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<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
From:
</label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="4r1juXEBOEaXGeN1FFx8JqEvk82TTD5SleLo7N7XofXrAFTRiYaadya9ScK5MeDc">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="4r1juXEBOEaXGeN1FFx8JqEvk82TTD5SleLo7N7XofXrAFTRiYaadya9ScK5MeDc">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="4r1juXEBOEaXGeN1FFx8JqEvk82TTD5SleLo7N7XofXrAFTRiYaadya9ScK5MeDc">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="4r1juXEBOEaXGeN1FFx8JqEvk82TTD5SleLo7N7XofXrAFTRiYaadya9ScK5MeDc">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="4r1juXEBOEaXGeN1FFx8JqEvk82TTD5SleLo7N7XofXrAFTRiYaadya9ScK5MeDc">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="37895155">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://www.mdpi.com/resolver?pii=ijms242015477"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=6383&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=37895155&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101092791"
title="See full text options at MDPI"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="MDPI"
data-ga-label="37895155"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--res.mdpi.com-data-pubmed-linkout.png" alt="MDPI full text link"><span class="text">
MDPI
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/37895155/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=37895155&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101092791"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="37895155"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/37895155/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/37895155/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="37895155" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F37895155%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="4r1juXEBOEaXGeN1FFx8JqEvk82TTD5SleLo7N7XofXrAFTRiYaadya9ScK5MeDc"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
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><sup class="key">2</sup> Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3"
id="short-view-affiliation-3"
><sup class="key">3</sup> Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453004, China.</li>
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<p>
<i>Valsa pyri</i>-induced pear Valsa canker is among the most prevalent diseases to impact pear quality and yields. Biocontrol strategies to control plant disease represent an attractive alternative to the application of fungicides. In this study, the potential utility of <i>Bacillus atrophaeus</i> strain HF1 was assessed as a biocontrol agent against pear Valsa canker. Strain HF1 suppressed <i>V. pyri</i> mycelium growth by 61.20% and induced the development of malformed hyphae. Both culture filtrate and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derived from strain HF1 were able to antagonize <i>V. pyri</i> growth. Treatment with strain HF1-derived culture filtrate or VOCs also induced the destruction of hyphal cell membranes. Headspace mixtures prepared from strain HF1 were analyzed, leading to the identification of 27 potential VOCs. Of the thirteen pure chemicals tested, iberverin, hexanoic acid, and 2-methylvaleraldehyde exhibited the strongest antifungal effects on <i>V. pyri</i>, with respective EC<sub>50</sub> values of 0.30, 6.65, and 74.07 μL L<sup>-1</sup>. Fumigation treatment of pear twigs with each of these three compounds was also sufficient to prevent the development of pear Valsa canker. As such, these results demonstrate that <i>B. atrophaeus</i> strain HF1 and the volatile compounds iberverin, hexanoic acid, and 2-methylvaleraldehyde exhibit promise as novel candidate biocontrol agents against pear Valsa canker.
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Keywords:
</strong>
Bacillus atrophaeus; Valsa pyri; antagonistic biocontrol; pear Valsa canker; volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
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<p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p>
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<p> Figure 1 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Strain HF1 inhibits <i> V. pyri… </i> </p></div>
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<p> Figure 1 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Strain HF1 inhibits <i> V. pyri </i> mycelial growth. ( <b> A </b> ) The morphology of… </p></div>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
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Figure 1
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Strain HF1 inhibits <i>V. pyri</i> mycelial growth. (<b>A</b>) The morphology of <i>V. pyri</i> colonies at 6 dpi on PDA medium following exposure to strain HF1. (<b>B</b>) <i>V. pyri</i> hyphal morphology at 2 days following culture in the presence of strain HF1. Control (CK) <i>V. pyri</i> is shown on the left. Strain HF1 treated-<i>V. pyri</i> is shown on the right. Scale bar: 20 μm.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Phylogenetic trees for strain HF1… </p></div>
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<p> Figure 2 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Phylogenetic trees for strain HF1 and related bacterial species. Phylogenetic trees were constructed… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Phylogenetic trees for strain HF1 and related bacterial species. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using 16S rDNA (<b>A</b>), gyrA (<b>B</b>), and groE (<b>C</b>) sequences.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> B. atrophaeus </i> strain HF1 exerts…</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> B. atrophaeus </i> strain HF1 exerts antifungal activity against pear Valsa canker. ( <b> A… </b></div>
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Figure 3
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i>B. atrophaeus</i> strain HF1 exerts antifungal activity against pear Valsa canker. (<b>A</b>) Biocontrol of pear Valsa canker with strain HF1 cell suspension. Sterile water (CK) and Tebuconazole treatments were, respectively, used for negative and positive control treatments. Scale bar: 1 cm. (<b>B</b>) Disease lesion size. Data are means ± SD from six biological replicates. Different letters correspond to significant differences at the <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01 threshold. This experiment was independently repeated three times and yielded similar results.</div>
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<p> Figure 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Effect of <i> B. atrophaeus </i> strain… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 4 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Effect of <i> B. atrophaeus </i> strain HF1 culture filtrate on <i> V. pyri </i> mycelial growth.… </p></div>
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Figure 4
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Effect of <i>B. atrophaeus</i> strain HF1 culture filtrate on <i>V. pyri</i> mycelial growth. (<b>A</b>) <i>V. pyri</i> colony morphology at 6 dpi on PDA medium containing 2%, 5%, or 10% strain HF1 culture filtrate concentrations. The untreated PDA medium was served as CK. (<b>B</b>) <i>V. pyri</i> colony diameters. (<b>C</b>) Inhibition rates. Data are means ± SD from three biological replicates. Different letters correspond to significant differences at the <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05 threshold. This experiment was independently repeated three times and yielded similar results.</div>
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<p> Figure 5 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Effect of <i> B. atrophaeus </i> strain… </p></div>
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<p> Figure 5 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Effect of <i> B. atrophaeus </i> strain HF1 culture filtrate on the membrane permeability of… </p></div>
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Figure 5
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Effect of <i>B. atrophaeus</i> strain HF1 culture filtrate on the membrane permeability of <i>V. pyri</i> hyphae. The hyphae were stained with 1 μM SYTOX green at 24 h after being treated with strain HF1 culture filtrate. NA liquid medium treatment was used as CK. Bar: 20 μm. Bright: bright-field; green fluorescence: green fluorescence field; merged: merged images of bright-field and green fluorescence-field.</div>
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<p> Figure 6 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The impact of <i> B. atrophaeus… </i> </p></div>
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<p> Figure 6 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The impact of <i> B. atrophaeus </i> strain HF1-derived VOCs on <i> V. pyri </i> mycelial growth.… </p></div>
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Figure 6
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">The impact of <i>B. atrophaeus</i> strain HF1-derived VOCs on <i>V. pyri</i> mycelial growth. (<b>A</b>) <i>V. pyri</i> colony morphology following fumigation with 100 µL of different concentrations of strain HF1 cell suspension. Bacteria-free liquid NA medium fumigation served as CK. (<b>B</b>) <i>V. pyri</i> colony diameters. (<b>C</b>) Inhibition rates. Data are means ± SD from three biological replicates. Different letters correspond to significant differences at the <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05 threshold. This experiment was independently repeated three times and yielded similar results. (<b>D</b>) <i>V. pyri</i> hyphal morphology. The pictures were taken at two days after fumigation with 100 µL of 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU mL<sup>1</sup> of strain HF1 cell suspension. Left: CK; Right: treatment. Bar: 50 μm.</div>
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<p> Figure 7 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The effect of <i> B. atrophaeus… </i> </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The effect of <i> B. atrophaeus </i> strain HF1-derived VOCs on <i> V. pyri </i> hyphae membrane… </p></div>
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Figure 7
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">The effect of <i>B. atrophaeus</i> strain HF1-derived VOCs on <i>V. pyri</i> hyphae membrane permeability. The hyphae were stained with 1 μM SYTOX green at 24 h after fumigation with 100 µL of 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU mL<sup>1</sup> of strain HF1 cell suspension. Bacteria-free liquid NA medium fumigation served as CK. Bar: 20 μm. Bright: bright-field, green fluorescence: green fluorescence-field, merged: merged images of bright-field and green fluorescence-field.</div>
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data-figure-id="ijms-24-15477-f008">
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<p> Figure 8 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The in vitro antifungal activity… </p></div>
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<p> Figure 8 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The in vitro antifungal activity of pure compounds against <i> V. pyri </i> . (… </p></div>
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Figure 8
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">The in vitro antifungal activity of pure compounds against <i>V. pyri</i>. (<b>A</b>) <i>V. pyri</i> colony morphology following fumigation with the indicated pure compounds at a concentration of 250 mL L<sup>1</sup>. The mycelial plug inoculation plate without fumigation of compounds was used as CK. (<b>B</b>) Inhibition rates. 1: Hexanoic acid; 2: 2-methylvaleraldehyde; 3: Iberverin; 4: Methyl thiolacetate; 5: Butanoic acid; 2-methyl-; ethyl ester; 6: Butanoic acid; 3-methyl-; ethyl ester; 7: Methyl methoxyacetate; 8: Methyl isobutyl ketone; 9: Hydroxyacetone; 10: 3-methylbutanone; 11: Guanidinopropionic acid; 12: Bis-(4-fluorophenyl)-methanone; 13: 4-methylphenopentone. Data are means ± SD from three biological replicates. Different letters correspond to significant differences at the <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01 threshold. This experiment was independently repeated three times and yielded similar results.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Antifungal activity of pure compounds against <i> V. pyri </i> -induced pear Valsa canker. (… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Antifungal activity of pure compounds against <i>V. pyri</i>-induced pear Valsa canker. (<b>A</b>) Antifungal activity of three pure compounds against <i>V. pyri</i> in vivo. Healthy twigs were inoculated with mycelial plugs with following fumigation with the indicated pure compounds (125 or 250 μL L<sup>1</sup> headspace). Water was used as CK treatment. Bar: 1 cm. (<b>B</b>) Disease lesion size. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of six biological replicates. Different letters represent significantly differences at <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05. This experiment was performed independently three times with similar results.</div>
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