the lacrimal ostium and resulting in non-opening of the nasolacrimal duct. It usually results from a non-canalization of the nasolacrimal duct.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/576318">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Lacrimal%20duct%20atresia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20576318%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_356683"><div><strong>Absent lacrimal punctum</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>356683</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1867060</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">No identifiable superior and/or inferior lacrimal punctum.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/356683">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Absent%20lacrimal%20punctum%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20356683%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_870330"><div><strong>Lacrimal duct aplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>870330</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4024773</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A congenital defect resulting in absence of the lacrimal duct.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/870330">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Lacrimal%20duct%20aplasia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20870330%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_87488"><div><strong>Alacrima</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>87488</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0344505</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Absence of tear secretion.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/87488">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Alacrima%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2087488%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of head or neck</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_356683" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Absent lacrimal punctum</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_8288" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Carious teeth</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_82730" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Conical tooth</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_43794" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypodontia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_870330" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Lacrimal duct aplasia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_576318" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Lacrimal duct atresia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_66008" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Microdontia</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of limbs</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_892306" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Duplication of thumb phalanx</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_107901" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Thumb deformity</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the eye</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_87488" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Alacrima</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the immune system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1093" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Conjunctivitis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Ear malformation</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_335186" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cupped ear</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_235586" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hearing impairment</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_57535" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Microtia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0265269[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=78545">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=78545" target="_blank" href="/omim/149730">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=78545" ref="ncbi_uid=78545">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/78545" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=78545&amp;link_uid=78545" title="View MedGen record for 'Levy-Hollister syndrome'">Levy-Hollister syndrome</a></span><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=1824059" target="_blank" href="/omim/134934">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=1824059" ref="ncbi_uid=1824059">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Lacrimoauriculodentodigital syndrome 2</span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=1824060" target="_blank" href="/omim/602115">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=1824060" ref="ncbi_uid=1824060">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1824060" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=1824060&amp;link_uid=1824060" title="View MedGen record for 'Lacrimoauriculodentodigital syndrome 3'">Lacrimoauriculodentodigital syndrome 3</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C5774323[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=1824096">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=1824096" target="_blank" href="/omim/176943">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=1824096" ref="ncbi_uid=1824096">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1824096" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=1824096&amp;link_uid=1824096" title="View MedGen record for 'LADD syndrome 1'">LADD syndrome 1</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1842337" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for EEC syndrome and related syndrome">EEC syndrome and related syndrome</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/78545" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Levy-Hollister syndrome">Levy-Hollister syndrome</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Lacrimoauriculodentodigital syndrome 2</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25598100">Early versus delayed surgical correction of malrotation in children with critical congenital heart disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sulkowski JP,
Cooper JN,
Duggan EM,
Balci O,
Anandalwar S,
Blakely ML,
Heiss K,
Rangel SJ,
Minneci PC,
Deans KJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Surg</span>
2015 Jan;50(1):86-91.
Epub 2014 Oct 22
doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.10.006.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25598100" target="_blank">25598100</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4298705" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21911959">Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mathrawala NR,
Hegde RJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent</span>
2011 Apr-Jun;29(2):168-70.
doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.84693.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21911959" target="_blank">21911959</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Lacrimoauriculodentodigital%20syndrome%202%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32715658">Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome: A novel mutation in a Korean family and review of literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ryu YH,
Kyun Chae J,
Kim JW,
Lee S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Mol Genet Genomic Med</span>
2020 Oct;8(10):e1412.
Epub 2020 Jul 26
doi: 10.1002/mgg3.1412.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32715658" target="_blank">32715658</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7549548" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28043400">Dental issues in lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome: An autosomal dominant condition with clinical and genetic variability.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hajianpour MJ,
Bombei H,
Lieberman SM,
Revell R,
Krishna R,
Gregorsok R,
Kao S,
Milunsky JM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Am Dent Assoc</span>
2017 Mar;148(3):157-163.
Epub 2016 Dec 30
doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2016.11.016.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28043400" target="_blank">28043400</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25598100">Early versus delayed surgical correction of malrotation in children with critical congenital heart disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sulkowski JP,
Cooper JN,
Duggan EM,
Balci O,
Anandalwar S,
Blakely ML,
Heiss K,
Rangel SJ,
Minneci PC,
Deans KJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Surg</span>
2015 Jan;50(1):86-91.
Epub 2014 Oct 22
doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.10.006.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25598100" target="_blank">25598100</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4298705" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21911959">Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mathrawala NR,
Hegde RJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent</span>
2011 Apr-Jun;29(2):168-70.
doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.84693.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21911959" target="_blank">21911959</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Lacrimoauriculodentodigital%20syndrome%202%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (4)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21911959">Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mathrawala NR,
Hegde RJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent</span>
2011 Apr-Jun;29(2):168-70.
doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.84693.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21911959" target="_blank">21911959</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Lacrimoauriculodentodigital%20syndrome%202%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21911959">Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mathrawala NR,
Hegde RJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent</span>
2011 Apr-Jun;29(2):168-70.
doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.84693.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21911959" target="_blank">21911959</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Lacrimoauriculodentodigital%20syndrome%202%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div></div>
</div>
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<h2 class="offscreen_noflow">Supplemental Content</h2>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Table_of_contents">Table of contents</h1><a sid="113" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul id="my-toc"></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_resources">Clinical resources</h1><a sid="119" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=620192" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Lacrimoauriculodentodigital%20syndrome%202" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Molecular_resources">Molecular resources</h1><a sid="115" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="http://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=134934" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=2261[geneid]" target="_blank">View FGFR3 variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/nuccore/255522834" target="_blank">RefSeqGene</a></li><li><a href="https://catalog.coriell.org/Search?q=620192" target="_blank">Coriell Institute for Medical Research</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Consumer_resources">Consumer resources</h1><a sid="116" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/lacrimoauriculodentodigital_syndrome_2" target="_blank">MalaCards</a></li><li><a href="https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&amp;query=Lacrimoauriculodentodigital%20syndrome%202" target="_blank">MedlinePlus</a></li></ul></div>
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