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<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
From:
</label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="hXFRKk6w52cjrEztyI4T5e4IU56gAHJNyKpWnazSFDZNl5Fjb1HVzmAms9Ostih7">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="hXFRKk6w52cjrEztyI4T5e4IU56gAHJNyKpWnazSFDZNl5Fjb1HVzmAms9Ostih7">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="hXFRKk6w52cjrEztyI4T5e4IU56gAHJNyKpWnazSFDZNl5Fjb1HVzmAms9Ostih7">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="hXFRKk6w52cjrEztyI4T5e4IU56gAHJNyKpWnazSFDZNl5Fjb1HVzmAms9Ostih7">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="hXFRKk6w52cjrEztyI4T5e4IU56gAHJNyKpWnazSFDZNl5Fjb1HVzmAms9Ostih7">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="40016812">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://alzres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13195-025-01702-0"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3196&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=40016812&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101511643"
title="See full text options at BioMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="BioMed Central"
data-ga-label="40016812"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--s3-service-broker-live-ddda94b7-dbb0-4917-917d-776dae91ebba.s3.amazonaws.com-bmc-linkout-fulltext.png" alt="BioMed Central full text link"><span class="text">
BioMed Central
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/40016812/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=40016812&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101511643"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="40016812"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/40016812/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/40016812/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="40016812" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F40016812%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="hXFRKk6w52cjrEztyI4T5e4IU56gAHJNyKpWnazSFDZNl5Fjb1HVzmAms9Ostih7"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
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Identification and characterization of variants in PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP genes in Chinese patients with early-onset Alzheimer&#x27;s disease
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data-ga-label="Yiming Wu">Yiming Wu</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="The Experimental High School Attached to Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100080, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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data-ga-label="Liyong Wu">Liyong Wu</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China. wmywly@hotmail.com." href="#short-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2"
id="short-view-affiliation-2"
><sup class="key">2</sup> Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, the National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3"
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><sup class="key">3</sup> The Experimental High School Attached to Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100080, China.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4"
id="short-view-affiliation-4"
><sup class="key">4</sup> Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, the National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China. wangz@xwhosp.org.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5"
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><sup class="key">5</sup> Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China. wmywly@hotmail.com.</li>
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<div class="equal-contrib-explanation" id="short-view-equal-contrib-explanation"><sup class="key">#</sup> Contributed equally.</div>
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Abstract
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<p>
Variants in PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP are major genetic causes of early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). Our study aimed to identify the genotypic and phenotypic spectrums in a Chinese EOAD cohort and confirm their pathogenicity by functional analysis. This study included 304 unrelated clinically diagnosed EOAD participants of Chinese Han ancestry. Whole-exome sequencing revealed that 26 out of 304 individuals (8.6%) carried rare variants in PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP, including 16 in PSEN1 (5.3%), 6 in PSEN2 (2.0%), and 4 in APP (1.3%). Eight variants were novel, including PSEN1 p.Q56R, PSEN1 p.L174P, PSEN1 p.S289P, PSEN1 p.Y466C, PSEN2 p.R17W, PSEN2 p.F331Y, APP p.D197N, and APP p.D252V. Functional study revealed that the PS1 L174P, S289P, R377M, Y466C, PS2 V214L, and M239T mutants increased Aβ42 levels and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios. The PS1 L174P, R377M, and Y466C mutants decreased the maturation of presenilin-1. Our findings highlight the prevalence and pathogenic significance of APP /PSENs variants in a Chinese EOAD cohort and expand the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of EOAD.
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Keywords:
</strong>
APP; PSEN1; PSEN2; Alzheimers disease; Amyloid β; EOAD.
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<p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was approved by the Ethics Committees of the Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University (approval number: 2020026), and it was carried out in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinkis principles. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient or their guardian. Consent for publication: Written informed consent for publication was obtained from the guardian of each patient. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.</p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Schematic representation of the frequencies… </p></div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 1 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Schematic representation of the frequencies and locations of <i> PSEN1, PSEN2, </i> and <i> APP </i> variants.… </p></div>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
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Fig. 1
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Schematic representation of the frequencies and locations of <i>PSEN1, PSEN2,</i> and <i>APP</i> variants. <b>A</b> Left panel: Pie chart of the percentage of familial and sporadic EOAD patients. Right panel: Schematic diagram of the distribution of <i>APOE</i> allele frequencies in our cohort. <b>B</b> Pie charts representing the percentage of <i>PSEN1</i>, <i>PSEN2,</i> and <i>APP</i> variants represented in our cohort. <b>C</b> This diagram shows the amino acid sequence of PS1 and the distribution of the variants reported in this study. Presenilin 1 contains 467 amino acids with nine potential transmembrane domains. Red circles represent the variants identified in this study. <b>D</b> Distribution of amino acid sequence in presenilin 2. PS2 has a similar structure but contains 448 amino acids. Red circles represent the variants identified in this study. <b>E</b> The structural domain arrangement of the amyloid precursor protein expressed in the APP695 isoform, which contains many functional domains as illustrated. SP: Signal peptide; E1: Ectodomain 1; E2: Ectodomain 2; TM: Transmembrane domain; AcD: acidic domain; JMR: juxtamembrane region. AICD: APP intracellular domain. The APP D197N, p.A235V, D252V, and p.T297M variants were indicated by red arrows</div>
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</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Pedigrees of the EOAD families… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
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<p> Fig. 2 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Pedigrees of the EOAD families with variants identified in this study </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Pedigrees of the EOAD families with variants identified in this study</div>
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<p> Fig. 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> A neuroimaging study of EOAD… </p></div>
</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> A neuroimaging study of EOAD patients with functionally analyzed variants identified in this… </p></div>
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Fig. 3
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">A neuroimaging study of EOAD patients with functionally analyzed variants identified in this cohort. The AV45 PET images for Patients 2 and 6 were displayed. The MRI/FDG PET images for the patients with functionally analyzed variants in this study were displayed</div>
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<p> Fig. 4 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p>40 and Aβ42 protein expression… </p></div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p>40 and Aβ42 protein expression study. Aβ40 and Aβ42 protein expression levels in… </p></div>
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Fig. 4
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">40 and Aβ42 protein expression study. Aβ40 and Aβ42 protein expression levels in cell media of each group. WT and indicated mutants were co-expressed with the APP Swedish mutant in HEK239 cells and the conditioned media were harvested 48 h post-transfection for ELISA-determination of Aβ40 and Aβ42. Cell lysates were subjected to Western blot for APP, PS1, PS2, and β-actin as an internal standard. <b>A</b> Western blotting of cell lysates and quantification of Aβ42, Aβ40, and ratios of Aβ42 to Aβ40 relative to PS1 WT in conditioned medium of cells expressing PS1 WT and PS1 Q56R, L174P, S289P, R377M, and Y466C mutants. The Aβ levels were normalized to the total protein levels in PSEN1 WT-expressing cells. Quantifications of the full-length PS1 in the corresponding cell lysates relative to PS1 WT were also provided. The PS1 levels were normalized to the β-actin levels. <b>B</b> Western blotting of cell lysates and quantification of Aβ42, Aβ40, and ratios of Aβ42 to Aβ40 relative to PS2 WT in conditioned medium of cells expressing PS2 WT and PS2 V214L, M239T mutants. The Aβ levels were normalized to the total protein levels in PSEN2 WT-expressing cells. <b>C</b> Western blotting of cell lysates and quantification of Aβ42, Aβ40, and ratios of Aβ42 to Aβ40 relative to APPSwe in conditioned medium of cells expressing Mock (empty vector transfected), APPSwe, D197N (APPSwe combined with D197N variant), and D252V (APPSwe combined with D252V variant) mutants. The Aβ levels were normalized to the total protein levels in APPSwe-expressing cells. All Aβ level normalizations were performed relative to the total protein levels, which may reflect the number of cells. This experiment was performed three times with reproducible similar results</div>
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<p> Fig. 5 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The PS1 maturation analysis. <b> A… </b> </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
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<p> Fig. 5 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The PS1 maturation analysis. <b> A </b> The PS1 maturation in vitro. Indicated PS1mutants carrying… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
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Fig. 5
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">The PS1 maturation analysis. <b>A</b> The PS1 maturation in vitro. Indicated PS1mutants carrying a C-terminal Myc-his tag were expressed in HEK293 cells, and the lysates were blotted for PS1 using a PS1 antibody that recognizes the C terminus of PS1. The endogenous PS1 C-terminal fragment (endo-CTF) and the CTFs derived from the overexpressed PS1 carrying a C-terminally fused Myc-His tag (Myc-CTF) were seen. The Myc-CTFs were detected after relatively long exposure. <b>B</b> The protein bands were quantified using Quantity One (Bio-Rad), and the ratios of CTF/holo-PS1 were plotted. *: <i>p</i>&lt;0.05, **: <i>p</i>&lt;0.01</div>
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McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimers disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimers Disease. Neurology. 1984;34:93944.
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Wu L, Rosa-Neto P, Hsiung GY, et al. Early-onset familial Alzheimers disease (EOFAD). Can J Neurol Sci. 2012;39:43645.
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Alzheimers A. 2009 Alzheimers disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement. 2009;5:23470.
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Cacace R, Sleegers K, Van Broeckhoven C. Molecular genetics of early-onset Alzheimers disease revisited. Alzheimers Dement. 2016;12:73348.
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Shi Z, Wang Y, Liu S, et al. Clinical and neuroimaging characterization of Chinese dementia patients with PSEN1 and PSEN2 mutations. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2015;39:3240.
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<div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section">
<h2 class="title">
Substances
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