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<meta name="keywords" content="C5574682, anterior megalophthalmos, congenital abnormality, congenital macrocornea, congenital megalocornea, cornea enlarged, enlarged cornea, increased corneal diameter, macrocornea, megalocornea, megalocornea (disease), mgc1, mgcn, mgcn - megalocornea, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Megalocornea is an inherited eye disorder in which the corneal diameter is bilaterally enlarged (greater than 13 mm) without an increase in intraocular pressure. It may also be referred to as 'anterior megalophthalmos,' since the entire anterior segment is larger than normal. Features of megalocornea in addition to a deep anterior chamber include astigmatic refractive errors, atrophy of the iris stroma, miosis secondary to decreased function of the dilator muscle, iridodonesis, and tremulousness, subluxation, or dislocation of the lens. Whereas most affected individuals exhibit normal ocular function, complications include cataract development and glaucoma following lenticular dislocation or subluxation. X-linked recessive inheritance is the most common pattern, accounting for the male preponderance of the disorder (summary by Skuta et al., 1983).&#13; Megalocornea sometimes occurs as part of the Marfan syndrome (154700).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Megalocornea&#13; Autosomal recessive megalocornea has been reported (249300)." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
UID=1807965
ConceptID=C5574682
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Megalocornea<span class="h1sub">(MGC1)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1807965</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5574682</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
<td>MGCN</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Megalocornea (268158009); Congenital macrocornea (268158009); Cornea enlarged (268158009); Enlarged cornea (268158009); MGCN - Megalocornea (268158009); Congenital megalocornea (268158009)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-related">Related gene:<img src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div id="target-gene-related" class="display-none">
Gene(s) associated with related conditions. For conditions<br />
in a hierarchy, the parent condition will list the genes<br />
associated with the children conditions.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" href="/gene/91851">CHRDL1</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000485">HP:0000485</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0009576" target="_blank">MONDO:0009576</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/249300" target="_blank">249300</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Megalocornea is an inherited eye disorder in which the corneal diameter is bilaterally enlarged (greater than 13 mm) without an increase in intraocular pressure. It may also be referred to as 'anterior megalophthalmos,' since the entire anterior segment is larger than normal. Features of megalocornea in addition to a deep anterior chamber include astigmatic refractive errors, atrophy of the iris stroma, miosis secondary to decreased function of the dilator muscle, iridodonesis, and tremulousness, subluxation, or dislocation of the lens. Whereas most affected individuals exhibit normal ocular function, complications include cataract development and glaucoma following lenticular dislocation or subluxation. X-linked recessive inheritance is the most common pattern, accounting for the male preponderance of the disorder (summary by Skuta et al., 1983).&#13; Megalocornea sometimes occurs as part of the Marfan syndrome (154700).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Megalocornea&#13; Autosomal recessive megalocornea has been reported (249300). [from <a title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" href="http://www.omim.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">OMIM</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C5574682[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=1807965">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=1807965" target="_blank" href="/omim/249300">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=1807965" ref="ncbi_uid=1807965">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Megalocornea</span><ul><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C4518341[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=1385311">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=1385311" ref="ncbi_uid=1385311">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1385311" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=1385311&amp;link_uid=1385311" title="View MedGen record for 'Isolated congenital megalocornea'">Isolated congenital megalocornea</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867443" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Phenotypic abnormality">Phenotypic abnormality</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1370071" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the eye">Abnormality of the eye</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/868526" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal eye morphology">Abnormal eye morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870894" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal anterior eye segment morphology">Abnormal anterior eye segment morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/383737" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal cornea morphology">Abnormal cornea morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/871314" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of corneal size">Abnormality of corneal size</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Megalocornea</span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1385311" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Isolated congenital megalocornea">Isolated congenital megalocornea</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_59797"><div><strong>Dubowitz syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>59797</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0175691</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Dubowitz syndrome (DS) is a rare multiple congenital syndrome characterized primarly by growth retardation, microcephaly, distinctive facial dysmorphism, cutaneous eczema, a mild to severe intellectual deficit and genital abnormalities.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/59797">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_124386"><div><strong>Pupillary membrane, persistence of</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>124386</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0271130</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/124386">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_98034"><div><strong>GAPO syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98034</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0406723</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">GAPO syndrome is the acronymic designation for a complex of growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia (failure of tooth eruption), and progressive optic atrophy (Tipton and Gorlin, 1984). Ilker et al. (1999) and Bayram et al. (2014) noted that optic atrophy is not a consistent feature of the disorder.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98034">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_163198"><div><strong>Fine-Lubinsky syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>163198</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0795941</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Syndrome with characteristics of psychomotor delay, brachycephaly with flat face, small nose, microstomia, cleft palate, cataract, hearing loss, hypoplastic scrotum and digital anomalies. Less than 10 patients have been described in the literature so far. Although the majority of reported cases were sporadic, the syndrome has been reported in one pair of siblings (a brother and sister) with an apparently autosomal recessive inheritance pattern.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/163198">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_162904"><div><strong>Megalocornea-intellectual disability syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>162904</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0796086</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The cardinal findings of Neuhauser syndrome, also known as MMR syndrome, are impaired intellectual development or developmental delay, megalocornea, hypotonia, prominent forehead, micrognathia, prominent nasal bridge, and thin upper lip or carp-like mouth (Naritomi et al., 1997).&#13; Reviews&#13; Gutierrez-Amavizca et al. (2013) reviewed published reports and tabulated the clinical features of 35 patients with Neuhauser syndrome. Primary megalocornea and psychomotor delay were present in all patients. Characteristics observed in more than half of patients included hypotonia, growth retardation, abnormal electroencephalography (EEG) and/or seizures, micro- or macrocephaly, brain malformations such as cerebral atrophy and hypoplastic corpus callosum, craniofacial dysmorphisms, cardiac anomalies, osteoarticular abnormalities, and refractive errors. Additional features found at low frequency included primary hypothyroidism, recurrent infections, feeding difficulties, cerebral hypomyelination, dyslipidemia, sensorineural deafness, laryngomalacia, large fleshy and cup-shaped ears, obesity, and cryptorchidism. The authors stated that the classification suggested by Verloes et al. (1993) did not seem to be applicable, and proposed that the diagnosis of Neuhauser syndrome should be made in the presence of intellectual disability and megalocornea in the absence of elevated intraocular pressure, with at least 1 minor feature from among those observed in more than half of patients.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/162904">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_923028"><div><strong>Elsahy-Waters syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>923028</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0809936</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The core phenotype of Elsahy-Waters syndrome consists of brachycephaly, facial asymmetry, marked hypertelorism, proptosis, blepharochalasis, midface hypoplasia, broad nose with concave nasal ridge, and prognathism; radicular dentin dysplasia with consequent obliterated pulp chambers, apical translucent cysts, recurrent infections, and early loss of teeth; vertebral fusions, particularly at C2-C3; and moderate mental retardation. Skin wrinkling over the glabellar region seems common, and in males, hypospadias has always been present. Inter- and intrafamilial variability has been reported regarding the presence of vertebral fusions, hearing loss, and dentigerous cysts. Midface hypoplasia, facial asymmetry, progressive dental anomalies, and impaired cognitive development become more evident in adulthood (summary by Castori et al., 2010).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/923028">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_164212"><div><strong>SHORT syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>164212</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0878684</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">SHORT syndrome is a mnemonic for short stature, hyperextensibility, ocular depression (deeply set eyes), Rieger anomaly, and teething delay. It is now recognized that the features most consistently observed in SHORT syndrome are mild intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR); mild to moderate short stature; partial lipodystrophy (evident in the face, and later in the chest and upper extremities, often sparing the buttocks and legs); and a characteristic facial gestalt. Insulin resistance may be evident in mid-childhood or adolescence, although diabetes mellitus typically does not develop until early adulthood. Other frequent features include Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly or related ocular anterior chamber dysgenesis, delayed dentition and other dental issues, and sensorineural hearing loss.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/164212">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_231230"><div><strong>Revesz syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>231230</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1327916</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Dyskeratosis congenita and related telomere biology disorders (DC/TBD) are caused by impaired telomere maintenance resulting in short or very short telomeres. The phenotypic spectrum of telomere biology disorders is broad and includes individuals with classic dyskeratosis congenita (DC) as well as those with very short telomeres and an isolated physical finding. Classic DC is characterized by a triad of dysplastic nails, lacy reticular pigmentation of the upper chest and/or neck, and oral leukoplakia, although this may not be present in all individuals. People with DC/TBD are at increased risk for progressive bone marrow failure (BMF), myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myelogenous leukemia, solid tumors (usually squamous cell carcinoma of the head/neck or anogenital cancer), and pulmonary fibrosis. Other findings can include eye abnormalities (epiphora, blepharitis, sparse eyelashes, ectropion, entropion, trichiasis), taurodontism, liver disease, gastrointestinal telangiectasias, and avascular necrosis of the hips or shoulders. Although most persons with DC/TBD have normal psychomotor development and normal neurologic function, significant developmental delay is present in both forms; additional findings include cerebellar hypoplasia (Hoyeraal Hreidarsson syndrome) and bilateral exudative retinopathy and intracranial calcifications (Revesz syndrome and Coats plus syndrome). Onset and progression of manifestations of DC/TBD vary: at the mild end of the spectrum are those who have only minimal physical findings with normal bone marrow function, and at the severe end are those who have the diagnostic triad and early-onset BMF.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/231230">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_331604"><div><strong>Ophthalmomandibulomelic dysplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>331604</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1833872</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Complete blindness due to corneal opacities, difficult mastication due to temporomandibular fusion and anomalies of the arms. Micrognathia, shortening and bowing of the forearm, ulnar deviation and bowed radius, short fibula, genu valgum and coxa vara have been reported. Intelligence is normal. The causative gene has not yet been identified. Autosomal dominant inheritance has been suggested.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/331604">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_332131"><div><strong>Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>332131</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836123</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome (GOSHS) is an autosomal recessive multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by impaired intellectual development, microcephaly, and dysmorphic facial features. Most patients also have Hirschsprung disease and/or gyral abnormalities of the brain, consistent with defects in migration of neural crest cells and neurons. Other features, such as megalocornea or urogenital anomalies, may also be present. Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome has some resemblance to Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MOWS; 235730) but is genetically distinct (summary by Drevillon et al., 2013).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/332131">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_383652"><div><strong>Frank-Ter Haar syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>383652</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1855305</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The primary characteristics of the Frank-ter Haar syndrome (FTHS) are brachycephaly, wide fontanels, prominent forehead, hypertelorism, prominent eyes, macrocornea with or without glaucoma, full cheeks, small chin, bowing of the long bones, and flexion deformity of the fingers. Protruding, simple ears and prominent coccyx are also regarded as important diagnostic signs (summary by Maas et al., 2004).&#13; Borrone syndrome was described as a severe progressive multisystem disorder with features overlapping those of FTHS, including thick skin, acne conglobata, osteolysis, gingival hypertrophy, brachydactyly, camptodactyly, and mitral valve prolapse. Although it was initially thought to be a distinct phenotype, mutations in the FTHS-associated gene SH3PXD2B have been identified in patients diagnosed with Borrone syndrome. The earlier differential description was attributed to phenotypic variability as well as to differences in the ages at which patients were examined (Wilson et al., 2014).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/383652">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_435914"><div><strong>Mucolipidosis type II</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>435914</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2673377</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">GNPTAB-related disorders comprise the phenotypes mucolipidosis II (ML II) and mucolipidosis IIIa/ß (ML IIIa/ß), and phenotypes intermediate between ML II and ML IIIa/ß. ML II is evident at birth and slowly progressive; death most often occurs in early childhood. Orthopedic abnormalities present at birth may include thoracic deformity, kyphosis, clubfeet, deformed long bones, and/or dislocation of the hip(s). Growth often ceases in the second year of life; contractures develop in all large joints. The skin is thickened, facial features are coarse, and gingiva are hypertrophic. All children have cardiac involvement, most commonly thickening and insufficiency of the mitral valve and, less frequently, the aortic valve. Progressive mucosal thickening narrows the airways, and gradual stiffening of the thoracic cage contributes to respiratory insufficiency, the most common cause of death. ML IIIa/ß becomes evident at about age three years with slow growth rate and short stature; joint stiffness and pain initially in the shoulders, hips, and fingers; gradual mild coarsening of facial features; and normal to mildly impaired cognitive development. Pain from osteoporosis becomes more severe during adolescence. Cardiorespiratory complications (restrictive lung disease, thickening and insufficiency of the mitral and aortic valves, left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy) are common causes of death, typically in early to middle adulthood. Phenotypes intermediate between ML II and ML IIIa/ß are characterized by physical growth in infancy that resembles that of ML II and neuromotor and speech development that resemble that of ML IIIa/ß.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/435914">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462869"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462869</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3151519</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy caused by mutations in the POMGNT1 gene. It is associated with characteristic brain and eye malformations, profound mental retardation, and death usually in the first years of life.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462869">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_479768"><div><strong>Fibrochondrogenesis 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>479768</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3278138</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Fibrochondrogenesis is a severe, autosomal recessive, short-limbed skeletal dysplasia clinically characterized by a flat midface with a small nose and anteverted nares, significant shortening of all limb segments but relatively normal hands and feet, and a small bell-shaped thorax with a protuberant abdomen. Radiographically, the long bones are short and have broad metaphyseal ends, giving them a dumb-bell shape. The vertebral bodies are flat and, on lateral view, have a distinctive pinched appearance, with a hypoplastic posterior end and a rounded anterior end. The ribs are typically short and wide and have metaphyseal cupping at both ends (summary by Tompson et al., 2010).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Fibrochondrogenesis&#13; Fibrochondrogenesis-2 (FBCG2; 614524) is caused by mutation in the COL11A2 gene (120290) on chromosome 6p21.3.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/479768">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_481641"><div><strong>Brittle cornea syndrome 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>481641</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3280011</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Brittle cornea syndrome (BCS) is characterized by blue sclerae, corneal rupture after minor trauma, keratoconus or keratoglobus, hyperelasticity of the skin, and hypermobility of the joints (Al-Hussain et al., 2004). It is classified as a form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (Malfait et al., 2017).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of brittle cornea syndrome, see BCS1 (229200).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/481641">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_761238"><div><strong>Microspherophakia and/or megalocornea, with ectopia lentis and with or without secondary glaucoma</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>761238</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3538951</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/761238">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_811487"><div><strong>Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome type 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>811487</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3714873</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder of morphogenesis that results in abnormal development of the anterior segment of the eye, and results in blindness from glaucoma in approximately 50% of affected individuals (Fitch and Kaback, 1978). Systemic anomalies are associated, including dental hypoplasia, failure of involution of periumbilical skin, and maxillary hypoplasia (Alkemade, 1969).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome&#13; Linkage studies indicate that a second type of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome maps to chromosome 13q14 (RIEG2; 601499). A third form of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (RIEG3; 602482) is caused by mutation in the FOXC1 gene (601090) on chromosome 6p25.&#13; See 109120 for a form of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome associated with partially absent eye muscles, hydrocephalus, and skeletal abnormalities.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/811487">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_924974"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>924974</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4284790</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A), which includes both the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB), is a genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder with characteristic brain and eye malformations, profound mental retardation, congenital muscular dystrophy, and early death. The phenotype commonly includes cobblestone (type II) lissencephaly, cerebellar malformations, and retinal malformations. More variable features include macrocephaly or microcephaly, hypoplasia of midline brain structures, ventricular dilatation, microphthalmia, cleft lip/palate, and congenital contractures (Dobyns et al., 1989). Those with a more severe phenotype characterized as Walker-Warburg syndrome often die within the first year of life, whereas those characterized as having muscle-eye-brain disease may rarely acquire the ability to walk and to speak a few words. These are part of a group of disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of DAG1 (128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (Godfrey et al., 2007).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Congenital Muscular Dystrophy-Dystroglycanopathy with Brain and Eye Anomalies (Type A)&#13; Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A) is genetically heterogeneous and can be caused by mutation in other genes involved in DAG1 glycosylation: see MDDGA2 (613150), caused by mutation in the POMT2 gene (607439); MDDGA3 (253280), caused by mutation in the POMGNT1 gene (606822); MDDGA4 (253800), caused by mutation in the FKTN gene (607440); MDDGA5 (613153), caused by mutation in the FKRP gene (606596); MDDGA6 (613154), caused by mutation in the LARGE gene (603590); MDDGA7 (614643), caused by mutation in the ISPD gene (CRPPA; 614631); MDDGA8 (614830) caused by mutation in the GTDC2 gene (POMGNT2; 614828); MDDGA9 (616538), caused by mutation in the DAG1 gene (128239); MDDGA10 (615041), caused by mutation in the TMEM5 gene (RXYLT1; 605862); MDDGA11 (615181), caused by mutation in the B3GALNT2 gene (610194); MDDGA12 (615249), caused by mutation in the SGK196 gene (POMK; 615247); MDDGA13 (615287), caused by mutation in the B3GNT1 gene (B4GAT1; 605517); and MDDGA14 (615350), caused by mutation in the GMPPB gene (615320).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/924974">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_934606"><div><strong>Glaucoma 3, primary congenital, E</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>934606</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4310639</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), enlargement of the globe (buphthalmos), edema, and opacification of the cornea with rupture of Descemet's membrane (Haab's striae), thinning of the anterior sclera and iris atrophy, anomalously deep anterior chamber, and structurally normal posterior segment except for progressive glaucomatous optic atrophy. Symptoms include photophobia, blepharospasm, and excessive tearing. Typically, the diagnosis is made in the first year of life. Depending on when treatment is instituted, visual acuity may be reduced and/or visual fields may be restricted. In untreated individuals, blindness invariably occurs.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/934606">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1385311"><div><strong>Isolated congenital megalocornea</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1385311</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4518341</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Isolated congenital megalocornea is a genetic, non-syndromic developmental defect of the anterior eye segment. The disease has characteristics of bilateral enlargement of the corneal diameter and a deep anterior eye chamber, without an elevation in intraocular pressure. It can manifest with mild to moderate myopia as well as photophobia and iridodonesis (due to iris hypoplasia). Associated complications include lens dislocation, retinal detachment, presenile cataract development and secondary glaucoma. There is evidence this disease is caused by mutation in the CHRDL1 gene on chromosome Xq23.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1385311">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1677130"><div><strong>Houge-Janssens syndrome 3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1677130</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5193048</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Houge-Janssens syndrome-3 (HJS3) is characterized by global developmental delay apparent from infancy. The phenotype is highly variable: patients may have hypotonia, behavioral abnormalities, and abnormalities on brain imaging, including enlarged ventricles, thin corpus callosum, and sometimes small brainstem. Many develop seizures, sometimes refractory, and some may have nonspecific dysmorphic features. Intellectual impairment can vary from mild to profound, and some patients may benefit from special education and respond well to speech therapy (summary by Reynhout et al., 2019).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of HJS, see HJS1 (616355).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1677130">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1684847"><div><strong>Liang-Wang syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1684847</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5231479</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Liang-Wang syndrome (LIWAS) is a polymalformation syndrome apparent from birth that shows large phenotypic variability and severity. However, all patients have some degree of neurologic dysfunction. The most severely affected individuals have severe global developmental delay with impaired intellectual development and poor or absent speech, marked craniofacial dysmorphism, and visceral and connective tissue abnormalities affecting the bones and vessels. The least severely affected individuals lack seizures, significant dysmorphism, and visceral involvement; they come to attention for neurologic signs and symptoms, including developmental delay with speech delay, strabismus, and/or ataxia. About half of patients have brain imaging anomalies, notably cerebral and cerebellar atrophy and thin corpus callosum, whereas the other half have normal brain imaging (summary by Liang et al., 2019).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1684847">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_811487" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome type 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_481641" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Brittle cornea syndrome 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_59797" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Dubowitz syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_923028" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Elsahy-Waters syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_479768" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Fibrochondrogenesis 1</a></div><div class="jig-moreless" data-jigconfig="class: 'moveDown', moreText: 'See full list (22)', lessText: 'Show less', nodeBefore: 0"><span id="clinMore">
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_163198" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Fine-Lubinsky syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_383652" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Frank-Ter Haar syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_98034" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">GAPO syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_934606" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Glaucoma 3, primary congenital, E</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_332131" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1677130" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Houge-Janssens syndrome 3</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1385311" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Isolated congenital megalocornea</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1684847" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Liang-Wang syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_162904" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Megalocornea-intellectual disability syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_761238" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Microspherophakia and/or megalocornea, with ectopia lentis and with or without secondary glaucoma</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_435914" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Mucolipidosis type II</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_924974" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462869" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A3</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_331604" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ophthalmomandibulomelic dysplasia</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_124386" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Pupillary membrane, persistence of</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_231230" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Revesz syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_164212" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">SHORT syndrome</a></div></span></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9112158">Assessment of diagnostic criteria in management of infantile glaucoma. An analysis of tonometry, optic disc cup, corneal diameter and axial length.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Dietlein TS,
Jacobi PC,
Krieglstein GK</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int Ophthalmol</span>
1996-1997;20(1-3):21-7.
doi: 10.1007/BF00212940.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/9112158" target="_blank">9112158</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/2251026">Diagnosis and management of infantile marfan syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Morse RP,
Rockenmacher S,
Pyeritz RE,
Sanders SP,
Bieber FR,
Lin A,
MacLeod P,
Hall B,
Graham JM Jr</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatrics</span>
1990 Dec;86(6):888-95.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/2251026" target="_blank">2251026</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22megalocornea%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (2)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31809395">A Rare Case Report of Frank Ter Haar Syndrome in a Sibling Pair Presenting With Congenital Glaucoma.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ratukondla B,
Prakash S,
Reddy S,
Puthuran GV,
Kannan NB,
Pillai MR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Glaucoma</span>
2020 Mar;29(3):236-238.
doi: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000001420.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31809395" target="_blank">31809395</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27108843">Ocular findings associated with chromosome 22q11.2 duplication.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Forbes BJ,
McDonald-McGinn DM,
Wootton G,
Dawson L,
Zackai E,
Binenbaum G</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J AAPOS</span>
2016 Jun;20(3):278-80.
Epub 2016 Apr 22
doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2016.02.003.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27108843" target="_blank">27108843</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/17180525">Vitreoretinal disorders in anterior megalophthalmos.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ahmadieh H,
Banaee T,
Javadi MA,
Jafarinasab MR,
Yazdani S,
Sajjadi H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Jpn J Ophthalmol</span>
2006 Nov-Dec;50(6):515-523.
Epub 2006 Dec 18
doi: 10.1007/s10384-006-0370-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/17180525" target="_blank">17180525</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/17005108">Megalocornea and mental retardation syndrome: clinical and instrumental follow-up of a case.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Margari L,
Presicci A,
Ventura P,
Buttiglione M,
Dicuonzo F,
Lattarulo C,
Perniola T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Child Neurol</span>
2006 Oct;21(10):893-6.
doi: 10.1177/08830738060210100801.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/17005108" target="_blank">17005108</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/14746584">Primary infantile glaucoma in an Australian population.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">MacKinnon JR,
Giubilato A,
Elder JE,
Craig JE,
Mackey DA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Exp Ophthalmol</span>
2004 Feb;32(1):14-8.
doi: 10.1046/j.1442-9071.2004.00750.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/14746584" target="_blank">14746584</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Megalocornea%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (33)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38866321">Adams-Oliver syndrome associated with refractory glaucoma.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pillai MR,
Pabolu C,
R R,
Chaudhary S,
Sr K,
Puthuran GV</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J AAPOS</span>
2024 Aug;28(4):103950.
Epub 2024 Jun 10
doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2024.103950.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38866321" target="_blank">38866321</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34587495">Primary X-linked megalocornea presenting in adulthood.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Liu S,
Sergouniotis PI,
Black GC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Ophthalmol</span>
2022 Jan;233:e2-e3.
Epub 2021 Sep 26
doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.09.022.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34587495" target="_blank">34587495</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33618385">Familial Congenital Megalocornea and Spherophakia: A Case Series.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Valmaggia C,
Sturm V</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Klin Monbl Augenheilkd</span>
2021 Apr;238(4):378-379.
Epub 2021 Feb 22
doi: 10.1055/a-1354-5610.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33618385" target="_blank">33618385</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32057558">Primary megalocornea: Case report.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">de Sousa Veiga A,
Nunes Rabelo N,
Duarte Batista W,
Mayumi Matucuma A,
da Silva Brito J,
Cintra Husni M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed)</span>
2020 Apr;95(4):201-204.
Epub 2020 Feb 11
doi: 10.1016/j.oftal.2019.12.016.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32057558" target="_blank">32057558</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27108843">Ocular findings associated with chromosome 22q11.2 duplication.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Forbes BJ,
McDonald-McGinn DM,
Wootton G,
Dawson L,
Zackai E,
Binenbaum G</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J AAPOS</span>
2016 Jun;20(3):278-80.
Epub 2016 Apr 22
doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2016.02.003.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27108843" target="_blank">27108843</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Megalocornea%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (83)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31238413">Biometric changes in Indian pediatric cataract and postoperative refractive status.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Khokhar SK,
Tomar A,
Pillay G,
Agarwal E</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Indian J Ophthalmol</span>
2019 Jul;67(7):1068-1072.
doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1327_18.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31238413" target="_blank">31238413</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6611230" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29557836">Glaucoma With Crouzon Syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Alshamrani AA,
Al-Shahwan S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Glaucoma</span>
2018 Jun;27(6):e110-e112.
doi: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000000946.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29557836" target="_blank">29557836</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28832744">Posterior argentinean flag-like sign during primary posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Marques FF,
Marques DMV,
Matsumoto FK</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arq Bras Oftalmol</span>
2017 Jun;80(3):199-201.
doi: 10.5935/0004-2749.20170049.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28832744" target="_blank">28832744</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21666320">Unusual presentation in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Parikh RS,
Parikh SR,
Debashish B,
Harsha BL,
Thomas R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Indian J Ophthalmol</span>
2011 Jul-Aug;59(4):312-4.
doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.82003.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21666320" target="_blank">21666320</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3129760" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20710111">Pediatric ophthalmic indications for examination under anesthesia in Ilorin, Nigeria.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mahmoud AO,
Ayanniyi AA,
Oyedepo OO</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ann Afr Med</span>
2010 Jul-Sep;9(3):181-3.
doi: 10.4103/1596-3519.68357.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20710111" target="_blank">20710111</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Megalocornea%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (10)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29480268">Small lens for a big eye: Successful management of anterior megalophthalmos.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Matalia JH,
Tejwani S,
Rajput VK,
Matalia H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Indian J Ophthalmol</span>
2018 Mar;66(3):457-459.
doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_678_17.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29480268" target="_blank">29480268</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5859612" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22037860">Frank-Ter Haar syndrome in a newborn.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Femitha P,
Joy R,
Gane BD,
Adhisivam B,
Bhat BV</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Indian J Pediatr</span>
2012 Aug;79(8):1091-3.
Epub 2011 Oct 29
doi: 10.1007/s12098-011-0599-2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22037860" target="_blank">22037860</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21666320">Unusual presentation in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Parikh RS,
Parikh SR,
Debashish B,
Harsha BL,
Thomas R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Indian J Ophthalmol</span>
2011 Jul-Aug;59(4):312-4.
doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.82003.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21666320" target="_blank">21666320</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3129760" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/17005108">Megalocornea and mental retardation syndrome: clinical and instrumental follow-up of a case.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Margari L,
Presicci A,
Ventura P,
Buttiglione M,
Dicuonzo F,
Lattarulo C,
Perniola T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Child Neurol</span>
2006 Oct;21(10):893-6.
doi: 10.1177/08830738060210100801.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/17005108" target="_blank">17005108</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/14746584">Primary infantile glaucoma in an Australian population.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">MacKinnon JR,
Giubilato A,
Elder JE,
Craig JE,
Mackey DA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Exp Ophthalmol</span>
2004 Feb;32(1):14-8.
doi: 10.1046/j.1442-9071.2004.00750.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/14746584" target="_blank">14746584</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Megalocornea%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (32)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35490597">Predicting brain structural network using functional connectivity.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zhang L,
Wang L,
Zhu D;
Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Med Image Anal</span>
2022 Jul;79:102463.
Epub 2022 Apr 22
doi: 10.1016/j.media.2022.102463.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35490597" target="_blank">35490597</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9792121" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29557836">Glaucoma With Crouzon Syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Alshamrani AA,
Al-Shahwan S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Glaucoma</span>
2018 Jun;27(6):e110-e112.
doi: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000000946.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29557836" target="_blank">29557836</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24032289">Neuhauser syndrome: a rare association of megalocornea and mental retardation. Review of the literature and further phenotype delineation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gutiérrez-Amavizca BE,
Juárez-Vázquez CI,
Orozco-Castellanos R,
Arnaud L,
Macías-Gómez NM,
Barros-Nuñez P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Genet Couns</span>
2013;24(2):185-91.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24032289" target="_blank">24032289</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/7494163">Glaucoma and findings simulating glaucoma in the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Brei TJ,
Burke MJ,
Rubinstein JH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</span>
1995 Jul-Aug;32(4):248-52.
doi: 10.3928/0191-3913-19950701-12.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/7494163" target="_blank">7494163</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/1495762">Autosomal dominant congenital miosis with megalocornea.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Meire FM,
Delleman JW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet</span>
1992 Jun;13(2):123-9.
doi: 10.3109/13816819209087612.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/1495762" target="_blank">1495762</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Megalocornea%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (30)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C5574682%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (6)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C5574682%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (4)</a></li>
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