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<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="sR4pG8VP0l3NsvFmWsjxz5YlSBNqVvzeJEOujYobAWQhmWLczLWz3duZqFvCO67y">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="sR4pG8VP0l3NsvFmWsjxz5YlSBNqVvzeJEOujYobAWQhmWLczLWz3duZqFvCO67y">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="sR4pG8VP0l3NsvFmWsjxz5YlSBNqVvzeJEOujYobAWQhmWLczLWz3duZqFvCO67y">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="sR4pG8VP0l3NsvFmWsjxz5YlSBNqVvzeJEOujYobAWQhmWLczLWz3duZqFvCO67y">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="sR4pG8VP0l3NsvFmWsjxz5YlSBNqVvzeJEOujYobAWQhmWLczLWz3duZqFvCO67y">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="38694806">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1377683"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=6956&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=38694806&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101548977"
title="See full text options at Frontiers Media SA"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Frontiers Media SA"
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><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--www.frontiersin.org-alerts-logo-PubMed.png" alt="Frontiers Media SA full text link"><span class="text">
Frontiers Media SA
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/38694806/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=38694806&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101548977"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="38694806"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/38694806/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/38694806/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="38694806" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F38694806%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="sR4pG8VP0l3NsvFmWsjxz5YlSBNqVvzeJEOujYobAWQhmWLczLWz3duZqFvCO67y"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
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<h2 class="title">
Abstract
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id="eng-abstract">
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Introduction:
</strong>
Pear Valsa canker, caused by <i>Valsa pyri</i> (<i>V. pyri</i>), poses a major threat to pear production. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of the cell-free supernatant (CFS) produced by <i>Trichoderma virens</i> (<i>T. virens</i>) to control the development of pear Valsa canker and reveal the inhibitory mechanism against the pathogenic fungi.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Results:
</strong>
Using morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, the pathogen G1H was identified as <i>V. pyri</i>, and the biocontrol fungus WJ561 was identified as <i>Trichoderma virens</i>. CFS derived from WJ561 exhibited strong inhibition of mycelial growth and was capable of reducing the pathogenicity of <i>V. pyri</i> on pear leaves and twigs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed deformations and shrinkages in the fungal hyphae treated with CFS. The CFS also destroyed the hyphal membranes leading to the leakage of cellular contents and an increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Additionally, CFS significantly inhibited the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and downregulated the expression of antioxidant defense-related genes in <i>V. pyri</i>, causing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Artesunate, identified as the main component in CFS by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), exhibited antifungal activity against <i>V. pyri</i>.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Conclusion:
</strong>
Our findings demonstrate the promising potential of <i>T. virens</i> and its CFS in controlling pear Valsa canker. The primary inhibitory mechanism of CFS involves multiple processes, including membrane damage and negatively affecting enzymatic detoxification pathways, consequently leading to hyphal oxidative damage of <i>V. pyri</i>. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the utilization of <i>T. virens</i> to control <i>V. pyri</i> in practical production.
</p>
</div>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Keywords:
</strong>
Trichoderma virens; Valsa pyri; antifungal activity; cell-free supernatant; reactive oxygen species.
</p>
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Copyright © 2024 Zhang, Lu, Jin, Li, Wu and He.
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<p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</p>
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Figures
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Colony appearance and maximum likelihood… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Colony appearance and maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of <i> Valsa pyri </i> G1H. <b> (A) </b> Colony… </p></div>
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Figure 1
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Colony appearance and maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of <i>Valsa pyri</i> G1H. <b>(A)</b> Colony appearance of G1H at 1, 2, and 3days of incubation from above and below. <b>(B)</b> Phylogenetic tree of G1H based on the combined ITS, EF1α, and Btu genes. Bootstrap support values equal to or greater than 70% are shown at the nodes. <i>Leucostoma persoonii</i> isolate SXYLt and <i>Leucostoma persoonii</i> isolate 32-2w were used as the outgroup. G1H was highlighted in red.</div>
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data-image-width="709"
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
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<p> Figure 2 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Colony appearance and maximum likelihood… </p></div>
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<p> Figure 2 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Colony appearance and maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of <i> Trichoderma virens </i> WJ561. <b> (A) </b> Colony… </p></div>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
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Figure 2
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Colony appearance and maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of <i>Trichoderma virens</i> WJ561. <b>(A)</b> Colony appearance of WJ561 at 1, 3, and 5days of incubation from above and below. <b>(B)</b> Phylogenetic tree of WJ561 based on the combined ITS, TEF1-α, and RPB2 genes. Bootstrap support values equal to or greater than 70% are shown at the nodes. The tree was rooted in two isolates of <i>Protocrea farinosa</i> strain CBS 121551 and <i>Protocrea farinosa</i> strain TFC 9685. WJ561 was highlighted in red.</div>
</figcaption>
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
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<p> Figure 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Dual culture assay and volatile… </p></div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Dual culture assay and volatile organic compound antifungal bioassay of <i> Trichoderma virens </i> WJ561… </p></div>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 3
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Dual culture assay and volatile organic compound antifungal bioassay of <i>Trichoderma virens</i> WJ561 against <i>V. pyri</i> G1H. <b>(A)</b> Phenotype and <b>(B)</b> inhibition rate of G1H co-cultured with 0-day-old and 1-day-old WJ561 for 3days in dual culture assay. <b>(C)</b> Phenotype and <b>(D)</b> inhibition rate of G1H affected by VOCs of 0, 1, and 2-day-old WJ561. Error bars indicated standard errors of the means of three repeated experiments. According to Duncans multiple range test, columns marked by different letters represented statistically different (<i>p</i>&lt;0.05).</div>
</figcaption>
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data-pmc-id="PMC11061385"
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-3"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/13ad/11061385/6e8f91afb196/fmicb-15-1377683-g004.gif"
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<p> Figure 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Inhibition of <i> Valsa pyri </i> G1H… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Inhibition of <i> Valsa pyri </i> G1H mycelial growth by the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of… </p></div>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
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Figure 4
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Inhibition of <i>Valsa pyri</i> G1H mycelial growth by the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of <i>Trichoderma virens</i> WJ561. <b>(A)</b> Colony size and <b>(B)</b> growth inhibition rate of G1H in the presence of CFS for different incubation times. <b>(C)</b> Size of the mycelia ball grown in the presence of different CFS concentrations. <b>(D)</b> mycelial dry weight. The data shown are meant ± standard deviations (n=3). According to Duncans multiple range test, columns marked by different letters are represented as statistically different (p&lt;0.05).</div>
</figcaption>
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src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/13ad/11061385/b227a7fa5e9a/fmicb-15-1377683-g005.gif"
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<p> Figure 5 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Effect of different concentrations of… </p></div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 5 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Effect of different concentrations of <i> Trichoderma virens </i> WJ561 CFS on the pathogenicity of… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 5
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Effect of different concentrations of <i>Trichoderma virens</i> WJ561 CFS on the pathogenicity of <i>Valsa pyri</i> G1H. <b>(A)</b> Development of lesion on the detached leave infected with G1H after being treated with WJ561 CFS. <b>(B)</b> Development of lesion on the detached twigs infected with G1H after being treated with WJ561 CFS. <b>(C)</b> Canker lesion length of twigs after inoculation of a G1H plug treated with WJ561 CFS. <b>(D)</b> Disease reduction percentage rate caused by G1H on twigs treated with WJ561 CFS. The data shown are meant ± standard deviations (<i>n</i>=3). According to Duncans multiple range test, columns marked by different letters are represented as statistically different (<i>p</i>&lt;0.05).</div>
</figcaption>
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src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/13ad/11061385/5cba4de4b8e5/fmicb-15-1377683-g006.gif"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 6 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Stability of <i> T. virens </i> WJ561… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 6 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Stability of <i> T. virens </i> WJ561 cell-free supernatant. <b> (A) </b> Temperatures. Different letters above the… </p></div>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 6
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Stability of <i>T. virens</i> WJ561 cell-free supernatant. <b>(A)</b> Temperatures. Different letters above the bars indicate significant differences within the temperature treatment group according to the KruskalWallis test (<i>H</i>=13.876, <i>p</i>&lt;0.05). <b>(B)</b> pH values. Different letters above the bars indicate significant differences within the pH values treatment group according to the KruskalWallis test (<i>H</i>=19.479, <i>p</i>&lt;0.05). <b>(C)</b> Ultraviolet light treatment time. Different letters above the bars indicate significant differences within the ultraviolet light treatment group according to Duncans multiple range test (<i>p</i>&lt;0.05). <b>(D)</b> Storage time. Different letters above the bars indicate significant differences within the different storage time treatment groups according to the KruskalWallis test (<i>H</i>=9.804, <i>p</i>&lt;0.05). The experiments of all treatment groups were conducted three times, and the data shown are meant ± standard deviations (<i>n</i>=3).</div>
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data-pmc-id="PMC11061385"
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-6"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/13ad/11061385/84d6eaaa49ec/fmicb-15-1377683-g007.gif"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 7 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Effect of cell-free supernatant treatment… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 7 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Effect of cell-free supernatant treatment on the morphology of <i> Valsa pyri </i> G1H observed… </p></div>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
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Figure 7
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Effect of cell-free supernatant treatment on the morphology of <i>Valsa pyri</i> G1H observed by scanning electron microscopy. G1H mycelia treated with <b>(A)</b> 0% CFS, <b>(B)</b> 5% CFS, <b>(C)</b> 10% CFS, and <b>(D)</b> 15% CFS.</div>
</figcaption>
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data-pmc-id="PMC11061385"
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
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<p> Figure 8 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Effect of <i> T. virens </i> WJ561… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 8 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Effect of <i> T. virens </i> WJ561 cell-free supernatant (CFS) on hyphal cytomembrane integrity of… </p></div>
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Figure 8
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Effect of <i>T. virens</i> WJ561 cell-free supernatant (CFS) on hyphal cytomembrane integrity of <i>Valsa pyri</i> G1H. <b>(A)</b> Hyphae were stained with PI and observed with a fluorescence microscope. <b>(B)</b> MDA content. <b>(C)</b> Nucleic acid content. <b>(D)</b> Soluble protein content as measured by A280. Vertical bars represent standard deviations of the means (<i>n</i>=3). Columns followed by different letters within MDA content and A280 are statistically different according to Duncans multiple range test (<i>p</i>&lt;0.05). Different letters above the bars indicate significant differences within nucleic acid content according to Duncans multiple range test (<i>p</i>&lt;0.05).</div>
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<p> Figure 9 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Effects of cell-free supernatant (CFS)… </p></div>
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<p> Figure 9 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Effects of cell-free supernatant (CFS) on ROS accumulation and the enzyme activities involved… </p></div>
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Figure 9
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Effects of cell-free supernatant (CFS) on ROS accumulation and the enzyme activities involved in scavenging ROS in <i>Valsa pyri</i>. <b>(A)</b> The images of ROS accumulation were recorded using confocal laser microscopy. <b>(B)</b> The activity of ROS scavenging enzymes CAT in hyphal cells. <b>(C)</b> The activities of ROS scavenging enzymes SOD in hyphal cells. <b>(D)</b> Gene expression levels of <i>Cat</i>. <b>(E)</b> Gene expression levels of <i>Sod</i>. According to Duncans multiple range test (<i>p</i>&lt;0.05), different letters above the columns indicate significant differences within each group.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> (A) </b> Classification and <b> (B) </b> annotation…</div>
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<p> Figure 10 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> (A) </b> Classification and <b> (B) </b> annotation of metabolites of <i> T. virens </i> WJ561. <b> (C) </b> Mass…</div>
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Figure 10
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>(A)</b> Classification and <b>(B)</b> annotation of metabolites of <i>T. virens</i> WJ561. <b>(C)</b> Mass spectra of artesunate. <b>(D)</b> Antagonistic activity of artesunate against <i>V. pyri</i> G1H.</div>
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