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<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="cDDxrsclAnwobRDIbvTyUc7Cc4Y0LREktqnC4iFHaYjS5iJyOOwAokDgK8GcEscE">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="cDDxrsclAnwobRDIbvTyUc7Cc4Y0LREktqnC4iFHaYjS5iJyOOwAokDgK8GcEscE">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="cDDxrsclAnwobRDIbvTyUc7Cc4Y0LREktqnC4iFHaYjS5iJyOOwAokDgK8GcEscE">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="cDDxrsclAnwobRDIbvTyUc7Cc4Y0LREktqnC4iFHaYjS5iJyOOwAokDgK8GcEscE">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="cDDxrsclAnwobRDIbvTyUc7Cc4Y0LREktqnC4iFHaYjS5iJyOOwAokDgK8GcEscE">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="39562759">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-024-01352-7"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3094&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=39562759&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101725670"
title="See full text options at Nature Publishing Group"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Nature Publishing Group"
data-ga-label="39562759"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--www.nature.com-static-images-logos-nature-portfolio-120.png" alt="Nature Publishing Group full text link"><span class="text">
Nature Publishing Group
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/39562759/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=39562759&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101725670"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="39562759"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/39562759/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/39562759/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="39562759" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F39562759%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="cDDxrsclAnwobRDIbvTyUc7Cc4Y0LREktqnC4iFHaYjS5iJyOOwAokDgK8GcEscE"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
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<h1 class="heading-title">
Enabling systemic identification and functionality profiling for Cdc42 homeostatic modulators
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</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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1
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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1
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Carolina Autism and Neurodevelopment Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Shayan Nik Akhtar">Shayan Nik Akhtar</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
1
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Qun Lu">Qun Lu</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA. qun@mailbox.sc.edu." href="#short-view-affiliation-6" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA. qun@mailbox.sc.edu." href="#short-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. qun@mailbox.sc.edu." href="#short-view-affiliation-8" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
8
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer&#x27;s and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA. qun@mailbox.sc.edu." href="#short-view-affiliation-9" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
9
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Laboratory of Molecular Neurotherapeutics, Center for Neurotherapeutics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA. qun@mailbox.sc.edu." href="#short-view-affiliation-10" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
10
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<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1"
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><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2"
id="short-view-affiliation-2"
><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3"
id="short-view-affiliation-3"
><sup class="key">3</sup> Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4"
id="short-view-affiliation-4"
><sup class="key">4</sup> Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5"
id="short-view-affiliation-5"
><sup class="key">5</sup> Carolina Autism and Neurodevelopment Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-6"
id="short-view-affiliation-6"
><sup class="key">6</sup> Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA. qun@mailbox.sc.edu.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-7"
id="short-view-affiliation-7"
><sup class="key">7</sup> Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA. qun@mailbox.sc.edu.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-8"
id="short-view-affiliation-8"
><sup class="key">8</sup> Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. qun@mailbox.sc.edu.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-9"
id="short-view-affiliation-9"
><sup class="key">9</sup> The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer&#x27;s and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA. qun@mailbox.sc.edu.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-10"
id="short-view-affiliation-10"
><sup class="key">10</sup> Laboratory of Molecular Neurotherapeutics, Center for Neurotherapeutics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA. qun@mailbox.sc.edu.</li>
</ul>
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<div class="equal-contrib-explanation" id="short-view-equal-contrib-explanation"><sup class="key">#</sup> Contributed equally.</div>
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<p>
Maintaining body homeostasis is the ultimate key to health. There are rich resources of bioactive materials for the functionality of homeostatic modulators (HMs) from both natural and synthetic chemical repertories<sup>1-3</sup>. HMs are powerful modern therapeutics for human diseases including neuropsychiatric diseases, mental disorders, and drug addiction (e.g. Buspirone and benzodiazepines)<sup>4-7</sup>. However, the identification of therapeutic HMs are often unpredictable and limited to membrane protein receptors and ion channels. Based on a serendipitously encountered small molecule ZCL278 with partial agonist (PA) profile as a model compound<sup>8-10</sup>, the Mant-GTP fluorophore-based Cdc42-GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) screening uncovered a near holistic spectrum of HMs for Cdc42, a cytoplasmic small GTPase in the Ras superfamily<sup>11,12</sup>. We categorized these HMs as functionally distinct, with some previously understudied classes: Class I-competitive PAs, Class II-hormetic agonists, Class III-bona fide inhibitors, Class IV-bona fide activators, and Class V-ligand-enhanced agonists. The model HMs elicited striking biological functionalities in modulating bradykinin activation of Cdc42 signaling as well as actin remodeling while they ameliorated Alzheimer's disease-like social behavior in mouse model. Furthermore, molecular structural modeling analyses led to the concept of preferential binding pocket order (PBPO) for profiling HMs that target Cdc42 complexed with intersectin (ITSN), a GEF selectively activating Cdc42. Remarkably, the PBPO enabled a prediction of HM class that mimics the pharmacological functionality. Therefore, our study highlights a model path to actively capture different classes of HM to broaden therapeutic landscape.
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<p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one"><bold>Competing interests</bold> The authors declare no competing interests.</p>
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id="article-image-0"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f067/11577034/093ab9d02f7b/42004_2024_1352_Fig1_HTML.gif"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 1. Biochemical functionality of agonistic, hormetic… </p>
</strong>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 1. Biochemical functionality of agonistic, hormetic and antagonistic effects of HM model compounds in… </p>
</strong>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Fig. 1. Biochemical functionality of agonistic, hormetic and antagonistic effects of HM model compounds in vitro.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Cdc42 HM model compounds regulate Cdc42 GTP loading and its GEF-mediated activation. ZCL278 and ZCL279 (at low concentrations) increase Cdc42 GTP loading while ZCL367 decreases Cdc42 GTP loading, <b>A</b> ZCL278, <b>C</b> ZCL279 and <b>E</b> ZCL367 without GEF. ZCL278, ZCL279 (at high concentrations) and ZCL367 decrease GEF-mediated Cdc42 GTP loading, <b>B</b> ZCL278, <b>D</b> ZCL279 and <b>F</b> ZCL367 with GEF. HM model compounds act through GEF like mechanism, The amount of GTP loading on Cdc42 for ITSN as a full agonist were comparable to those for HMs in different concentrations (0.011µM) of <b>G</b> ZCL278, <b>H</b> ZCL279 and <b>I</b> ZCL367 respectively. Control for all samples without ITSN was DMSO and Cdc42, for all samples with GEF was DMSO, Cdc42 and ITSN. All data are presented as mean±SEM from duplicates or triplicates in at least two independent experiments. ANOVA compared treatments to their respective control (*<i>p</i>&lt;0.04, **<i>p</i>&lt;0.005, ***<i>p</i>&lt;0.0007, ****<i>p</i>&lt;0.0001). The GEF reaction was performed using the relative fluorescence unit (RFU) intensity of Mant-GTP exchange that monitors GDP release during the exchange reaction after treatment by different concentrations (0.1100µM) of ZCL278, ZCL279 and ZCL367 on Cdc42 in absence or presence of ITSN.</div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 2. Binding modes of Cdc42 HM… </p>
</strong>
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</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 2. Binding modes of Cdc42 HM model compounds. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Different predicted binding pockets for Cdc42… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Fig. 2. Binding modes of Cdc42 HM model compounds.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Different predicted binding pockets for Cdc42 HM model compounds. <b>A</b>, <b>C</b> 3D structural illustration of different drug-binding pocket of Cdc42 (transparent cyan, switch 1 (a.a.24-40) region is in orange color &amp; switch 2 (a.a.57-76) region in black color) and Cdc42-ITSN complex (DH and PH domain of ITSN are shown purple and pink ribbons) (PDB: 3QBV). The GDP, effector and switch1&amp;2 binding pockets for Cdc42 and five binding pockets including GDP, Effector, Cdc42-DH domain of ITSN, DH-PH domain of ITSN and switch2 of Cdc42 and DH domain of ITSN were detected. (Effector and GDP pockets were the same for Cdc42 and Cdc42-ITSN). Cdc42 model compounds bind preferably in different binding pockets. <b>B</b>, <b>D</b> Schematic diagrams of preferential binding pockets for ZCL278, ZCL279 and ZCL367 for Cdc42 and Cdc42-ITSN complex. First and second preferential binding pockets are shown by solid and dotted lines respectively. ZCL278 and ZCL279 bind preferably to GDP pocket while ZCL367 preferentially binds Effector pocket of Cdc42. The second preferential pockets of Cdc42 for ZCL278, ZCL279 and ZCL367 are Switch 1&amp;2, Effector and GDP pockets respectively. In the presence of ITSN, for ZCL278 and ZCL279, first preferential binding pocket of Cdc42-ITSN complex is Effector and the second preferential pocket is Cdc42-DH domain of ITSN pocket while ZCL367 binds to GDP pocket and effector pocket preferably. <b>E</b>, <b>F</b> Superimpose of ZCL278 (green), ZCL279 (purple) and ZCL367 (red) in Cdc42 and Cdc42-ITSN complex. <b>G</b><b>L</b> Cdc42 HM model compounds show different poses with a certain extent of overlap with each other. <b>G</b>, <b>I</b> ZCL278 (green) and ZCL279 (purple) bind to GDP pocket of CdC42 <i>via</i> two hydrogen bonds with Lys16, GLy15, as well as hydrophobic interactions with Val14, Ala13 and Val33 of Cdc42. <b>K</b> ZCL367 has shown hydrogen bonds with Tyr23 and Thr43, as well as hydrophobic interactions with Val42 and Leu165 in the effector binding pocket of Cdc42 (PDB: 3QBV). <b>H</b>, <b>J</b> In the presence of ITSN, ZCL278 (green) and ZCL279 (purple) interact with effector pocket of CdC42-ITSN via hydrogen bonds with Asn39 and Lys1367, as well as hydrophobic interactions with Pro34 and Val36. <b>L</b> ZCL367 formed hydrogen bonds with Asp63, Glu62 and Tyr64, as well as hydrophobic interactions with Ala13 and Val33 in the GDP binding pocket of Cdc42-ITSN.</div>
</figcaption>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 3. Cell-based functionality of Cdc42 activation… </p>
</strong>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 3. Cell-based functionality of Cdc42 activation by Cdc42 HM model compounds. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Cdc42 activation measured… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Fig. 3. Cell-based functionality of Cdc42 activation by Cdc42 HM model compounds.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Cdc42 activation measured in a G-LISA assay. Swiss 3T3 cells were serum starved overnight and were incubated for 15min with different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 50 and 100uM) of HM model compounds. <b>A</b> ZCL278, <b>B</b> ZCL279, and <b>C</b> ZCL367. ZCL278 and ZCL279 (at the concentration up to low micromoles (10uM)) promoted Cdc42 activation while ZCL367 inhibited the Cdc42 activation; Cdc42 HM model compounds modulate Cdc42 activation in a time-dependent manner. Serum-starved Swiss 3T3 cells were incubated at different time intervals (10, 20, 30, 60, 120 and 360min) with 50uM of <b>D</b> ZCL278 and <b>E</b> ZCL279. Cdc42 HM model compounds regulate activation of Cdc42 by bradykinin (BK). Serum-starved Swiss 3T3 cells were incubated with 1 and 50µM of ZCL278, ZCL279 and ZCL367 and then stimulated with Cdc42 activator bradykinin for 20min. Incubation time were <b>F</b> 1h, <b>G</b> 15min and <b>H</b> 6h. A constitutively active Cdc42 was used as positive control. Negative controls included vehicle-only controls as well as untreated cellular lysates. ZCL278 at low concentrations led to a higher GTP bounded-Cdc42 level while ZCL279 and ZCL367 led to a decreased level of GTP-bounded Cdc42 compared to control. All data are presented as mean±SEM from duplicates from three independent experiments. ANOVA compared treatments to their respective control (*<i>p</i>&lt;0.04, **<i>p</i>&lt;0.009, ***<i>p</i>&lt;0.0009, ****<i>p</i>&lt;0.0001).</div>
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<p> Fig. 4. Biological functionality modulated by Cdc42… </p>
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<p> Fig. 4. Biological functionality modulated by Cdc42 HM model compounds. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Cdc42-based actin remodeling in cultured… </p></div>
</div>
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Fig. 4. Biological functionality modulated by Cdc42 HM model compounds.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Cdc42-based actin remodeling in cultured cells. Serum starved Swiss 3T3 cells were treated with HM model compounds and DMSO was used as a vehicle control. Cells were fixed and stained with fluorescein phalloidin to label filamentous actin (Green). Cell nuclei were stained with Hoechst (Blue). Arrows point to the focal adhesion whereas arrowheads depict cell peripheral ridges. Asterisks demonstrate filopodia or microspikes. Bar: 20µm. <b>A</b> Vehicle, <b>B</b> BK, <b>C</b> ZCL278, <b>D</b> ZCL278+BK, <b>E</b> ZCL279, <b>F</b> ZCL279+BK, <b>G</b> ZCL367 and <b>H</b> ZCL367+BK. <b>I</b> Volcano plot demonstrating differentially expressed (DE) genes in the RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 GTPase signaling network in WT and 3xTg-AD mice. <b>J</b><b>L</b> Bar graph showing examples of Cdc42 signaling-associated genes that demonstrated significant differences in expression in 3xTg-AD compared to WT. <i>n</i>=2 mice per group. Data were presented as mean±SEM *<i>p</i>0.05, **<i>p</i>0.01, ***<i>p</i>0.001. <b>J</b> Arhgap21: Rho GTPase Activating Protein 21, <b>K</b> Arhgef9: Cdc42 Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 9, <b>L</b> Cdc42ep3: Cdc42 effector protein 3. <b>M</b> Dysfunctional 3xTg-AD mouse social contact behavior attenuated by HM model compounds. <i>n</i>=15 mice per group *<i>p</i>0.05, **<i>p</i>0.01, ***<i>p</i>0.001, ****<i>p</i>0.0001. <b>N</b> Scatter plot showing examples of Cdc42 HM model compound treatment that reduced phospho-Tau (S396) expression in 3xTg-AD mice compared to 3xTg-AD (Sesame oil). <i>n</i>=2 mice per group with 4 brain regions analyzed per mouse. *<i>p</i>&lt;0.05, **<i>p</i>&lt;0.01, ***<i>p</i>&lt;0.001, ****<i>p</i>&lt;0.0001.</div>
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<p> Fig. 5. Comparative profiling of Cdc42 HMs… </p>
</strong>
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<p> Fig. 5. Comparative profiling of Cdc42 HMs using biochemical functionality-based screening and CADD-based modeling. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> A… </b></div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
Fig. 5. Comparative profiling of Cdc42 HMs using biochemical functionality-based screening and CADD-based modeling.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>A</b><b>J</b> Schematic representation of all five functionally distinct classes of Cdc42 HM from SMM library by Cdc42GEF assay screening. The red arrows indicate increasing concentration. <b>A</b>, <b>B</b> ZCL278-like compounds (Class I) increased GTP loading to Cdc42 in the absence of GEF but decreased GTP loading to Cdc42 in the presence of GEF, respectively. <b>C</b>, <b>D</b> ZCL279-like compounds (Class II) elevated GTP loading to Cdc42 at the concentration up to low micromoles (from 0.2nM to 10uM), but inhibited GTP loading to Cdc42 at higher concentrations with and without GEF. <b>E</b>, <b>F</b> ZCL367-like compounds (Class III) inhibited GTP loading to Cdc42 in the absence and presence of GEF. <b>G</b>, <b>H</b> ZCL1139-like compounds (Class IV) increased GTP loading to Cdc42 in the absence and presence of GEF. <b>I</b>, <b>J</b> ZCL1107-like compounds (Class V) elevated GTP loading to Cdc42 at the concentration up to low micromoles (from 0.2nM to 10uM), but inhibited GTP loading to Cdc42 at higher concentrations in the absence of GEF. However, they further enhanced GTP loading to Cdc42 in the presence of GEF. <b>K</b> Color coded spectrum showing PBPO of each compound in SMM library for classification of HMs based on docking scores. Five identified ligand-protein binding pockets in interface of Cdc42 and ITSN were used to design PBPO for SMMs. Red reflects the best docking score (the most preferable pocket), whereas green reflects a minimum docking score (the less preferable pocket). The first preferential binding pockets of Cdc42-ITSN complex for 16 compounds were GDP pockets whereas 17 compounds showed maximum docking score into Effector binding pockets. Schematic summary of classification of SMMs into <b>L</b> ZCL278-Class I, <b>M</b> ZCL279-Class II, <b>N</b> ZCL367-Class III, <b>O</b> ZCL1139-Class IV and <b>P</b> ZCL1107-Class V using four different screening methods. Green: Molecular modeling; Blue: Molecular docking; Yellow: 3D Phase Shape; Pink: Cdc42GEF assay. For each class, the number of identified compounds based on applied screening methods are shown. The red square boxes show the shared number of same compounds identified between the two connected screening methods. Compound ZCL993 was identified by all in silico and Cdc42GEF-based screening methods as a ZCL279-like Class II compound.</div>
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