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<meta name="description" content="This Commission finds that plastics are both a boon to humanity and a stealth threat to human and planetary health. Plastics convey enormous benefits, but current linear patterns of plastic production, use, and disposal that pay little attention to sustainable design or safe materials and a near abs …"><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:36969097, PMC10038118, doi:10.5334/aogh.4056, Review, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Philip J Landrigan, Hervé Raps, Sarah Dunlop, Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases*, Child, Child, Preschool, Coal, Ecosystem, Endocrine Disruptors* / toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants*, Greenhouse Gases*, Humans, Lung Neoplasms*, Male, Microplastics, Monaco, Persistent Organic Pollutants, Plastics / chemistry, Plastics / toxicity, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive*, United States, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36969097/"><meta property="og:description" content="This Commission finds that plastics are both a boon to humanity and a stealth threat to human and planetary health. Plastics convey enormous benefits, but current linear patterns of plastic production, use, and disposal that pay little attention to sustainable design or safe materials and a near abs …"><meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:site_name" content="PubMed"><meta name="twitter:domain" content="pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:title" content="The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health - PubMed"><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36969097/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="This Commission finds that plastics are both a boon to humanity and a stealth threat to human and planetary health. Plastics convey enormous benefits, but current linear patterns of plastic production, use, and disposal that pay little attention to sustainable design or safe materials and a near abs …"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">
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<meta name="citation_authors" content="Landrigan PJ;Raps H;Cropper M;Bald C;Brunner M;Canonizado EM;Charles D;Chiles TC;Donohue MJ;Enck J;Fenichel P;Fleming LE;Ferrier-Pages C;Fordham R;Gozt A;Griffin C;Hahn ME;Haryanto B;Hixson R;Ianelli H;James BD;Kumar P;Laborde A;Law KL;Martin K;Mu J;Mulders Y;Mustapha A;Niu J;Pahl S;Park Y;Pedrotti ML;Pitt JA;Ruchirawat M;Seewoo BJ;Spring M;Stegeman JJ;Suk W;Symeonides C;Takada H;Thompson RC;Vicini A;Wang Z;Whitman E;Wirth D;Wolff M;Yousuf AK;Dunlop S;">
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|
||
data-ga-category="featured_link"
|
||
data-ga-action="clipboard">
|
||
Clipboard <span class="amount-in-clipboard"></span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<span class="search-input-link user-guide-link" role="navigation" aria-label="User guide">
|
||
<a href="/help/"
|
||
data-ga-category="featured_link"
|
||
data-ga-action="user_guide">
|
||
User Guide
|
||
</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</form>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-page-header">
|
||
<div id="article-top-actions-bar" class="article-top-actions-bar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<div class="actions-container">
|
||
<div class="return-to-search">
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="multiple-results-actions " role="region" aria-label="save, email, send to">
|
||
<button id="save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="save-results save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button><button id="email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="email-results email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Email
|
||
</button><div class="more-actions dropdown-block"><button id="more-actions-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="trigger more-actions-trigger"
|
||
ref="linksrc=show_moreactions_btn"
|
||
aria-label="Send to"
|
||
aria-controls="more-actions-dropdown">Send to</button><div id="more-actions-dropdown" class="dropdown dropdown-container" hidden><div class="content"><ul class="more-actions-links"><li><a class="clipboard-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link "
|
||
href="#"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="clipboard"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Clipboard
|
||
</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link bibliography-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F36969097%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link collections-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F36969097%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li><li><a role="button" class="citation-manager-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link citation-manager-trigger-target" href="#">Citation manager</a></li></ul></div></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region">
|
||
<button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
|
||
title="Change format"
|
||
data-ga-category="display_options"
|
||
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog">
|
||
<span class="button-label">Display options</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
|
||
<div class="title">
|
||
Display options
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
|
||
<div class="format-container">
|
||
<span class="option-label">
|
||
Format
|
||
</span>
|
||
<select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="article-display-format">
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pubmed">PubMed</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NPUDIoDCTrAF9XIE92SOvNeFB4IY7fC34CEIle6Yt2n93oOuMlvQZVKj98qa0Qan">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-panels-container" class="article-panels-container">
|
||
<div id="save-action-panel" class="save-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Save citation to file
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="save-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NPUDIoDCTrAF9XIE92SOvNeFB4IY7fC34CEIle6Yt2n93oOuMlvQZVKj98qa0Qan">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option>
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="csv">CSV</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_save_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="email-action-panel"
|
||
class="email-action-panel action-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-recaptcha-script-url="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/enterprise.js?render=explicit&onload=onloadCaptchaCallback"
|
||
data-recaptcha-enabled="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Email citation
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="email-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NPUDIoDCTrAF9XIE92SOvNeFB4IY7fC34CEIle6Yt2n93oOuMlvQZVKj98qa0Qan">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Subject:
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 36969097 - PubMed</span>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 36969097"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="81706199f67b28c26785bd307c9e3b74fd2e0545752d83beb8a44d5965b951a5"/>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
To:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
From:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
|
||
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
|
||
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
|
||
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Send email
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="collections-action-panel"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to Collections
|
||
</h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NPUDIoDCTrAF9XIE92SOvNeFB4IY7fC34CEIle6Yt2n93oOuMlvQZVKj98qa0Qan">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="controls-wrapper">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
|
||
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
|
||
</select>
|
||
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to My Bibliography
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
|
||
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NPUDIoDCTrAF9XIE92SOvNeFB4IY7fC34CEIle6Yt2n93oOuMlvQZVKj98qa0Qan">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
|
||
<div class="choice-group">
|
||
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
|
||
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="mybib"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your saved search
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
|
||
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
|
||
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NPUDIoDCTrAF9XIE92SOvNeFB4IY7fC34CEIle6Yt2n93oOuMlvQZVKj98qa0Qan">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of saved search:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="saved-search-name"
|
||
id="saved-search-name"
|
||
class="saved-search-name"
|
||
value=""
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Search terms:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
|
||
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
|
||
Would you like email updates of new search results?
|
||
</span>
|
||
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
|
||
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</fieldset>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Frequency:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
|
||
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
|
||
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
|
||
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
|
||
<option value="day">The first day</option>
|
||
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Report format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
|
||
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Send at most:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
|
||
<option value="1">1 item</option>
|
||
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10 items</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20 items</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50 items</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100 items</option>
|
||
<option value="200">200 items</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
|
||
Send even when there aren't any new results
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Optional text in email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
id="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Create a file for external citation management software
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NPUDIoDCTrAF9XIE92SOvNeFB4IY7fC34CEIle6Yt2n93oOuMlvQZVKj98qa0Qan">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your RSS Feed
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
|
||
data-search-form-term-value="">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NPUDIoDCTrAF9XIE92SOvNeFB4IY7fC34CEIle6Yt2n93oOuMlvQZVKj98qa0Qan">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of RSS Feed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
placeholder="Name"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="rss-name"
|
||
id="rss-name"
|
||
class="rss-name"
|
||
value=''
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Number of items displayed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
|
||
<option value="5">5</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10</option>
|
||
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Creating..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create RSS
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
|
||
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
|
||
<button
|
||
type="button"
|
||
disabled
|
||
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="rss"
|
||
data-ga-label="copy">
|
||
Copy
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="36969097">
|
||
<aside class="page-sidebar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
|
||
<div class="full-text-links">
|
||
<div class="full-view">
|
||
<h3 class="title">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="full-text-links-list">
|
||
<a class="link-item
|
||
|
||
dialog-focus"
|
||
href="https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.4056"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=9416&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=36969097&db=pubmed&nlmid=101620864"
|
||
title="See full text options at Ubiquity Press"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="Ubiquity Press"
|
||
data-ga-label="36969097"
|
||
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com-ubiquity-partner-network-up-pubmed-linkout.png" alt="Ubiquity Press full text link"><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
Ubiquity Press
|
||
|
||
</span></a><a class="link-item
|
||
pmc
|
||
"
|
||
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/36969097/"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=36969097&db=pubmed&nlmid=101620864"
|
||
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="PMC"
|
||
data-ga-label="36969097"
|
||
><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
Free PMC article
|
||
|
||
</span></a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="short-view">
|
||
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="cite"
|
||
data-ga-label="open"
|
||
data-all-citations-url="/36969097/citations/"
|
||
data-citation-style="nlm"
|
||
data-pubmed-format-link="/36969097/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="36969097" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_button"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F36969097%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
|
||
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
|
||
class="dialog collections-dialog"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NPUDIoDCTrAF9XIE92SOvNeFB4IY7fC34CEIle6Yt2n93oOuMlvQZVKj98qa0Qan"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label><input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button><button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger"
|
||
title="Open dialog with more actions to take"
|
||
ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
|
||
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2023 Mar 21;89(1):23.</span>
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The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health
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|
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7
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|
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8
|
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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|
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9
|
||
</a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Nice, FR." href="#full-view-affiliation-10" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
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10
|
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data-ga-label="Lora E Fleming">Lora E Fleming</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, UK." href="#full-view-affiliation-11" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
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11
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data-ga-label="Christine Ferrier-Pages">Christine Ferrier-Pages</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Marine Biology Department, MC." href="#full-view-affiliation-12" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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12
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|
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13
|
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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|
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4
|
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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href="/?term=Griffin+C&cauthor_id=36969097"
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data-ga-label="Carly Griffin">Carly Griffin</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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1
|
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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href="/?term=Hahn+ME&cauthor_id=36969097"
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data-ga-label="Mark E Hahn">Mark E Hahn</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US." href="#full-view-affiliation-14" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
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14
|
||
</a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, US." href="#full-view-affiliation-15" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
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15
|
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href="/?term=Haryanto+B&cauthor_id=36969097"
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data-ga-label="Budi Haryanto">Budi Haryanto</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Environmental Health, Universitas Indonesia, ID." href="#full-view-affiliation-16" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
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16
|
||
</a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Research Center for Climate Change, Universitas Indonesia, ID." href="#full-view-affiliation-17" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
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17
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Richard Hixson">Richard Hixson</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, UK." href="#full-view-affiliation-18" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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18
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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href="/?term=Ianelli+H&cauthor_id=36969097"
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data-ga-label="Hannah Ianelli">Hannah Ianelli</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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1
|
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href="/?term=James+BD&cauthor_id=36969097"
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data-ga-label="Bryan D James">Bryan D James</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution." href="#full-view-affiliation-19" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
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19
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</a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US." href="#full-view-affiliation-20" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
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20
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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href="/?term=Kumar+P&cauthor_id=36969097"
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data-ga-label="Pushpam Kumar">Pushpam Kumar</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="United Nations Environment Programme, KE." href="#full-view-affiliation-21" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
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21
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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href="/?term=Laborde+A&cauthor_id=36969097"
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data-ga-label="Amalia Laborde">Amalia Laborde</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of the Republic, UY." href="#full-view-affiliation-22" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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22
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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href="/?term=Law+KL&cauthor_id=36969097"
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data-ga-label="Kara Lavender Law">Kara Lavender Law</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Sea Education Association, US." href="#full-view-affiliation-23" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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23
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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href="/?term=Martin+K&cauthor_id=36969097"
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24
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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href="/?term=Mu+J&cauthor_id=36969097"
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data-ga-label="Jenna Mu">Jenna Mu</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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1
|
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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href="/?term=Mulders+Y&cauthor_id=36969097"
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data-ga-label="Yannick Mulders">Yannick Mulders</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Minderoo Foundation, AU." href="#full-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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4
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data-ga-label="Adetoun Mustapha">Adetoun Mustapha</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria." href="#full-view-affiliation-25" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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25
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</a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Lead City University, NG." href="#full-view-affiliation-26" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
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26
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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href="/?term=Niu+J&cauthor_id=36969097"
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data-ga-label="Jia Niu">Jia Niu</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Chemistry, Boston College, US." href="#full-view-affiliation-27" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
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27
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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href="/?term=Pahl+S&cauthor_id=36969097"
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data-ga-label="Sabine Pahl">Sabine Pahl</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of Vienna, Austria." href="#full-view-affiliation-28" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
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28
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</a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of Plymouth, UK." href="#full-view-affiliation-29" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
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29
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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href="/?term=Park+Y&cauthor_id=36969097"
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data-ga-label="Yongjoon Park">Yongjoon Park</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of Massachusetts Amherst, US." href="#full-view-affiliation-30" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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30
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Maria-Luiza Pedrotti">Maria-Luiza Pedrotti</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche sur mer (LOV), Sorbonne Université, FR." href="#full-view-affiliation-31" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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31
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data-ga-label="Jordan Avery Pitt">Jordan Avery Pitt</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US." href="#full-view-affiliation-14" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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14
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href="/?term=Ruchirawat+M&cauthor_id=36969097"
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32
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4
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</a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, AU." href="#full-view-affiliation-33" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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33
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Margaret Spring">Margaret Spring</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Monterey Bay Aquarium, US." href="#full-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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5
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34
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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35
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4
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36
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37
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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38
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Zhanyun Wang">Zhanyun Wang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Technology and Society Laboratory, WEmpa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials and Technology, CH." href="#full-view-affiliation-39" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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39
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</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-25"
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<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-32"
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<h1 class="heading-title">
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The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health
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</h1>
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2023 Mar 21;89(1):23.</span>
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</div>
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<span class="citation-doi">
|
||
doi: 10.5334/aogh.4056.
|
||
</span>
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|
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<span class="secondary-date">
|
||
eCollection 2023.
|
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</span>
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</div>
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<div class="expanded-authors" id="short-view-expanded-authors">
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<div class="authors">
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<h3 class="title">
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Authors
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data-ga-label="Jordan Avery Pitt">Jordan Avery Pitt</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US." href="#short-view-affiliation-14" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
14
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
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href="/?term=Ruchirawat+M&cauthor_id=36969097"
|
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ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-label="Mathuros Ruchirawat">Mathuros Ruchirawat</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Chulabhorn Research Institute (CRI), TH." href="#short-view-affiliation-32" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
32
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
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href="/?term=Seewoo+BJ&cauthor_id=36969097"
|
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ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-label="Bhedita Jaya Seewoo">Bhedita Jaya Seewoo</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Minderoo Foundation, AU." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
4
|
||
</a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, AU." href="#short-view-affiliation-33" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
33
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
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href="/?term=Spring+M&cauthor_id=36969097"
|
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ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-label="Margaret Spring">Margaret Spring</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Monterey Bay Aquarium, US." href="#short-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
5
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Stegeman+JJ&cauthor_id=36969097"
|
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ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-label="John J Stegeman">John J Stegeman</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Biology Department and Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US." href="#short-view-affiliation-34" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
34
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Suk+W&cauthor_id=36969097"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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|
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data-ga-label="William Suk">William Suk</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Superfund Research Program, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US." href="#short-view-affiliation-35" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
35
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Symeonides+C&cauthor_id=36969097"
|
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ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-label="Christos Symeonides">Christos Symeonides</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Minderoo Foundation, AU." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
4
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Takada+H&cauthor_id=36969097"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-label="Hideshige Takada">Hideshige Takada</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry (LOG), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, JP." href="#short-view-affiliation-36" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
36
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Thompson+RC&cauthor_id=36969097"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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|
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data-ga-label="Richard C Thompson">Richard C Thompson</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="International Marine Litter Research Unit, University of Plymouth, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-37" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
37
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Vicini+A&cauthor_id=36969097"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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|
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data-ga-label="Andrea Vicini">Andrea Vicini</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Theology Department, Boston College, US." href="#short-view-affiliation-38" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
38
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Wang+Z&cauthor_id=36969097"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Zhanyun Wang">Zhanyun Wang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Technology and Society Laboratory, WEmpa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials and Technology, CH." href="#short-view-affiliation-39" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
39
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Whitman+E&cauthor_id=36969097"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Ella Whitman">Ella Whitman</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
1
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Wirth+D&cauthor_id=36969097"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="author_link"
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data-ga-label="David Wirth">David Wirth</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Boston College Law School, US." href="#short-view-affiliation-40" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
40
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Wolff+M&cauthor_id=36969097"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Megan Wolff">Megan Wolff</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Beyond Plastics, Bennington College, US." href="#short-view-affiliation-8" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
8
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Yousuf+AK&cauthor_id=36969097"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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|
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data-ga-label="Aroub K Yousuf">Aroub K Yousuf</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
1
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Dunlop+S&cauthor_id=36969097"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Sarah Dunlop">Sarah Dunlop</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Minderoo Foundation, AU." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
4
|
||
</a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, AU." href="#short-view-affiliation-33" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
33
|
||
</a></sup></span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="affiliations">
|
||
<h3 class="title">
|
||
Affiliations
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<ul class="item-list">
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-1"
|
||
><sup class="key">1</sup> Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-2"
|
||
><sup class="key">2</sup> Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Medical Biology Department, MC.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-3"
|
||
><sup class="key">3</sup> Economics Department, University of Maryland, College Park, US.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-4"
|
||
><sup class="key">4</sup> Minderoo Foundation, AU.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-5"
|
||
><sup class="key">5</sup> Monterey Bay Aquarium, US.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-6"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-6"
|
||
><sup class="key">6</sup> Biology Department, Boston College, US.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-7"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-7"
|
||
><sup class="key">7</sup> University of Hawai'i Sea Grant College Program, US.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-8"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-8"
|
||
><sup class="key">8</sup> Beyond Plastics, Bennington College, US.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-9"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-9"
|
||
><sup class="key">9</sup> Université Côte d'Azur.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-10"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-10"
|
||
><sup class="key">10</sup> Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Nice, FR.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-11"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-11"
|
||
><sup class="key">11</sup> European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, UK.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-12"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-12"
|
||
><sup class="key">12</sup> Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Marine Biology Department, MC.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-13"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-13"
|
||
><sup class="key">13</sup> Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-14"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-14"
|
||
><sup class="key">14</sup> Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-15"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-15"
|
||
><sup class="key">15</sup> Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, US.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-16"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-16"
|
||
><sup class="key">16</sup> Department of Environmental Health, Universitas Indonesia, ID.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-17"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-17"
|
||
><sup class="key">17</sup> Research Center for Climate Change, Universitas Indonesia, ID.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-18"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-18"
|
||
><sup class="key">18</sup> College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, UK.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-19"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-19"
|
||
><sup class="key">19</sup> Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-20"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-20"
|
||
><sup class="key">20</sup> Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-21"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-21"
|
||
><sup class="key">21</sup> United Nations Environment Programme, KE.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-22"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-22"
|
||
><sup class="key">22</sup> Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of the Republic, UY.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-23"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-23"
|
||
><sup class="key">23</sup> Sea Education Association, US.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-24"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-24"
|
||
><sup class="key">24</sup> Consortium of Universities for Global Health, US.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-25"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-25"
|
||
><sup class="key">25</sup> Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-26"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-26"
|
||
><sup class="key">26</sup> Lead City University, NG.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-27"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-27"
|
||
><sup class="key">27</sup> Department of Chemistry, Boston College, US.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-28"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-28"
|
||
><sup class="key">28</sup> University of Vienna, Austria.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-29"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-29"
|
||
><sup class="key">29</sup> University of Plymouth, UK.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-30"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-30"
|
||
><sup class="key">30</sup> University of Massachusetts Amherst, US.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-31"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-31"
|
||
><sup class="key">31</sup> Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche sur mer (LOV), Sorbonne Université, FR.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-32"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-32"
|
||
><sup class="key">32</sup> Chulabhorn Research Institute (CRI), TH.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-33"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-33"
|
||
><sup class="key">33</sup> School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, AU.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-34"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-34"
|
||
><sup class="key">34</sup> Biology Department and Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-35"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-35"
|
||
><sup class="key">35</sup> Superfund Research Program, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-36"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-36"
|
||
><sup class="key">36</sup> Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry (LOG), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, JP.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-37"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-37"
|
||
><sup class="key">37</sup> International Marine Litter Research Unit, University of Plymouth, UK.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-38"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-38"
|
||
><sup class="key">38</sup> Theology Department, Boston College, US.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-39"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-39"
|
||
><sup class="key">39</sup> Technology and Society Laboratory, WEmpa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials and Technology, CH.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-40"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-40"
|
||
><sup class="key">40</sup> Boston College Law School, US.</li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers">
|
||
|
||
<li>
|
||
<span class="identifier pubmed">
|
||
<span class="id-label">
|
||
|
||
PMID:
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">36969097</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>
|
||
<span class="identifier pmc">
|
||
<span class="id-label">
|
||
|
||
PMCID:
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a class="id-link"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
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rel="noopener"
|
||
ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC10038118&id_type=PMC"
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|
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data-ga-category="full_text"
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data-ga-action="PMCID"
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>
|
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PMC10038118
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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</span>
|
||
|
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</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>
|
||
<span class="identifier doi">
|
||
<span class="id-label">
|
||
|
||
DOI:
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
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|
||
|
||
<a class="id-link"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
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rel="noopener"
|
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ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.5334/aogh.4056&id_type=DOI"
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href="https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.4056"
|
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data-ga-category="full_text"
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data-ga-action="DOI"
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|
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10.5334/aogh.4056
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
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|
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Item in Clipboard
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Erratum in
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Correction: The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health.
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<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
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<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Landrigan PJ, Raps H, Cropper M, Bald C, Brunner M, Canonizado EM, Charles D, Chiles TC, Donohue MJ, Enck J, Fenichel P, Fleming LE, Ferrier-Pages C, Fordham R, Gozt A, Griffin C, Hahn ME, Haryanto B, Hixson R, Ianelli H, James BD, Kumar P, Laborde A, Law KL, Martin K, Mu J, Mulders Y, Mustapha A, Niu J, Pahl S, Park Y, Pedrotti ML, Pitt JA, Ruchirawat M, Seewoo BJ, Spring M, Stegeman JJ, Suk W, Symeonides C, Takada H, Thompson RC, Vicini A, Wang Z, Whitman E, Wirth D, Wolff M, Yousuf AK, Dunlop S.</span>
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<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Landrigan PJ, et al.</span>
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<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Ann Glob Health. 2023 Oct 11;89(1):71. doi: 10.5334/aogh.4331. eCollection 2023.</span>
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<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Ann Glob Health. 2023.</span>
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<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">37841805</span></span>
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<strong class="sub-title">
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Background:
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Plastics have conveyed great benefits to humanity and made possible some of the most significant advances of modern civilization in fields as diverse as medicine, electronics, aerospace, construction, food packaging, and sports. It is now clear, however, that plastics are also responsible for significant harms to human health, the economy, and the earth's environment. These harms occur at every stage of the plastic life cycle, from extraction of the coal, oil, and gas that are its main feedstocks through to ultimate disposal into the environment. The extent of these harms not been systematically assessed, their magnitude not fully quantified, and their economic costs not comprehensively counted.
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Goals:
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</strong>
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The goals of this Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health are to comprehensively examine plastics' impacts across their life cycle on: (1) human health and well-being; (2) the global environment, especially the ocean; (3) the economy; and (4) vulnerable populations-the poor, minorities, and the world's children. On the basis of this examination, the Commission offers science-based recommendations designed to support development of a Global Plastics Treaty, protect human health, and save lives.
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Report structure:
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This Commission report contains seven Sections. Following an Introduction, Section 2 presents a narrative review of the processes involved in plastic production, use, and disposal and notes the hazards to human health and the environment associated with each of these stages. Section 3 describes plastics' impacts on the ocean and notes the potential for plastic in the ocean to enter the marine food web and result in human exposure. Section 4 details plastics' impacts on human health. Section 5 presents a first-order estimate of plastics' health-related economic costs. Section 6 examines the intersection between plastic, social inequity, and environmental injustice. Section 7 presents the Commission's findings and recommendations.
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<p>
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<strong class="sub-title">
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Plastics:
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</strong>
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Plastics are complex, highly heterogeneous, synthetic chemical materials. Over 98% of plastics are produced from fossil carbon- coal, oil and gas. Plastics are comprised of a carbon-based polymer backbone and thousands of additional chemicals that are incorporated into polymers to convey specific properties such as color, flexibility, stability, water repellence, flame retardation, and ultraviolet resistance. Many of these added chemicals are highly toxic. They include carcinogens, neurotoxicants and endocrine disruptors such as phthalates, bisphenols, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), brominated flame retardants, and organophosphate flame retardants. They are integral components of plastic and are responsible for many of plastics' harms to human health and the environment.Global plastic production has increased almost exponentially since World War II, and in this time more than 8,300 megatons (Mt) of plastic have been manufactured. Annual production volume has grown from under 2 Mt in 1950 to 460 Mt in 2019, a 230-fold increase, and is on track to triple by 2060. More than half of all plastic ever made has been produced since 2002. Single-use plastics account for 35-40% of current plastic production and represent the most rapidly growing segment of plastic manufacture.Explosive recent growth in plastics production reflects a deliberate pivot by the integrated multinational fossil-carbon corporations that produce coal, oil and gas and that also manufacture plastics. These corporations are reducing their production of fossil fuels and increasing plastics manufacture. The two principal factors responsible for this pivot are decreasing global demand for carbon-based fuels due to increases in 'green' energy, and massive expansion of oil and gas production due to fracking.Plastic manufacture is energy-intensive and contributes significantly to climate change. At present, plastic production is responsible for an estimated 3.7% of global greenhouse gas emissions, more than the contribution of Brazil. This fraction is projected to increase to 4.5% by 2060 if current trends continue unchecked.
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||
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<strong class="sub-title">
|
||
Plastic life cycle:
|
||
</strong>
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||
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||
The plastic life cycle has three phases: production, use, and disposal. In production, carbon feedstocks-coal, gas, and oil-are transformed through energy-intensive, catalytic processes into a vast array of products. Plastic use occurs in every aspect of modern life and results in widespread human exposure to the chemicals contained in plastic. Single-use plastics constitute the largest portion of current use, followed by synthetic fibers and construction.Plastic disposal is highly inefficient, with recovery and recycling rates below 10% globally. The result is that an estimated 22 Mt of plastic waste enters the environment each year, much of it single-use plastic and are added to the more than 6 gigatons of plastic waste that have accumulated since 1950. Strategies for disposal of plastic waste include controlled and uncontrolled landfilling, open burning, thermal conversion, and export. Vast quantities of plastic waste are exported each year from high-income to low-income countries, where it accumulates in landfills, pollutes air and water, degrades vital ecosystems, befouls beaches and estuaries, and harms human health-environmental injustice on a global scale. Plastic-laden e-waste is particularly problematic.
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<strong class="sub-title">
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Environmental findings:
|
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</strong>
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Plastics and plastic-associated chemicals are responsible for widespread pollution. They contaminate aquatic (marine and freshwater), terrestrial, and atmospheric environments globally. The ocean is the ultimate destination for much plastic, and plastics are found throughout the ocean, including coastal regions, the sea surface, the deep sea, and polar sea ice. Many plastics appear to resist breakdown in the ocean and could persist in the global environment for decades. Macro- and micro-plastic particles have been identified in hundreds of marine species in all major taxa, including species consumed by humans. Trophic transfer of microplastic particles and the chemicals within them has been demonstrated. Although microplastic particles themselves (>10 µm) appear not to undergo biomagnification, hydrophobic plastic-associated chemicals bioaccumulate in marine animals and biomagnify in marine food webs. The amounts and fates of smaller microplastic and nanoplastic particles (MNPs <10 µm) in aquatic environments are poorly understood, but the potential for harm is worrying given their mobility in biological systems. Adverse environmental impacts of plastic pollution occur at multiple levels from molecular and biochemical to population and ecosystem. MNP contamination of seafood results in direct, though not well quantified, human exposure to plastics and plastic-associated chemicals. Marine plastic pollution endangers the ocean ecosystems upon which all humanity depends for food, oxygen, livelihood, and well-being.
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<strong class="sub-title">
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Human health findings:
|
||
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Coal miners, oil workers and gas field workers who extract fossil carbon feedstocks for plastic production suffer increased mortality from traumatic injury, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, silicosis, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. Plastic production workers are at increased risk of leukemia, lymphoma, hepatic angiosarcoma, brain cancer, breast cancer, mesothelioma, neurotoxic injury, and decreased fertility. Workers producing plastic textiles die of bladder cancer, lung cancer, mesothelioma, and interstitial lung disease at increased rates. Plastic recycling workers have increased rates of cardiovascular disease, toxic metal poisoning, neuropathy, and lung cancer. Residents of "fenceline" communities adjacent to plastic production and waste disposal sites experience increased risks of premature birth, low birth weight, asthma, childhood leukemia, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer.During use and also in disposal, plastics release toxic chemicals including additives and residual monomers into the environment and into people. National biomonitoring surveys in the USA document population-wide exposures to these chemicals. Plastic additives disrupt endocrine function and increase risk for premature births, neurodevelopmental disorders, male reproductive birth defects, infertility, obesity, cardiovascular disease, renal disease, and cancers. Chemical-laden MNPs formed through the environmental degradation of plastic waste can enter living organisms, including humans. Emerging, albeit still incomplete evidence indicates that MNPs may cause toxicity due to their physical and toxicological effects as well as by acting as vectors that transport toxic chemicals and bacterial pathogens into tissues and cells.Infants in the womb and young children are two populations at particularly high risk of plastic-related health effects. Because of the exquisite sensitivity of early development to hazardous chemicals and children's unique patterns of exposure, plastic-associated exposures are linked to increased risks of prematurity, stillbirth, low birth weight, birth defects of the reproductive organs, neurodevelopmental impairment, impaired lung growth, and childhood cancer. Early-life exposures to plastic-associated chemicals also increase the risk of multiple non-communicable diseases later in life.
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<strong class="sub-title">
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Economic findings:
|
||
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||
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||
Plastic's harms to human health result in significant economic costs. We estimate that in 2015 the health-related costs of plastic production exceeded $250 billion (2015 Int$) globally, and that in the USA alone the health costs of disease and disability caused by the plastic-associated chemicals PBDE, BPA and DEHP exceeded $920 billion (2015 Int$). Plastic production results in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions equivalent to 1.96 gigatons of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>e) annually. Using the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) social cost of carbon metric, we estimate the annual costs of these GHG emissions to be $341 billion (2015 Int$).These costs, large as they are, almost certainly underestimate the full economic losses resulting from plastics' negative impacts on human health and the global environment. All of plastics' economic costs-and also its social costs-are externalized by the petrochemical and plastic manufacturing industry and are borne by citizens, taxpayers, and governments in countries around the world without compensation.
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<strong class="sub-title">
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Social justice findings:
|
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</strong>
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||
The adverse effects of plastics and plastic pollution on human health, the economy and the environment are not evenly distributed. They disproportionately affect poor, disempowered, and marginalized populations such as workers, racial and ethnic minorities, "fenceline" communities, Indigenous groups, women, and children, all of whom had little to do with creating the current plastics crisis and lack the political influence or the resources to address it. Plastics' harmful impacts across its life cycle are most keenly felt in the Global South, in small island states, and in disenfranchised areas in the Global North. Social and environmental justice (SEJ) principles require reversal of these inequitable burdens to ensure that no group bears a disproportionate share of plastics' negative impacts and that those who benefit economically from plastic bear their fair share of its currently externalized costs.
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<strong class="sub-title">
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Conclusions:
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||
</strong>
|
||
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||
It is now clear that current patterns of plastic production, use, and disposal are not sustainable and are responsible for significant harms to human health, the environment, and the economy as well as for deep societal injustices.The main driver of these worsening harms is an almost exponential and still accelerating increase in global plastic production. Plastics' harms are further magnified by low rates of recovery and recycling and by the long persistence of plastic waste in the environment.The thousands of chemicals in plastics-monomers, additives, processing agents, and non-intentionally added substances-include amongst their number known human carcinogens, endocrine disruptors, neurotoxicants, and persistent organic pollutants. These chemicals are responsible for many of plastics' known harms to human and planetary health. The chemicals leach out of plastics, enter the environment, cause pollution, and result in human exposure and disease. All efforts to reduce plastics' hazards must address the hazards of plastic-associated chemicals.
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</p>
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<p>
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||
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<strong class="sub-title">
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||
Recommendations:
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
To protect human and planetary health, especially the health of vulnerable and at-risk populations, and put the world on track to end plastic pollution by 2040, this Commission supports urgent adoption by the world's nations of a strong and comprehensive Global Plastics Treaty in accord with the mandate set forth in the March 2022 resolution of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA).International measures such as a Global Plastics Treaty are needed to curb plastic production and pollution, because the harms to human health and the environment caused by plastics, plastic-associated chemicals and plastic waste transcend national boundaries, are planetary in their scale, and have disproportionate impacts on the health and well-being of people in the world's poorest nations. Effective implementation of the Global Plastics Treaty will require that international action be coordinated and complemented by interventions at the national, regional, and local levels.This Commission urges that a cap on global plastic production with targets, timetables, and national contributions be a central provision of the Global Plastics Treaty. We recommend inclusion of the following additional provisions:The Treaty needs to extend beyond microplastics and marine litter to include all of the many thousands of chemicals incorporated into plastics.The Treaty needs to include a provision banning or severely restricting manufacture and use of unnecessary, avoidable, and problematic plastic items, especially single-use items such as manufactured plastic microbeads.The Treaty needs to include requirements on extended producer responsibility (EPR) that make fossil carbon producers, plastic producers, and the manufacturers of plastic products legally and financially responsible for the safety and end-of-life management of all the materials they produce and sell.The Treaty needs to mandate reductions in the chemical complexity of plastic products; health-protective standards for plastics and plastic additives; a requirement for use of sustainable non-toxic materials; full disclosure of all components; and traceability of components. International cooperation will be essential to implementing and enforcing these standards.The Treaty needs to include SEJ remedies at each stage of the plastic life cycle designed to fill gaps in community knowledge and advance both distributional and procedural equity.This Commission encourages inclusion in the Global Plastic Treaty of a provision calling for exploration of listing at least some plastic polymers as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention.This Commission encourages a strong interface between the Global Plastics Treaty and the Basel and London Conventions to enhance management of hazardous plastic waste and slow current massive exports of plastic waste into the world's least-developed countries.This Commission recommends the creation of a Permanent Science Policy Advisory Body to guide the Treaty's implementation. The main priorities of this Body would be to guide Member States and other stakeholders in evaluating which solutions are most effective in reducing plastic consumption, enhancing plastic waste recovery and recycling, and curbing the generation of plastic waste. This Body could also assess trade-offs among these solutions and evaluate safer alternatives to current plastics. It could monitor the transnational export of plastic waste. It could coordinate robust oceanic-, land-, and air-based MNP monitoring programs.This Commission recommends urgent investment by national governments in research into solutions to the global plastic crisis. This research will need to determine which solutions are most effective and cost-effective in the context of particular countries and assess the risks and benefits of proposed solutions. Oceanographic and environmental research is needed to better measure concentrations and impacts of plastics <10 µm and understand their distribution and fate in the global environment. Biomedical research is needed to elucidate the human health impacts of plastics, especially MNPs.
|
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</p>
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<strong class="sub-title">
|
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Summary:
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
This Commission finds that plastics are both a boon to humanity and a stealth threat to human and planetary health. Plastics convey enormous benefits, but current linear patterns of plastic production, use, and disposal that pay little attention to sustainable design or safe materials and a near absence of recovery, reuse, and recycling are responsible for grave harms to health, widespread environmental damage, great economic costs, and deep societal injustices. These harms are rapidly worsening.While there remain gaps in knowledge about plastics' harms and uncertainties about their full magnitude, the evidence available today demonstrates unequivocally that these impacts are great and that they will increase in severity in the absence of urgent and effective intervention at global scale. Manufacture and use of essential plastics may continue. However, reckless increases in plastic production, and especially increases in the manufacture of an ever-increasing array of unnecessary single-use plastic products, need to be curbed.Global intervention against the plastic crisis is needed now because the costs of failure to act will be immense.
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<strong class="sub-title">
|
||
Keywords:
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
environmental health; human health; microplastics; ocean health; plastic additives; plastic life cycle.
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</p>
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<p class="copyright" id="copyright">
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Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s).
|
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</p>
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<p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer">
|
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<a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources"
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data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" data-ga-label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a>
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|
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<div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest">
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||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
Conflict of interest statement
|
||
</h2>
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||
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||
<div class="statement">
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<p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">In addition to the adjunct positions at the Nigerian Institute of Medical Research and Lead City University in Nigeria, AM works for Shell Nigeria Exploration & Production Company but did not receive any support from the company for her research and for this study, and the company is not in any way involved in this study. MB, DC, AG, YM, BJS, CS, and SD are employed by the Minderoo Foundation, an independent not-for-profit philanthropic organization. The contributions of the following authors were supported by the Minderoo Foundation: MC, MH, RH, AL, AM, MP, YP, MS, JJS, HT & RCT. JJS’s work was also supported by the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health (NIH grant P01ES028938 and National Science Foundation grant OCE-1840381). MEH’s work was also supported by the Minderoo Foundation as well as by grants from Woods Hole Sea Grant (Award No. NA18OAR4170104, project R/P–89) and the March Marine Initiative, a program of March Limited, Bermuda. BDJ was supported by the Postdoctoral Scholar Program at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), with funding provided by the Weston Howland Jr. Postdoctoral Scholarship. JAP was supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program as well as by a grant from Woods Hole Sea Grant (Award No. NA180AR4170104, project R/P-89). ZW gratefully acknowledges funding by the European Union under the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement number 101036756). No other authors have conflicts of interest.</p>
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src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/7476dc83a6d1/agh-89-1-4056-g1.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 2.1 The plastic life cycle encompasses production, use and disposal." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
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||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="565">
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|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 2.1 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> The plastic life cycle. </b> The…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 2.1 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> The plastic life cycle. </b> The plastic life cycle is long and complex spanning…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 2.1
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>The plastic life cycle.</b> The plastic life cycle is long and complex spanning multiple countries. There are three major phases. During production, carbon feedstocks – derived 99% from coal, oil and gas – are transformed through energy-intensive, catalytic processes into a vast array of products. Plastic is used in virtually every aspect of modern life and has provided many benefits. Single-use plastic constitutes the largest market share followed by synthetic fibers, building and construction, transport, electrical, agriculture and medical. Recycling is minimal. Disposal involves landfilling as well as controlled and uncontrolled burning. Plastic-laden e-waste is particularly problematic. Transnational environmental leakage of chemicals and plastic waste occurs throughout the life cycle resulting in extensive pollution and health hazards. <i>Credit</i>: Designed in 2022 by Will Stahl-Timmins.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item "
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="1"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-22">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/0c605f79b20c/agh-89-1-4056-g2.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-1"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="800"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 2.2"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F2.2">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-1"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/395577d2290f/agh-89-1-4056-g2.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 2.2 Throwaway Living – Disposable items cut down household chores." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 2.2 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Throwaway Living – Disposable items… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 2.2 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Throwaway Living – Disposable items cut down household chores. </b> A family tossing single-use…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 2.2
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Throwaway Living – Disposable items cut down household chores.</b> A family tossing single-use products through the air illustrating how society has turned into a disposable society with throwaway products, New York, NY, July 7 1955 (Life Magazine August 1<sup>st</sup>, 1955). <i>Credit</i>: Peter Stackpole/The LIFE Picture Collection/Shutterstock.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item "
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="2"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-23">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/5519867af535/agh-89-1-4056-g3.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-2"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="566"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 2.3"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F2.3">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-2"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/ed90a65c2000/agh-89-1-4056-g3.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 2.3 Plastic life cycle: Current statistics and predictions on market trends." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="566">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 2.3 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Plastic life cycle: Production and… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 2.3 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Plastic life cycle: Production and market predictions. </b> Large volumes of plastic have been…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 2.3
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Plastic life cycle: Production and market predictions.</b> Large volumes of plastic have been made since production started in 1950s with continuing predicted increases. Mt, Megatons; Gt, Gigatons. <b>References</b>: <sup>[1]</sup>(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2022a); <sup>[2]</sup>(European Environment Agency (EEA), 2021); <sup>[3]</sup>(Cabernard <i>et al.</i>, 2022); <sup>[4]</sup>(Wiesinger, Wang and Hellweg, 2021); <sup>[5]</sup>(Charles, Kimman and Saran, 2021); <sup>[6]</sup>(Geyer, 2020); <sup>[7]</sup>(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2022b); <sup>[8]</sup>(Lebreton and Andrady, 2019). <i>Credit</i>: Designed in 2022 by Will Stahl-Timmins.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item "
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="3"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-24">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/247bdab8680c/agh-89-1-4056-g4.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-3"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="565"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 2.4"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F2.4">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-3"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/1505d84bc79e/agh-89-1-4056-g4.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 2.4 Hazardous chemicals used, present, and released across the plastic life cycle." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="565">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 2.4 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> A multitude of hazardous chemicals… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 2.4 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> A multitude of hazardous chemicals are used, present, and released across all stages… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 2.4
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>A multitude of hazardous chemicals are used, present, and released across all stages of the plastic life cycle.</b> PUR, polyurethane; PAN, polyacrylonitrile; PVC, polyvinyl chloride; PBT, persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic; vPvB, very persistent/very bioaccumulative; EDCs, endocrine disrupting chemicals. <b>References</b>: <sup>[1]</sup>(Wiesinger, Wang and Hellweg, 2021); <sup>[2]</sup>(Lithner, Larsson and Dave, 2011); <sup>[3]</sup>(Groh <i>et al.</i>, 2019); <sup>[4]</sup>(Food Packaging Forum Foundation, 2022); <sup>[5]</sup>(Hahladakis <i>et al.</i>, 2018); <sup>[6]</sup>(Lowe <i>et al.</i>, 2021). <i>Credit</i>: Designed in 2022 by Will Stahl-Timmins.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item "
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="4"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-25">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/c5572a92c211/agh-89-1-4056-g5.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-4"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="450"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 2.5"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F2.5">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-4"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/1c6cc02ce325/agh-89-1-4056-g5.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 2.5 Plastic - a mixture of inter-twined polymers and multiple chemicals." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="450">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 2.5 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Plastic is a complex chemical… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 2.5 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Plastic is a complex chemical mixture of inter-twined polymers comprising multiple monomeric units… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 2.5
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Plastic is a complex chemical mixture of inter-twined polymers comprising multiple monomeric units joined by carbon-carbon bonds and multiple chemicals added to enhance production and impart properties such as flexibility, strength and durability.</b> Straight chains are polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymers. Additives depicted are di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), a polybrominated diphenyl ether congener (PBDE-47) and a polychlorinated biphenyl congener (PCB-153). <i>Credit</i>: Manuel Brunner, co-author.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item "
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="5"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-26">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/68ac2789172d/agh-89-1-4056-g6.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-5"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="566"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 2.6"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F2.6">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-5"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/94fd4e583627/agh-89-1-4056-g6.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 2.6 Leakage of plastic into the environment across the plastic life cycle." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="566">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 2.6 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Plastic life cycle: Plastic leakage.… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 2.6 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Plastic life cycle: Plastic leakage. </b> Plastic and plastic-associated chemicals leak into the environment…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 2.6
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Plastic life cycle: Plastic leakage.</b> Plastic and plastic-associated chemicals leak into the environment across all stages of the plastic life cycle. Chemical-laden macroplastics constitute the bulk of plastic leakage. Plastic polymers can take many years to degrade in the environment with the rate of degradation depending on many factors such as temperature, light and mechanical action.<sup>[9]</sup> Mt, Megatons; PET, polyethylene terephthalate; PVC, polyvinyl chloride;LDPE, low-density polyethylene. <b>References</b>: <sup>[1]</sup>(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2022a); <sup>[2]</sup>(Karlsson <i>et al.</i>, 2018); <sup>[3]</sup>(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2021); <sup>[4]</sup>(Cole and Sherrington, 2016); <sup>[5]</sup>(Paruta, Pucino and Boucher, 2022); <sup>[6]</sup>(Hann <i>et al.</i>, 2018); <sup>[7]</sup>(Periyasamy and Tehrani-Bagha, 2022); <sup>[8]</sup>(Ryberg, Laurent and Hauschild, 2018); <sup>[9]</sup>(Chamas <i>et al.</i>, 2020). <i>Credit</i>: Designed in 2022 by Will Stahl-Timmins.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="6"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-27">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/38caa874aaaf/agh-89-1-4056-g7.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-6"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="653"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 2.7"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F2.7">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-6"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/35543e8bf583/agh-89-1-4056-g7.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 2.7 2020 net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the world’s largest emitters." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="653">
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||
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|
||
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|
||
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||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 2.7 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> 2020 net greenhouse gas (GHG)… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 2.7 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> 2020 net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the world’s largest emitters. </b> Gigatons (Gt)…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 2.7
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>2020 net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the world’s largest emitters.</b> Gigatons (Gt) of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO<sub>2</sub>e), including land use, land-use change and forestry, and share of global total (%). In 2015, the annual emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> and other greenhouse gas from plastics production was 1.96 Gt of CO<sub>2</sub>e, or 3.7% of total emissions (Cabernard <i>et al.</i>, 2022)<sup>[1]</sup>. <i>Source & Permissions</i>: Adapted from Rhodium Group ClimateDeck. <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://rhg.com/research/preliminary-2020-global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-estimates/">https://rhg.com/research/preliminary-2020-global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-estimates/</ext-link></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
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|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="7"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-31">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/f9c76adbb6f4/agh-89-1-4056-g8.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-7"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="511"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 3.1"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F3.1">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-7"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/8c7a6567b497/agh-89-1-4056-g8.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 3.1. The many possible pathways of movement and transformation for plastic after it enters the ocean." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="511">
|
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||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 3.1 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Fate of plastic debris in… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 3.1 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Fate of plastic debris in the environment. </b> Diagram illustrating many of the possible…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-7" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 3.1
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Fate of plastic debris in the environment.</b> Diagram illustrating many of the possible pathways over the lifecycle of plastic litter on its journey from land to sea. Plastic debris enters the ocean through both aquatic (rivers, accidental escape at sea) and land-based sources (littering, escape from municipal waste management such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)). Depending on the density of the plastic material, plastic items will remain afloat for a given part of their lifecycle or, as they become weighted down by biofouling, will begin to sink into the water column, ultimately to the ocean bottom. Changes in biofouling with depth may lead to depth oscillations (not shown) before particles end up on the seafloor (Kooi <i>et al.</i>, 2017; Rummel <i>et al.</i>, 2017; Royer <i>et al.</i>, 2021). Mechanical, photochemical and biological forces break down plastic debris into microplastics and nanoplastics that subsequently become incorporated into the marine food web. Organisms such as filter feeders may further concentrate these smaller particles, given their capacity to filter large volumes of water. Microorganisms begin to attach, colonizing plastic in the water within hours, and can include potentially harmful microorganisms, such as disease-causing pathogens. PET, polyethylene terephthalate; PVC, polyvinyl chloride. Figure reproduced from (Amaral-Zettler, Zettler and Mincer, 2020) [641], with permission from Springer Nature and the Copyright Clearance Center. The reproduced figure is not part of the open access license governing the current paper.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="8"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-32">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/a5e1025d3391/agh-89-1-4056-g9.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-8"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="411"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 3.2"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F3.2">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-8"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/5cde15d6cd04/agh-89-1-4056-g9.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 3.2 Degradation rates of various types of plastic, with and without additives." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="411">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 3.2 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Degradation rates for various plastics.… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 3.2 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Degradation rates for various plastics. </b> “Vertical columns represent different environmental conditions (L, landfill/compost/soil;…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-8" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 3.2
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Degradation rates for various plastics.</b> “Vertical columns represent different environmental conditions (L, landfill/compost/soil; M, marine; B, biological; S, sunlight) and plastic types (represented by their resin identification codes). Plastics type 7, “others”, corresponds to various nominally biodegradable plastics. The range and average value for plastic types 1–6 are shown on the right as lines and squares, respectively, as well as for biodegradable “others”. Data points representing degradation rates that were unmeasurably slow are shown on the x-axis. Gray columns represent combinations for which no data were found.” PET, polyethylene terephthalate; HDPE, high-density polyethylene; PVC, polyvinyl chloride; LDPE, low-density polyethylene; PP, polypropylene; PS, polystyrene. Figure caption and figure reprinted with permission from (Chamas <i>et al.</i>, 2020) [240] (CC BY 4.0).</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="9"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-33">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/9e010a5f43fe/agh-89-1-4056-g10.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-9"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="513"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 3.3"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F3.3">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-9"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/db1a51295c32/agh-89-1-4056-g10.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 3.3. Autoradiograph of plastic-exposed scallops illustrating the uptake and depuration of polystyrene nanoparticles." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="513">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 3.3 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Uptake and depuration of 24… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 3.3 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Uptake and depuration of 24 nm polystyrene nanoparticles. (a) </b> Tissue distributions shown by…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-9" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 3.3
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Uptake and depuration of 24 nm polystyrene nanoparticles. (a)</b> Tissue distributions shown by Quantitative Whole Body Autoradiography (QWBA) in <i>Pecten maximus</i> after 6 h uptake with <b>(b)</b> quantification of radioactivity levels measured in tissues (left axis; Bq g<sup>–1</sup>, S/Nnorm; right axis ng g<sup>–1</sup>), <b>(c)</b> Tissue distributions shown by QWBA in <i>Pecten maximus</i> after 8 days of depuration, with <b>(d)</b> quantification after 8 days of depuration (left axis Bq g<sup>–1</sup>, S/Nnorm; right axis, ng g<sup>–1</sup>). Each bar represents the mean value measured in 3–6 different sections of a given individual. No bar = radioactivity < LOD. nPS<sub>24</sub> and nP<sub>250</sub> are spherical polystyrene nanoparticles with sizes of approximately 24 ± 13 and 248 ± 21 nm respectively. HP, Hepatopancreas; Gi, Gills; Go, Gonad; I, Intestine; K, Kidney; M, Muscle; A, Anus. Figure caption and figure reprinted from (Al-Sid-Cheikh <i>et al.</i>, 2018) [764] (CC BY 4.0).</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="10"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-34">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/2a34ff0324ce/agh-89-1-4056-g11.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-10"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="451"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 3.4"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F3.4">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-10"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/14e373d41e0c/agh-89-1-4056-g11.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 3.4. Conceptual model of microplastic-mediated transfer of additives and persistent organic pollutants to marine animals and humans." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="451">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 3.4 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Conceptual model of microplastic-mediated transfer… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 3.4 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Conceptual model of microplastic-mediated transfer of additives and POPs to marine animals and… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-10" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 3.4
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Conceptual model of microplastic-mediated transfer of additives and POPs to marine animals and humans.</b> Conceptual model of microplastic-mediated transfer of additives and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) persistent to marine animals and humans. Plastic additives and legacy POPs accumulate in the ocean through leaching from waste virgin and recycled plastic; similarly, microplastics, which also contain additives, accumulate as a result of fragmentation. Plastic additives and legacy POPs can be adsorbed to microplastics. Humans can be directly exposed to plastic additives and legacy POPs from use of plastic products as well as indirectly via the food chain. Human exposure to microplastics via the food chain may also occur. <i>Credit</i>: Shige Takada and Manuel Brunner (co-authors).</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="11"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-35">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/c3537c48b708/agh-89-1-4056-g12.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-11"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="450"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 3.5"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F3.5">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-11"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/9077dd15be18/agh-89-1-4056-g12.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 3.5. Changes in the global risks of microplastic pollution in the ocean over time." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="450">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 3.5 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Global risks of microplastic pollution… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 3.5 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Global risks of microplastic pollution based on worst case scenario </b> (unacceptable level (PNEC)…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-11" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 3.5
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Global risks of microplastic pollution based on worst case scenario</b> (unacceptable level (PNEC) = 7.99 *103 MP m<sup>–3</sup>) displayed in a four-panel plot, in which each panel corresponded to a specific year: 1970 <b>(A)</b>, 2010 <b>(B)</b>, 2050 <b>(C)</b>, and 2100 <b>(D)</b>. Cell specific (1° by 1°) risk estimates were calculated, and a 3D visualization of the data was generated. The risk estimates were represented in 3D as elevation values. As long as the risk quotient remains lower than the value of 1 (bluish tones), policy makers consider no risk due to MPs. In case that the risk quotient exceeds the value of 1 (reddish tones), there is a risk. Figure reproduced from (Everaert <i>et al.</i>, 2020) [904] (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
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|
||
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
data-label-slug="figure-36">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/472d8233762a/agh-89-1-4056-g13.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-12"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="565"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 3.6"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F3.6">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-12"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/cb918d31580d/agh-89-1-4056-g13.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 3.6 Facts about the distribution, fate, and impacts of plastic in the ocean as described in this section." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 3.6 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Distribution, fate, and impacts of… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
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|
||
|
||
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 3.6 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Distribution, fate, and impacts of plastics in the ocean. </b> Plastics enter aquatic environments…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-12" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 3.6
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Distribution, fate, and impacts of plastics in the ocean.</b> Plastics enter aquatic environments (marine and freshwater), undergo processes that determine their distribution and fate, and impact organisms and ecosystems in a variety of ways. Mt, Megatons; POPs, persistent organic pollutants. <b>References</b>: <sup>[1]</sup>(Rochman <i>et al.</i>, 2019); <sup>[2]</sup>(Lau <i>et al.</i>, 2020); <sup>[3]</sup>(Borrelle <i>et al.</i>, 2020); <sup>[4]</sup>(Santos, Machovsky-Capuska and Andrades, 2021); <sup>[5]</sup>(Pitt, Aluru and Hahn, 2023); <sup>[6]</sup>(Everaert <i>et al.</i>, 2020). <i>Credit</i>: Designed in 2022 by Will Stahl-Timmins.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
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||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
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|
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data-slide-index="13"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-41">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/c778aa5c6fd3/agh-89-1-4056-g14.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-13"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="565"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 4.1"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F4.1">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-13"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/2f363e87f5a0/agh-89-1-4056-g14.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 4.1 Health impacts of plastic." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
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|
||
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<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 4.1 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Health impacts of plastic. </b> Plastic…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 4.1 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Health impacts of plastic. </b> Plastic threatens and harms human health at every stage…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-13" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 4.1
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Health impacts of plastic.</b> Plastic threatens and harms human health at every stage of its life cycle. COPD is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. <i>Credit</i>: Designed in 2022 by Will Stahl-Timmins.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
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|
||
data-slide-index="14"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-42">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/a2fb3d9e701d/agh-89-1-4056-g15.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-14"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="543"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 4.2"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F4.2">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-14"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/6ccc9c96b1fe/agh-89-1-4056-g15.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 4.2 Fatalities caused by pipeline incidents." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="543">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 4.2 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Fatalities caused by pipeline incidents… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 4.2 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Fatalities caused by pipeline incidents </b> . <i> Permission </i> : Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-14" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 4.2
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Fatalities caused by pipeline incidents</b>. <i>Permission</i>: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (no date) <i>Pipeline incident 20-year trends | phmsa</i>. Available at: <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/data-and-statistics/pipeline/pipeline-incident-20-year-trends">https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/data-and-statistics/pipeline/pipeline-incident-20-year-trends</ext-link> (Accessed: 24 October 2022). Figure adapted from (Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), 2022) by Manuel Brunner (co-author).</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="15"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-43">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/965bc71603ea/agh-89-1-4056-g16.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-15"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="457"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 4.3"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F4.3">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-15"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/19f13c5196f2/agh-89-1-4056-g16.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 4.3. Global number of oil spills from tankers from 1970-2021" />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
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|
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||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 4.3 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Global number of oil spills… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 4.3 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Global number of oil spills from tankers from 1970–2021 </b> . <i> Permissions </i> : no…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-15" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 4.3
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Global number of oil spills from tankers from 1970–2021</b>. <i>Permissions</i>: no special permissions needed. Roser, M. and Ritchie, H. (2022) ‘Oil spills’, <i>Our World in Data</i> [Preprint]. Available at: <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://ourworldindata.org/oil-spills">https://ourworldindata.org/oil-spills</ext-link> (Accessed: 24 October 2022) and: ITOPF (2022). Oil tanker spill statistics 2021. ITOPF Ltd, London, UK. Figure adapted by Manuel Brunner (co-author).</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
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|
||
data-slide-index="16"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-44">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/fda20bfb16ee/agh-89-1-4056-g17.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-16"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="565"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 4.4"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F4.4">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-16"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/9eef9c36a8f6/agh-89-1-4056-g17.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 4.4 Some toxic chemicals with human health impacts." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
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|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 4.4 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Some toxic chemicals with human… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 4.4 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Some toxic chemicals with human health impacts. </b> The human health impacts of the…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-16" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 4.4
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Some toxic chemicals with human health impacts.</b> The human health impacts of the chemicals listed in each phase of the plastic life cycle are described in the text. <i>Credit</i>: Designed in 2022 by Will Stahl-Timmins.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
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|
||
data-slide-index="17"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-51">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/0bf166271de5/agh-89-1-4056-g18.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-17"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="565"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 5.1"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F5.1">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-17"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/81d6395eb24c/agh-89-1-4056-g18.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 5.1 Health costs of plastics across the plastic life cycle." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
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|
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|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 5.1 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Health costs of plastic. </b> Plastic…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 5.1 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Health costs of plastic. </b> Plastic causes significant harm to humans as well as…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-17" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 5.1
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Health costs of plastic.</b> Plastic causes significant harm to humans as well as the environment across all stages of its life cycle. Quantifying the human health disease burden and economic costs associated with plastic production, use, and disposal is a complex, and at times difficult, endeavor. Conducting high-quality epidemiological studies will greatly benefit this emerging field of research. PPP, purchasing power parity; PM<sub>2.5</sub>, particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less; CO<sub>2</sub>, carbon dioxide; Gt, Gigatons; CO<sub>2</sub>e, carbon dioxide equivalent; DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; PBDE, polybrominated diphenyl ether; BPA, bisphenol A. <i>Credit</i>: Designed in 2022 by Will Stahl-Timmins.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="18"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-61">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/3d0356498d39/agh-89-1-4056-g19.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-18"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="565"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 6.1"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F6.1">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-18"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/dcf2f7d6679e/agh-89-1-4056-g19.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 6.1 The impact of plastic on social and environmental justice." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="565">
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|
||
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|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 6.1 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> The impact of plastic on… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 6.1 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> The impact of plastic on social and environmental justice </b> . <i> Credit: </i> Designed in…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-18" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 6.1
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>The impact of plastic on social and environmental justice</b>. <i>Credit:</i> Designed in 2022 by Will Stahl-Timmins.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
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|
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data-slide-index="19"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-62">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/01a409052446/agh-89-1-4056-g20.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-19"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="601"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 6.2"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F6.2">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-19"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/a21723bb9b7f/agh-89-1-4056-g20.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 6.2 Informal waste pickers - transit storage site in Ogun State, Nigeria." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="601">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 6.2 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Informal waste pickers – transit… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 6.2 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Informal waste pickers – transit storage site in Ogun State, Nigeria </b> . <i> Credit:… </i></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-19" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 6.2
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Informal waste pickers – transit storage site in Ogun State, Nigeria</b>. <i>Credit:</i> Adetoun Mustapha and Korede Out.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="20"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-63">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/bead297021e4/agh-89-1-4056-g21.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-20"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="1038"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 6.3"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F6.3">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-20"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/28cc031640c8/agh-89-1-4056-g21.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 6.3 Impacts of plastic to vulnerable populations." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="1038">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 6.3 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Impacts of plastic to vulnerable… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 6.3 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Impacts of plastic to vulnerable populations. </b> As depicted in this figure from (UNEP…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-20" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 6.3
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Impacts of plastic to vulnerable populations.</b> As depicted in this figure from (UNEP and Azul, 2021), vulnerable groups and populations are adversely affected by plastic pollution (which includes intentional and unintentional leakage of plastic and chemical additives to the environment), throughout the entire life cycle of plastics, beginning with extraction and production, through its market penetration and uses, to plastic waste management and disposal. <i>Original source:</i> (UNEP and Azul, 2021).</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="21"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-64">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/d7a54befa540/agh-89-1-4056-g22.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-21"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="573"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 6.4"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F6.4">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-21"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/239360f13694/agh-89-1-4056-g22.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 6.4 Bottled drinking water to support Hurricane Katrina personnel in New Orleans, Louisiana." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="573">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 6.4 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Bottled drinking water to support… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 6.4 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Bottled drinking water to support Hurricane Katrina personnel in New Orleans, Louisiana </b> .…</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-21" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 6.4
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Bottled drinking water to support Hurricane Katrina personnel in New Orleans, Louisiana</b>. <i>Credit:</i> MSGT Michael E. Best, USAF.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="22"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-65">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/dc80ac87fcb4/agh-89-1-4056-g23.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-22"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="1067"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 6.5"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F6.5">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-22"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/4ccf1ba06ccf/agh-89-1-4056-g23.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 6.5 Single use plastic waste clogging open drains in Makoko, Lagos, Nigeria." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="1067">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 6.5 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Single use plastic waste clogging… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 6.5 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Single use plastic waste clogging open drains in Makoko, Lagos, Nigeria </b> . <i> Credit:… </i></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-22" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 6.5
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Single use plastic waste clogging open drains in Makoko, Lagos, Nigeria</b>. <i>Credit:</i> Adetoun Mustapha and Korede Out.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="23"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-66">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/d8539772603b/agh-89-1-4056-g24.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-23"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="533"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 6.6"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F6.6">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-23"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/d0b7045ecb85/agh-89-1-4056-g24.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 6.6 Female workers sort out plastic bottles for recycling in a factory in Dhaka, Bangladesh." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="533">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 6.6 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Female workers sort out plastic… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 6.6 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Female workers sort out plastic bottles for recycling in a factory in Dhaka,… </b></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-23" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 6.6
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Female workers sort out plastic bottles for recycling in a factory in Dhaka, Bangladesh</b>. <i>Credit:</i> Abir Abdullah/Climate Visuals Countdown.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="24"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-67">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/6db7/10038118/984270278b4c/agh-89-1-4056-g25.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-24"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="800"
|
||
data-image-height="511"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 6.7"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC10038118"
|
||
data-figure-id="F6.7">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-24"
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alt="Figure 6.7 Ocean equity is comprised of several distinct dimensions." />
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Ocean equity is comprised of… </b></div>
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<p> Figure 6.7 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Ocean equity is comprised of several distinct dimensions. </b> Bennett (2022) describes, and depicts…</div>
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Figure 6.7
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Ocean equity is comprised of several distinct dimensions.</b> Bennett (2022) describes, and depicts in this figure, a range of equity considerations (which include many aspects of procedural and distributional equity) relevant to those working in coastal and marine conservation. These equity dimensions may also provide a useful framework for embedding social and environmental justice (SEJ) in decisions and processes relevant to plastic production and pollution at the local to global scale – even beyond coastal and marine areas. <i>Original source:</i> (Bennett, 2022).</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Trash next to a waterway in Indonesia </b> . <i> Credit: </i> Credit to Richard C.…</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Trash next to a waterway in Indonesia</b>. <i>Credit:</i> Credit to Richard C. Thompson, University of Plymouth.</div>
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Carpenter EJ, Anderson SJ, Harvey GR, Miklas HP, Peck BB. Polystyrene spherules in coastal waters. Science. 1972; 178(4062): 749–750. DOI: 10.1126/science.178.4062.749
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Ritchie H, Roser M. Plastic Pollution. Our world in data. Published September 2018. Accessed August 30, 2022. <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="External link: https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution">https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution</a>.
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-publication-types-2"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-publication-types-2"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+Non-U.S.+Gov%27t%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+Non-U.S.+Gov%27t%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"[pt]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="pub_type"
|
||
data-ga-label="Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Research+Support%2C+Non-U.S.+Gov%27t"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="pub_type_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"[pt]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"[pt]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="mesh-terms" class="mesh-terms keywords-section">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
MeSH terms
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Animals"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Animals
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Animals"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Animals"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
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data-ga-label="Animals">
|
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Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Animals"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Animals">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Animals"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Animals"[MeSH]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Cardiovascular Diseases*"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-1"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Cardiovascular Diseases*
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-1"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Cardiovascular Diseases*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Cardiovascular+Diseases%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Cardiovascular+Diseases%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Cardiovascular Diseases"[MAJR]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="Cardiovascular Diseases*">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cardiovascular+Diseases"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Cardiovascular Diseases*">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Cardiovascular Diseases"[MAJR]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Cardiovascular Diseases"[MAJR]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Child"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Child
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Child"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Child%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Child%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Child"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="Child">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Child"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Child">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Child"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Child"[MeSH]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Child, Preschool"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Child, Preschool
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Child, Preschool"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Child%2C+Preschool%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Child%2C+Preschool%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Child, Preschool"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="Child, Preschool">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Child%2C+Preschool"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Child, Preschool">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Child, Preschool"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Child, Preschool"[MeSH]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Coal"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Coal
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Coal"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Coal%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Coal%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Coal"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="Coal">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Coal"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Coal">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Coal"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Coal"[MeSH]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Ecosystem"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Ecosystem
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Ecosystem"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Ecosystem%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Ecosystem%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Ecosystem"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="Ecosystem">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Ecosystem"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Ecosystem">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Ecosystem"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Ecosystem"[MeSH]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Endocrine Disruptors* / toxicity"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-6"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Endocrine Disruptors* / toxicity
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-6"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Endocrine Disruptors* / toxicity"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Endocrine+Disruptors%2Ftoxicity%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Endocrine+Disruptors%2Ftoxicity%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity"[MAJR]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="Endocrine Disruptors* / toxicity">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Endocrine+Disruptors"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Endocrine Disruptors* / toxicity">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity"[MAJR]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity"[MAJR]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Female"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Female
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Female"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Female"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="Female">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Female">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Female"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Female"[MeSH]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Flame Retardants*"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-8"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Flame Retardants*
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-8"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Flame Retardants*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Flame+Retardants%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Flame+Retardants%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Flame Retardants"[MAJR]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="Flame Retardants*">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Flame+Retardants"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Flame Retardants*">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Flame Retardants"[MAJR]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Flame Retardants"[MAJR]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Greenhouse Gases*"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-9"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Greenhouse Gases*
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-9"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Greenhouse Gases*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Greenhouse+Gases%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Greenhouse+Gases%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Greenhouse Gases"[MAJR]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="Greenhouse Gases*">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Greenhouse+Gases"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Greenhouse Gases*">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Greenhouse Gases"[MAJR]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Greenhouse Gases"[MAJR]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Humans"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-10"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Humans
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-10"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Humans"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Humans"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="Humans">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Humans">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Humans"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Humans"[MeSH]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Lung Neoplasms*"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-11"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Lung Neoplasms*
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-11"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Lung Neoplasms*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Lung+Neoplasms%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Lung+Neoplasms%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Lung Neoplasms"[MAJR]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="Lung Neoplasms*">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Lung+Neoplasms"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Lung Neoplasms*">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Lung Neoplasms"[MAJR]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Lung Neoplasms"[MAJR]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Male"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Male
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Male"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Male%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Male%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Male"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="Male">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Male"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Male">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Male"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Male"[MeSH]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Microplastics"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-13"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Microplastics
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-13"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Microplastics"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Microplastics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Microplastics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Microplastics"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="Microplastics">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Microplastics"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Microplastics">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Microplastics"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Microplastics"[MeSH]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Monaco"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Monaco
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Monaco"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Monaco%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Monaco%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Monaco"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="Monaco">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Monaco"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Monaco">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Monaco"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Monaco"[MeSH]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Persistent Organic Pollutants"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Persistent Organic Pollutants
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Persistent Organic Pollutants"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Persistent+Organic+Pollutants%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Persistent+Organic+Pollutants%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Persistent Organic Pollutants"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="Persistent Organic Pollutants">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Persistent+Organic+Pollutants"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Persistent Organic Pollutants">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Persistent Organic Pollutants"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Persistent Organic Pollutants"[MeSH]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Plastics / chemistry"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-16"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Plastics / chemistry
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-16"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Plastics / chemistry"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Plastics%2Fchemistry%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Plastics%2Fchemistry%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Plastics/chemistry"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="Plastics / chemistry">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Plastics"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Plastics / chemistry">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Plastics/chemistry"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Plastics/chemistry"[MeSH]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Plastics / toxicity"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Plastics / toxicity
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Plastics / toxicity"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Plastics%2Ftoxicity%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Plastics%2Ftoxicity%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Plastics/toxicity"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="Plastics / toxicity">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Plastics"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Plastics / toxicity">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Plastics/toxicity"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Plastics/toxicity"[MeSH]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive*"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-18"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive*
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-18"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Pulmonary+Disease%2C+Chronic+Obstructive%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Pulmonary+Disease%2C+Chronic+Obstructive%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive"[MAJR]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive*">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Pulmonary+Disease%2C+Chronic+Obstructive"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive*">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive"[MAJR]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive"[MAJR]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword United States"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-19"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
United States
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-19"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword United States"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22United+States%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22United+States%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="United States"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
||
data-ga-label="United States">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=United+States"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="United States">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""United States"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""United States"[MeSH]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
Substances
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Plastics"
|
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tabindex="0"
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-0"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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|
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Plastics
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-0"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Plastics"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Plastics%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Plastics%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Plastics"[nm]"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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Search in MeSH
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role="button"
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data-search-term=""Plastics"[nm]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Plastics"[nm]"
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href="#">
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Microplastics"
|
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tabindex="0"
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-1"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Microplastics
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-1"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Microplastics"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Microplastics%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Microplastics%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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Flame Retardants
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Search in PubMed
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-6"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Coal
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-6"
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Coal"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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