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<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="g3tB1ESGnLjy9XXCQzn5uRw4SlT0rh8fxQdGEul2Xm623o3stS07YZ2IqpBckSGz">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="g3tB1ESGnLjy9XXCQzn5uRw4SlT0rh8fxQdGEul2Xm623o3stS07YZ2IqpBckSGz">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="g3tB1ESGnLjy9XXCQzn5uRw4SlT0rh8fxQdGEul2Xm623o3stS07YZ2IqpBckSGz">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="g3tB1ESGnLjy9XXCQzn5uRw4SlT0rh8fxQdGEul2Xm623o3stS07YZ2IqpBckSGz">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="g3tB1ESGnLjy9XXCQzn5uRw4SlT0rh8fxQdGEul2Xm623o3stS07YZ2IqpBckSGz">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="36309360">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://iv.iiarjournals.org/lookup/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=36309360"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3051&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=36309360&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=8806809"
title="See full text options at HighWire"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="HighWire"
data-ga-label="36309360"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/http:--highwire.stanford.edu-icons-externalservices-pubmed-invivo.gif" alt="HighWire full text link"><span class="text">
HighWire
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/36309360/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=36309360&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=8806809"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="36309360"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/36309360/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/36309360/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="36309360" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F36309360%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="g3tB1ESGnLjy9XXCQzn5uRw4SlT0rh8fxQdGEul2Xm623o3stS07YZ2IqpBckSGz"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
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Prominent Anti-UVC Activity of Lignin Degradation Products
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Prominent Anti-UVC Activity of Lignin Degradation Products
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Affiliations
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<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1"
id="short-view-affiliation-1"
><sup class="key">1</sup> Meikai University Research Institute of Odontology (M-RIO), Saitama, Japan; sakagami@dent.meikai.ac.jp.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2"
id="short-view-affiliation-2"
><sup class="key">2</sup> Meikai University Research Institute of Odontology (M-RIO), Saitama, Japan.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3"
id="short-view-affiliation-3"
><sup class="key">3</sup> Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Saitama, Japan.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4"
id="short-view-affiliation-4"
><sup class="key">4</sup> Division of Feeding and Swallowing Rehabilitation, Department of Restorative and Biomaterials Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Saitama, Japan.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5"
id="short-view-affiliation-5"
><sup class="key">5</sup> Chemical Sales Division, Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-6"
id="short-view-affiliation-6"
><sup class="key">6</sup> Daiwa Biological Research Institute Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan.</li>
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<h2 class="title">
Abstract
</h2>
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id="eng-abstract">
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Background/aim:
</strong>
The rapid spread of COVID-19 resulted in the revision of the value of ultraviolet C (UVC) sterilization in working spaces. This study aimed at re-evaluating the anti-UVC activity of four groups of natural products against human melanoma COLO679 and human normal dermal fibroblast (HDFa) cells, based on chemotherapeutic index.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Materials and methods:
</strong>
Various cell lines were exposed to UVC for 3 min in the presence of increasing concentrations of test compounds and viable cell numbers were determined with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The anti-UVC activity was quantified by the ratio of the 50% cytotoxic concentration (determined without irradiation) to the 50% effective concentration (which abolished by 50% the UVC-induced loss of viability). Apoptosis was quantified as the subG1 population proportion following cell-cycle analysis.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Results:
</strong>
Among four groups of major natural products, six phenylpropanoids showed the highest anti-UVC activity, followed by the lignified products and alkaline products that contain lignin and its degradation products. On the other hand, tannins and flavonoids showed lower activity due to their higher cytotoxicity. UVC-sensitive COLO679 cells lack dectin-1 protein expression.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Conclusion:
</strong>
These data suggest the prominent anti-UVC activity of lignin degradation products, and the possible involvement of dectin-1 expression in UVC-sensitivity.
</p>
</div>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Keywords:
</strong>
Dectin-1; UVC sensitivity; dermal fibroblast; lignin degradation product; melanoma; phenylpropanoid; protection.
</p>
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<p class="copyright" id="copyright">
Copyright © 2022, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.
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<div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest">
<h2 class="title">
Conflict of interest statement
</h2>
<div class="statement">
<p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">YK is employed by Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd., Japan. MH is employed by Daiwa Biological Research Institute Co., Ltd., Japan. The corresponding Author (HS) received the supply of purified samples of lignosulfonate B and SE from these companies. The Authors confirm that such support did not influence the outcome of experimental procedures. The other Authors declare no conflicts of interest.</p>
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<h2 class="title">
Figures
</h2>
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itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-0"
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data-image-width="756"
data-image-height="563"
data-image-alt="Figure 1"
data-pmc-id="PMC9677805"
data-figure-id="F1">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-0"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1e08/9677805/c045e04eea5d/in_vivo-36-2690-g0001.gif"
alt="Figure 1" />
</a>
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<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 1. Experimental procedures of UVC irradiation… </p>
</strong>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 1. Experimental procedures of UVC irradiation (A), and assays for cytotoxicity using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide… </p>
</strong>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 1. Experimental procedures of UVC irradiation (A), and assays for cytotoxicity using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (B), cell-cycle distribution (C) and dectin-1 protein expression (D), using cell sorting. HDFa and COLO679 cells were inoculated in the inner 60 wells of 96-microwell plates to determine the viable cell number (B), or in a 10-cm dish to determine the distribution of cells in subG<sub>1</sub>, G<sub>1</sub>, S and G<sub>2</sub>/M phases (C) and dectin-1 protein expression (D).
</strong>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="1"
data-label-slug="figure-2">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1e08/9677805/bbeddd05c0c7/in_vivo-36-2691-g0001.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-1"
role="button"
data-image-width="708"
data-image-height="491"
data-image-alt="Figure 2"
data-pmc-id="PMC9677805"
data-figure-id="F2">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-1"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1e08/9677805/f799fa863ce9/in_vivo-36-2691-g0001.gif"
alt="Figure 2" />
</a>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 2. Method for determination of anti-UVC… </p>
</strong>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 2. Method for determination of anti-UVC activity. Human dermal fibroblast HDFa (A) and human… </p>
</strong>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 2. Method for determination of anti-UVC activity. Human dermal fibroblast HDFa (A) and human COLO679 cells (B) were inoculated into 24 plates (two plates for each sample). Twelve plates were exposed to UVC irradiation for 3 min from a height of 555 mm in the presence of the indicated concentration of lignosufonate B; the other 12 plates were not irradiated. From the dose-response curve, the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC<sub>50</sub>) and the concentration that abolished by 50% the UV-induced loss of viability (EC<sub>50</sub>) were determined. Anti-UVC activity was expressed as the selectivity index of UVC protection (SI=CC<sub>50</sub>/EC<sub>50</sub>). Each value represents the mean±S.D. of three determinations.
</strong>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
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data-slide-index="2"
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href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1e08/9677805/0afbbc071892/in_vivo-36-2692-g0001.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-2"
role="button"
data-image-width="734"
data-image-height="509"
data-image-alt="Figure 3"
data-pmc-id="PMC9677805"
data-figure-id="F3">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-2"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1e08/9677805/f65e6daee110/in_vivo-36-2692-g0001.gif"
alt="Figure 3" />
</a>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 3. Determination of optimal UVC irradiation… </p>
</strong>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 3. Determination of optimal UVC irradiation time. HDFa (A) and COLO679 cells (B) were… </p>
</strong>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 3. Determination of optimal UVC irradiation time. HDFa (A) and COLO679 cells (B) were exposed to UVC irradiation for 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 or 10 min in the presence of the indicated concentrations of lignosulfonate B. The medium was then removed, replaced with fresh Dulbeccos modified Eagles medium with 10% fetal bovine serum and cells were incubated for 48 h then the viable cell number was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. The anti-UVC activity was expressed as the selectivity index (SI) for cells exposed to UVC for 3 min or more: SI=50% cytotoxic concentration (CC<sub>50</sub>)/concentration that abolished by 50% the UV-induced loss of viability (EC<sub>50</sub>). Each value represents the mean±S.D. of three determinations. Note that the concentration axis is exponential.
</strong>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="3"
data-label-slug="figure-4">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1e08/9677805/cf5113365b7c/in_vivo-36-2693-g0001.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-3"
role="button"
data-image-width="677"
data-image-height="322"
data-image-alt="Figure 4"
data-pmc-id="PMC9677805"
data-figure-id="F4">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-3"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1e08/9677805/c6b32c1e00fc/in_vivo-36-2693-g0001.gif"
alt="Figure 4" />
</a>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 4. Anti-UVC activity of lignosulfonate B… </p>
</strong>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 4. Anti-UVC activity of lignosulfonate B was not reduced by passing through a Millipore… </p>
</strong>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 4. Anti-UVC activity of lignosulfonate B was not reduced by passing through a Millipore filter. Lignosulfonate B was dissolved in Dulbeccos modified Eagles medium (DMEM) plus 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 2,000 μg/ml, filtered through a Millipore filter (cut-off: 0.45 μm) or not. HDFa cells were exposed for 3 min in DMEM/10%FBS or PBS with the indicated concentrations of filtered or unfiltered lignosulfonate B. Cells were then incubated for 48 in fresh culture medium to determine the viable cell number. Each value represents the mean±S.D. (n=3). Note that the concentration axis is exponential.
</strong>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="4"
data-label-slug="figure-5">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1e08/9677805/eb0b1fd9abc7/in_vivo-36-2694-g0001.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-4"
role="button"
data-image-width="708"
data-image-height="545"
data-image-alt="Figure 5"
data-pmc-id="PMC9677805"
data-figure-id="F5">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-4"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1e08/9677805/e325ae139501/in_vivo-36-2694-g0001.gif"
alt="Figure 5" />
</a>
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<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 5. UVC-sensitive cells produced a greater… </p>
</strong>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 5. UVC-sensitive cells produced a greater population of subG <sub> 1 </sub> cells upon irradiation than… </p>
</strong>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 5. UVC-sensitive cells produced a greater population of subG<sub>1</sub> cells upon irradiation than did UVC-resistant cells. HDFa (A) and COLO679 (B) cells were exposed to UVC irradiation for 3 min, and then incubated for 14 (or 13) or 24 h before cell-cycle analysis. Significantly different at: *p&lt;0.05 vs. control; *p&lt;0.05 [Lignosulfonate B (+) vs. Lignosulfonate B()]; *p&lt;0.05 [vanillin (+) vs. vanillin ()]
</strong>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
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data-label-slug="figure-6">
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itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-5"
role="button"
data-image-width="771"
data-image-height="356"
data-image-alt="Figure 6"
data-pmc-id="PMC9677805"
data-figure-id="F6">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-5"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1e08/9677805/b792fd0ad84c/in_vivo-36-2694-g0002.gif"
alt="Figure 6" />
</a>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 6. Expression of dectin-1 in unirradiated… </p>
</strong>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 6. Expression of dectin-1 in unirradiated HDFa (A) and COLO679 (B) cells quantified by… </p>
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Figure 6. Expression of dectin-1 in unirradiated HDFa (A) and COLO679 (B) cells quantified by flow cytometry. Red: Stained with dectin-1 antibody; Green: stained with control antibody; Blue: unstained.
</strong>
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<p> Figure 7. Doseresponse curves of the anti-UVC… </p>
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<p> Figure 7. Doseresponse curves of the anti-UVC activity of natural products against HDFa and COLO679.… </p>
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Figure 7. Doseresponse curves of the anti-UVC activity of natural products against HDFa and COLO679. HGFa (A, B) and COLO679 (C) cells were irradiated or not for 3 min in Dulbeccos modified Eagles medium with 10% fetal bovine serum containing the indicated concentrations of test compounds, and then incubated for 48 h with fresh culture medium. Viable cell number was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method, and data were plotted as viable cell number (% of unirradiated control). From the doseresponse curve, the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC<sub>50</sub>) and the concentration that abolished by 50% the UVC-induced loss of viability (EC<sub>50</sub>) were determined. The selectivity index (SI) was determined by the following equation: SI=CC<sub>50</sub>/E<sub>50</sub>. Each value represents mean±S.D. of triplicate determinations. EGCG: ()-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate; SE: alkaline extract of the leaves of Sasa sp.; NAC N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Note that the concentration axis is exponential.
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<figure class="figure-item tail"
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data-pmc-id="PMC9677805"
data-figure-id="F8">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-7"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 8. Dose-response curves of anti-UVC activity… </p>
</strong>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
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<p> Figure 8. Dose-response curves of anti-UVC activity of natural products and catalase in HDFa cells.… </p>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-7" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 8. Dose-response curves of anti-UVC activity of natural products and catalase in HDFa cells. HDFa cells were irradiated or not for 3 min in Dulbeccos modified Eagles medium with 10% fetal bovine serum containing the indicated concentrations of test compounds, and then incubated for 48 h with fresh culture medium. Viable cell number was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method, and data were plotted as viable cell number (% of unirradiated control). From the doseresponse curve, the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC<sub>50</sub>) and the concentration that abolished by 50% the UV-induced loss of viability (EC<sub>50</sub>) were determined. The selectivity index (SI) was determined by the following equation: SI=CC<sub>50</sub>/E<sub>50</sub>. EGCG: ()-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate; SE: alkaline extract of the leaves of Sasa sp.; NAC N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Note that the concentration axis is exponential.
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Su WL, Lin CP, Huang HC, Wu YK, Yang MC, Chiu SK, Peng MY, Chan MC, Chao YC. Clinical application of 222 nm wavelength ultraviolet C irradiation on SARS CoV-2 contaminated environments. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2022;55(1):166169. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2021.12.005.
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