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<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
From:
</label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="o4Hp9IcLTFCEWU8WgxKEPnyraVtzCicdFRruMyF7tgp8QleMTQnGjv45IZbLvTKx">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="o4Hp9IcLTFCEWU8WgxKEPnyraVtzCicdFRruMyF7tgp8QleMTQnGjv45IZbLvTKx">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="o4Hp9IcLTFCEWU8WgxKEPnyraVtzCicdFRruMyF7tgp8QleMTQnGjv45IZbLvTKx">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="o4Hp9IcLTFCEWU8WgxKEPnyraVtzCicdFRruMyF7tgp8QleMTQnGjv45IZbLvTKx">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="o4Hp9IcLTFCEWU8WgxKEPnyraVtzCicdFRruMyF7tgp8QleMTQnGjv45IZbLvTKx">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/abs/10.1128/msphere.00303-22?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&amp;rfr_dat=cr_pub 0pubmed"
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ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=4487&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=36040048&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101674533"
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Atypon
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/36040048/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=36040048&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101674533"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="36040048"
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Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/36040048/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/36040048/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="36040048" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F36040048%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="o4Hp9IcLTFCEWU8WgxKEPnyraVtzCicdFRruMyF7tgp8QleMTQnGjv45IZbLvTKx"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
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<h1 class="heading-title">
Aerosolized Hydrogen Peroxide Decontamination of N95 Respirators, with Fit-Testing and Viral Inactivation, Demonstrates Feasibility for Reuse during the COVID-19 Pandemic
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<h1 class="heading-title">
Aerosolized Hydrogen Peroxide Decontamination of N95 Respirators, with Fit-Testing and Viral Inactivation, Demonstrates Feasibility for Reuse during the COVID-19 Pandemic
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<span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">T Hans Derr</span><span class="citation-separator">&nbsp;et al.</span></span>
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<span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="T Hans Derr">T Hans Derr</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Environmental Health and Safety, Pennsylvania State Universitygrid.29857.31, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
1
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Melissa A James">Melissa A James</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Animal Resource Program, Pennsylvania State Universitygrid.29857.31, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
2
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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3
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
4
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
5
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-6" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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7
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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7
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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9
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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8
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5
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</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1"
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><sup class="key">1</sup> Environmental Health and Safety, Pennsylvania State Universitygrid.29857.31, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2"
id="short-view-affiliation-2"
><sup class="key">2</sup> Animal Resource Program, Pennsylvania State Universitygrid.29857.31, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3"
id="short-view-affiliation-3"
><sup class="key">3</sup> Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4"
id="short-view-affiliation-4"
><sup class="key">4</sup> Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5"
id="short-view-affiliation-5"
><sup class="key">5</sup> Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-6"
id="short-view-affiliation-6"
><sup class="key">6</sup> Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-7"
id="short-view-affiliation-7"
><sup class="key">7</sup> Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-8"
id="short-view-affiliation-8"
><sup class="key">8</sup> Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-9"
id="short-view-affiliation-9"
><sup class="key">9</sup> Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-10"
id="short-view-affiliation-10"
><sup class="key">10</sup> Occupational Medicine Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.</li>
</ul>
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<p>
In response to the demand for N95 respirators by health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, we evaluated decontamination of N95 respirators using an aerosolized hydrogen peroxide (aHP) system. This system is designed to dispense a consistent atomized spray of aerosolized, 7% hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) solution over a treatment cycle. Multiple N95 respirator models were subjected to 10 or more cycles of respirator decontamination, with a select number periodically assessed for qualitative and quantitative fit testing. In parallel, we assessed the ability of aHP treatment to inactivate multiple viruses absorbed onto respirators, including phi6 bacteriophage, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). For pathogens transmitted via respiratory droplets and aerosols, it is critical to address respirator safety for reuse. This study provided experimental validation of an aHP treatment process that decontaminates the respirators while maintaining N95 function. External National Institute for Occupational Safety &amp; Health (NIOSH) certification verified respirator structural integrity and filtration efficiency after 10 rounds of aHP treatment. Virus inactivation by aHP was comparable to the decontamination of commercial spore-based biological indicators. These data demonstrate that the aHP process is effective, with successful fit-testing of respirators after multiple aHP cycles, effective decontamination of multiple virus species, including SARS-CoV-2, successful decontamination of bacterial spores, and filtration efficiency maintained at or greater than 95%. While this study did not include extended or clinical use of N95 respirators between aHP cycles, these data provide proof of concept for aHP decontamination of N95 respirators before reuse in a crisis-capacity scenario. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> The COVID-19 pandemic led to unprecedented pressure on health care and research facilities to provide personal protective equipment. The respiratory nature of the SARS-CoV2 pathogen makes respirator facepieces a critical protective measure to limit inhalation of this virus. While respirator facepieces were designed for single use and disposal, the pandemic increased overall demand for N95 respirators, and corresponding manufacturing and supply chain limitations necessitated the safe reuse of respirators when necessary. In this study, we repurposed an aerosolized hydrogen peroxide (aHP) system that is regularly utilized to decontaminate materials in a biosafety level 3 (BSL3) facility, to develop a method for decontamination of N95 respirators. Results from viral inactivation, biological indicators, respirator fit testing, and filtration efficiency testing all indicated that the process was effective at rendering N95 respirators safe for reuse. This proof-of-concept study establishes baseline data for future testing of aHP in crisis-capacity respirator-reuse scenarios.
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Keywords:
</strong>
COVID-19; CURIS; N95 respirators; SARS-CoV2; aerosolized hydrogen peroxide; decontamination; disinfection; filtering facepiece (FFP) respirators (FFR); fit-testing; sterilization; virologic testing; virus.
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<p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p>
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<figure class="figure-item "
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itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="0"
data-label-slug="fig-1">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fbfb/9599425/0263a392aefd/msphere.00303-22-f001.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-0"
role="button"
data-image-width="3500"
data-image-height="2960"
data-image-alt="FIG 1"
data-pmc-id="PMC9599425"
data-figure-id="fig1">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-0"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fbfb/9599425/884e43e726cc/msphere.00303-22-f001.gif"
alt="FIG 1" />
</a>
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<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 1 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Sequential fit testing (QLFT and… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 1 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Sequential fit testing (QLFT and QNFT) of N95 respirators subjected to repeated aHP… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG 1
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Sequential fit testing (QLFT and QNFT) of N95 respirators subjected to repeated aHP decontamination cycles. Results demonstrate that all 3M model 8511 respirators successfully pass QLFT and QNFT after 1, 5, and 10 cycles. In particular, 8 of 9 QNFT results for the 3M model 8511 respirator surpassed a fit factor of 200, the maximum reportable by the test method, providing qualitative, yet objective, evidence of the safety margin related to fit integrity after 10 aHP decontamination cycles. All respirator models except Alpha Pro Tech (which had inconsistent fit-test results; see Materials and Methods for details) passed all QLFT and QNFT to which they were subjected. Model Alpha Pro Tech (aHP cycle 1) was only included for a single cycle and thus is not shown here.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="1"
data-label-slug="fig-2">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fbfb/9599425/89d571840f2f/msphere.00303-22-f002.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-1"
role="button"
data-image-width="768"
data-image-height="501"
data-image-alt="FIG 2"
data-pmc-id="PMC9599425"
data-figure-id="fig2">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-1"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fbfb/9599425/6cae4d130689/msphere.00303-22-f002.gif"
alt="FIG 2" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="768">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="501">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 2 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Infectious titer of phi6 bacteriophage… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 2 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Infectious titer of phi6 bacteriophage inoculated on N95 respirator facepieces was eliminated after… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG 2
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Infectious titer of phi6 bacteriophage inoculated on N95 respirator facepieces was eliminated after aerosolized H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (aHP) decontamination. (A) Data are plotted for each aHP cycle in which viral testing was done (see Table 4). Multiple models of N95 respirator (see Table 1) were inoculated and either treated as drying-only controls (red) or subjected to aHP treatment (blue). The respirator surface and model are indicated by the symbol shape and fill. The median of all points within a given aHP cycle and treatment is indicated by a solid horizontal line. The dashed horizontal line indicates the limit of detection (LOD) at 1 viral PFU in the resuspended but undiluted volume from the site of viral inoculation. (B) Petri dish plating of bacterial lawns exposed to phi6 from drying-only (left side) or aHP-treated (right side) respirator inoculation sites. These were applied to the bacterial lawn either as an undiluted resuspension (top row) or 1:10<sup>6</sup> dilution applied to focal points (bottom row). For the purposes of illustrating the decontaminated sites where zero plaques were detected, these numbers were replaced with fractional values (0.5), to allow their visualization on this log-scale plot. See Table S1 for all data values.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="2"
data-label-slug="fig-3">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fbfb/9599425/3df6772e06a9/msphere.00303-22-f003.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-2"
role="button"
data-image-width="792"
data-image-height="493"
data-image-alt="FIG 3"
data-pmc-id="PMC9599425"
data-figure-id="fig3">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-2"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fbfb/9599425/ede3ecf434b4/msphere.00303-22-f003.gif"
alt="FIG 3" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="792">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="493">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The infectious titer of HSV-1… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The infectious titer of HSV-1 inoculated on N95 respirator facepieces was reduced by… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG 3
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">The infectious titer of HSV-1 inoculated on N95 respirator facepieces was reduced by drying and eliminated after aerosolized H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (aHP) decontamination. Data are plotted for each aHP cycle in which viral testing was done (see Table 4). For HSV-1, the sole positive plaque after aHP treatment occurred in aHP cycle no. 3, when the modification 1 parameters were in use (Tables 3 and 4). This failure, in concert with a spore-based biological indicator and 2 CVB3 plaques (Fig. 4), motivated the addition of a dwell time in the final aHP parameters. As in Fig. 2, multiple models of N95 respirator (see Table 1) were inoculated and either treated as drying-only controls (red) or subjected to aHP treatment (blue). The respirator surface and model are indicated by the symbol shape and fill. The median of all points within a given aHP cycle and treatment is indicated by a solid horizontal line. The dashed horizontal line indicates the limit of detection (LOD) at 1 viral PFU in the resuspended but undiluted volume from the site of viral inoculation. For the purposes of illustrating the decontaminated sites where zero plaques were detected, these numbers were replaced with fractional values (0.5) to allow their visualization on this log-scale plot. See Table S1 for all data values.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="3"
data-label-slug="fig-4">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fbfb/9599425/6073e45cdcb5/msphere.00303-22-f004.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-3"
role="button"
data-image-width="792"
data-image-height="485"
data-image-alt="FIG 4"
data-pmc-id="PMC9599425"
data-figure-id="fig4">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-3"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fbfb/9599425/c4aab7c1c981/msphere.00303-22-f004.gif"
alt="FIG 4" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="792">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="485">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The infectious titer of CVB3… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The infectious titer of CVB3 inoculated on N95 respirator facepieces was reduced by… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG 4
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">The infectious titer of CVB3 inoculated on N95 respirator facepieces was reduced by drying and eliminated after aerosolized H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (aHP) decontamination. Data are plotted for each aHP cycle in which viral testing was done (see Table 4). For CVB3, two positive plaques after aHP treatment occurred in aHP cycle no. 3, when the modification 1 parameters were in use (Tables 3 and 4). This failure, in concert with a spore-based biological indicator and 1 HSV-1 plaque (Fig. 3), motivated the addition of a dwell time in the final aHP parameter. The only other positive CVB3 plaque after aHP treatment occurred in aHP cycle 6, and no plaques were detected in the replicate or in parallel samples. As in Fig. 2, multiple models of N95 respirator (see Table 1) were inoculated and either treated as drying-only controls (red) or subjected to aHP treatment (blue). The respirator surface and model are indicated by the symbol shape and fill. The median of all points within a given aHP cycle and treatment is indicated by a solid horizontal line. The dashed horizontal line indicates the limit of detection (LOD) at 1 viral PFU in the resuspended but undiluted volume from the site of viral inoculation. For the purposes of illustrating the decontaminated sites where zero plaques were detected, these numbers were replaced with fractional values (0.5) to allow their visualization on this log-scale plot. See Table S1 for all data values.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="4"
data-label-slug="fig-5">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fbfb/9599425/474ff89509e7/msphere.00303-22-f005.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-4"
role="button"
data-image-width="3403"
data-image-height="1663"
data-image-alt="FIG 5"
data-pmc-id="PMC9599425"
data-figure-id="fig5">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-4"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fbfb/9599425/13c9deae03be/msphere.00303-22-f005.gif"
alt="FIG 5" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="3403">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="1663">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 5 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The infectious titer of SARS-CoV-2… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 5 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The infectious titer of SARS-CoV-2 inoculated on N95 respirator facepieces was reduced by… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG 5
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">The infectious titer of SARS-CoV-2 inoculated on N95 respirator facepieces was reduced by drying and eliminated after aerosolized H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (aHP) decontamination. (A and B) Data are plotted separately for each aHP cycle in which viral testing was done (see Table 4). For SARS-CoV-2, no infectious virus was detected by TCID<sub>50</sub> assay after aHP treatment. As in Fig. 2, multiple models of N95 respirator (see Table 1) were inoculated and either treated as drying-only controls (red) or subjected to aHP treatment (blue). The respirator surface and model are indicated by the symbol shape and fill. The median of all points within a given aHP cycle and treatment is indicated by a solid horizontal line. Viral titer was determined by 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID<sub>50</sub>) assay in 96-well plates, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.2 (see Materials and Methods for details). For the purposes of illustrating the decontaminated samples where no virus was detected, these numbers were plotted as a value of 1. See Table S1 for all data values.</div>
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Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). 2008. Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities, 2008. Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
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