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<meta name="description" content="The Fragile X-related disorders (FXDs), which include the intellectual disability fragile X syndrome (FXS), are disorders caused by expansion of a CGG-repeat tract in the 5' UTR of the X-linked <i>FMR1</i> gene. These disorders are named for FRAXA, the folate-sensitive fragile site that localizes wi …"><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:34681027, PMC8536109, doi:10.3390/genes12101633, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Review, Bruce E Hayward, Karen Usdin, Aneuploidy, Ataxia / genetics*, Ataxia / physiopathology, DNA Repeat Expansion / genetics, DNA Replication / genetics, Female, Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein / genetics*, Fragile X Syndrome / genetics*, Fragile X Syndrome / physiopathology, Genomic Instability / genetics, Humans, Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / genetics*, Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / physiopathology, Tremor / genetics*, Tremor / physiopathology, Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion / genetics, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="Mechanisms of Genome Instability in the Fragile X-Related Disorders - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34681027/"><meta property="og:description" content="The Fragile X-related disorders (FXDs), which include the intellectual disability fragile X syndrome (FXS), are disorders caused by expansion of a CGG-repeat tract in the 5' UTR of the X-linked <i>FMR1</i> gene. These disorders are named for FRAXA, the folate-sensitive fragile site that localizes wi …"><meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:site_name" content="PubMed"><meta name="twitter:domain" content="pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:title" content="Mechanisms of Genome Instability in the Fragile X-Related Disorders - PubMed"><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34681027/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="The Fragile X-related disorders (FXDs), which include the intellectual disability fragile X syndrome (FXS), are disorders caused by expansion of a CGG-repeat tract in the 5' UTR of the X-linked <i>FMR1</i> gene. These disorders are named for FRAXA, the folate-sensitive fragile site that localizes wi …"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">
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<span class="search-input-link user-guide-link" role="navigation" aria-label="User guide">
|
||
<a href="/help/"
|
||
data-ga-category="featured_link"
|
||
data-ga-action="user_guide">
|
||
User Guide
|
||
</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</form>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-page-header">
|
||
<div id="article-top-actions-bar" class="article-top-actions-bar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<div class="actions-container">
|
||
<div class="return-to-search">
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="multiple-results-actions " role="region" aria-label="save, email, send to">
|
||
<button id="save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="save-results save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button><button id="email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="email-results email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Email
|
||
</button><div class="more-actions dropdown-block"><button id="more-actions-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="trigger more-actions-trigger"
|
||
ref="linksrc=show_moreactions_btn"
|
||
aria-label="Send to"
|
||
aria-controls="more-actions-dropdown">Send to</button><div id="more-actions-dropdown" class="dropdown dropdown-container" hidden><div class="content"><ul class="more-actions-links"><li><a class="clipboard-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link "
|
||
href="#"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="clipboard"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Clipboard
|
||
</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link bibliography-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F34681027%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link collections-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F34681027%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li><li><a role="button" class="citation-manager-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link citation-manager-trigger-target" href="#">Citation manager</a></li></ul></div></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region">
|
||
<button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
|
||
title="Change format"
|
||
data-ga-category="display_options"
|
||
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog">
|
||
<span class="button-label">Display options</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
|
||
<div class="title">
|
||
Display options
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
|
||
<div class="format-container">
|
||
<span class="option-label">
|
||
Format
|
||
</span>
|
||
<select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="article-display-format">
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pubmed">PubMed</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="0u2FMKvTtDEkiLa4wKoJ35yIXZgHxKPXhhMKpAYf3erOccgU931Lxd4mv3YTqlnh">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-panels-container" class="article-panels-container">
|
||
<div id="save-action-panel" class="save-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Save citation to file
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="save-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="0u2FMKvTtDEkiLa4wKoJ35yIXZgHxKPXhhMKpAYf3erOccgU931Lxd4mv3YTqlnh">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option>
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="csv">CSV</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_save_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="email-action-panel"
|
||
class="email-action-panel action-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-recaptcha-script-url="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/enterprise.js?render=explicit&onload=onloadCaptchaCallback"
|
||
data-recaptcha-enabled="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Email citation
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="email-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="0u2FMKvTtDEkiLa4wKoJ35yIXZgHxKPXhhMKpAYf3erOccgU931Lxd4mv3YTqlnh">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Subject:
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 34681027 - PubMed</span>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 34681027"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="58baccb06fa8c711c33fc713ee6964223b95f886f74d29308e54da33caad6fb9"/>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
To:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
From:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
|
||
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
|
||
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
|
||
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Send email
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="collections-action-panel"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to Collections
|
||
</h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="0u2FMKvTtDEkiLa4wKoJ35yIXZgHxKPXhhMKpAYf3erOccgU931Lxd4mv3YTqlnh">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="controls-wrapper">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
|
||
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
|
||
</select>
|
||
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to My Bibliography
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
|
||
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="0u2FMKvTtDEkiLa4wKoJ35yIXZgHxKPXhhMKpAYf3erOccgU931Lxd4mv3YTqlnh">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
|
||
<div class="choice-group">
|
||
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
|
||
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="mybib"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your saved search
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
|
||
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
|
||
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="0u2FMKvTtDEkiLa4wKoJ35yIXZgHxKPXhhMKpAYf3erOccgU931Lxd4mv3YTqlnh">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of saved search:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="saved-search-name"
|
||
id="saved-search-name"
|
||
class="saved-search-name"
|
||
value=""
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Search terms:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
|
||
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
|
||
Would you like email updates of new search results?
|
||
</span>
|
||
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
|
||
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</fieldset>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Frequency:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
|
||
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
|
||
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
|
||
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
|
||
<option value="day">The first day</option>
|
||
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Report format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
|
||
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Send at most:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
|
||
<option value="1">1 item</option>
|
||
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10 items</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20 items</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50 items</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100 items</option>
|
||
<option value="200">200 items</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
|
||
Send even when there aren't any new results
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Optional text in email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
id="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Create a file for external citation management software
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="0u2FMKvTtDEkiLa4wKoJ35yIXZgHxKPXhhMKpAYf3erOccgU931Lxd4mv3YTqlnh">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your RSS Feed
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
|
||
data-search-form-term-value="">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="0u2FMKvTtDEkiLa4wKoJ35yIXZgHxKPXhhMKpAYf3erOccgU931Lxd4mv3YTqlnh">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of RSS Feed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
placeholder="Name"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="rss-name"
|
||
id="rss-name"
|
||
class="rss-name"
|
||
value=''
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Number of items displayed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
|
||
<option value="5">5</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10</option>
|
||
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Creating..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create RSS
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
|
||
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
|
||
<button
|
||
type="button"
|
||
disabled
|
||
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="rss"
|
||
data-ga-label="copy">
|
||
Copy
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="34681027">
|
||
<aside class="page-sidebar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
|
||
<div class="full-text-links">
|
||
<div class="full-view">
|
||
<h3 class="title">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="full-text-links-list">
|
||
<a class="link-item
|
||
|
||
dialog-focus"
|
||
href="https://www.mdpi.com/resolver?pii=genes12101633"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=6383&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=34681027&db=pubmed&nlmid=101551097"
|
||
title="See full text options at MDPI"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="MDPI"
|
||
data-ga-label="34681027"
|
||
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--res.mdpi.com-data-pubmed-linkout.png" alt="MDPI full text link"><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
MDPI
|
||
|
||
</span></a><a class="link-item
|
||
pmc
|
||
"
|
||
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/34681027/"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=34681027&db=pubmed&nlmid=101551097"
|
||
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="PMC"
|
||
data-ga-label="34681027"
|
||
><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
Free PMC article
|
||
|
||
</span></a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="short-view">
|
||
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="cite"
|
||
data-ga-label="open"
|
||
data-all-citations-url="/34681027/citations/"
|
||
data-citation-style="nlm"
|
||
data-pubmed-format-link="/34681027/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="34681027" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_button"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F34681027%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
|
||
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
|
||
class="dialog collections-dialog"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="0u2FMKvTtDEkiLa4wKoJ35yIXZgHxKPXhhMKpAYf3erOccgU931Lxd4mv3YTqlnh"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label><input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button><button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger"
|
||
title="Open dialog with more actions to take"
|
||
ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
|
||
title="Change format"
|
||
data-ga-category="display_options"
|
||
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title">
|
||
Display options
|
||
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2021 Oct 17;12(10):1633.</span>
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Mechanisms of Genome Instability in the Fragile X-Related Disorders
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Mechanisms of Genome Instability in the Fragile X-Related Disorders
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The Fragile X-related disorders (FXDs), which include the intellectual disability fragile X syndrome (FXS), are disorders caused by expansion of a CGG-repeat tract in the 5' UTR of the X-linked <i>FMR1</i> gene. These disorders are named for FRAXA, the folate-sensitive fragile site that localizes with the CGG-repeat in individuals with FXS. Two pathological <i>FMR1</i> allele size classes are distinguished. Premutation (PM) alleles have 54-200 repeats and confer the risk of fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI). PM alleles are prone to both somatic and germline expansion, with female PM carriers being at risk of having a child with >200+ repeats. Inheritance of such full mutation (FM) alleles causes FXS. Contractions of PM and FM alleles can also occur. As a result, many carriers are mosaic for different sized alleles, with the clinical presentation depending on the proportions of these alleles in affected tissues. Furthermore, it has become apparent that the chromosomal fragility of FXS individuals reflects an underlying problem that can lead to chromosomal numerical and structural abnormalities. Thus, large numbers of CGG-repeats in the <i>FMR1</i> gene predisposes individuals to multiple forms of genome instability. This review will discuss our current understanding of these processes.
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aneuploidy; base excision repair (BER); break induced replication (BIR); chromosome fragility; microhomology mediated end-joining (MMEJ); mitotic DNA synthesis (MiDAS); repeat contractions; repeat expansion; repeat mosaicism.
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<p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Model for mitotic DNA synthesis (MiDAS) at the <i> FMR1 </i> locus. FM alleles with… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Model for mitotic DNA synthesis (MiDAS) at the <i>FMR1</i> locus. FM alleles with stalled replication forks that have not been resolved by the time mitosis begins are cleaved by the SLX1/SLX4 nuclease to generate a one-ended DSB. After end resection to generate a 3′ overhang, binding of RAD51 allows the exposed 3′ end to invade a homologous template, likely a sister chromatid. Conservative DNA synthesis then occurs in a POLD3-dependent fashion to complete replication [48]. Failure to initiate this process results in the formation of ultrafine bridges and the high frequency loss of the affected X chromosome [26,48], while failure to complete MiDAS results in fragile site expression [48].</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Diagrammatic representation of possible transcription-related,… </p></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
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<p> Figure 2 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
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|
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|
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|
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Diagrammatic representation of possible transcription-related, MMR-dependent events that could give rise to repeat… </p></div>
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</div>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
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<strong class="figure-label">
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Figure 2
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Diagrammatic representation of possible transcription-related, MMR-dependent events that could give rise to repeat expansions. As illustrated on the left-hand side of this figure, R-loops could give rise to expansions because single stranded regions of the R-loop would be prone to oxidative damage. Repair of this damage by BER would create an opportunity for strand slippage and strand-displacement that could result in the formation of hairpins or loop-outs on one or both strands [83]. Alternatively, as illustrated on the right, hairpin formation might occur on the non-template strand of the R-loop, forming an S-loop. This might favor formation of a hairpin on the template strand after dissociation of the transcript. Hairpins or double loop-outs formed by either process could then be bound by both MutS proteins. This results in the recruitment of MutLα, MutLβ, and MutLγ. MutLγ cleavage of the strands opposite each loop-out would generate a DSB that would then be repaired by some, as yet unknown, non-homologous end-joining-independent DSBR pathway.</div>
|
||
|
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||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
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role="button"
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data-image-width="776"
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data-image-alt="Figure 3"
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data-pmc-id="PMC8536109"
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data-figure-id="genes-12-01633-f003">
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
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id="article-image-2"
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src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c6eb/8536109/0541c035ede2/genes-12-01633-g003.gif"
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<strong class="figure-label">
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<p> Figure 3 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Diagrammatic representation of potential contraction/deletion… </p></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
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<p> Figure 3 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Diagrammatic representation of potential contraction/deletion pathways. ( <b> A </b> ) Strand-slippage during replication may… </p></div>
|
||
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</div>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
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<strong class="figure-label">
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Figure 3
|
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</strong>
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|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Diagrammatic representation of potential contraction/deletion pathways. (<b>A</b>) Strand-slippage during replication may be exacerbated by hairpins formed on the template strand. Repriming more 5′ on the template would lead to nascent strands with fewer repeats than the template strand. A subsequent round of replication would generate a contracted allele. (<b>B</b>) MMEJ-mediated repair of a DSB is initiated by end-resection to reveal MHs at either side of the break. Annealing of these MHs is followed by removal of non-homologous flaps, filling of any gaps, perhaps by Polθ or Polβ, and ligation by either ligase 3 (Lig3) or ligase 1 (Lig1).</div>
|
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</figcaption>
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role="button"
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data-image-width="736"
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data-image-height="454"
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data-image-alt="Figure 4"
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data-pmc-id="PMC8536109"
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data-figure-id="genes-12-01633-f004">
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
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id="article-image-3"
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src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c6eb/8536109/d2a132f9b85b/genes-12-01633-g004.gif"
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alt="Figure 4" />
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<strong class="figure-label">
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<p> Figure 4 </p>
|
||
</strong>
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|
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|
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|
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Summary of potential sources of… </p></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
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<p> Figure 4 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Summary of potential sources of genomic instability associated with PM and FM alleles.… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
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|
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
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Figure 4
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Summary of potential sources of genomic instability associated with PM and FM alleles. Transcription of long CGG-repeat tracts promotes a form of MMR-dependent DSBR that leads to expansion (i). As the repeat number increases, the incidence of replication fork stalling increases. Repair of the stalled fork can lead to contractions or deletions (ii). Aneuploidy can result when stalled forks are not repaired (iii), while chromosome fragility results when repair of the stalled forks by MiDAS is incomplete (iv).</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
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</figcaption>
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</figure>
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Lubs H.A. A marker X chromosome. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1969;21:231–244.
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Fu Y.H., Kuhl D.P., Pizzuti A., Pieretti M., Sutcliffe J.S., Richards S., Verkerk A.J., Holden J.J., Fenwick R.G., Jr., Warren S.T., et al. Variation of the CGG repeat at the fragile X site results in genetic instability: Resolution of the Sherman paradox. Cell. 1991;67:1047–1058. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90283-5.
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data-href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+Non-U.S.+Gov%27t%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"[pt]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="pub_type"
|
||
data-ga-label="Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Research+Support%2C+Non-U.S.+Gov%27t"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="pub_type_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"[pt]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"[pt]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Review"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-publication-types-1"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Review
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-publication-types-1"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Review"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Review%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Review%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Review"[pt]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="pub_type"
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data-ga-label="Review">
|
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Review"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="pub_type_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Review">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Review"[pt]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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data-ga-label=""Review"[pt]"
|
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href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="mesh-terms" class="mesh-terms keywords-section">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
MeSH terms
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Aneuploidy"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Aneuploidy
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Aneuploidy"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Aneuploidy%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Aneuploidy%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Aneuploidy"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Aneuploidy">
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Aneuploidy"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Aneuploidy"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Aneuploidy"[MeSH]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Ataxia / genetics*"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-1"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Ataxia / genetics*
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-1"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Ataxia / genetics*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Ataxia%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Ataxia%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Ataxia/genetics"[MAJR]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
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data-ga-label="Ataxia / genetics*">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Ataxia"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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data-ga-label="Ataxia / genetics*">
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Ataxia/genetics"[MAJR]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Ataxia/genetics"[MAJR]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Ataxia / physiopathology"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Ataxia / physiopathology
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Ataxia / physiopathology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Ataxia%2Fphysiopathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Ataxia%2Fphysiopathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Ataxia/physiopathology"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
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data-ga-label="Ataxia / physiopathology">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Ataxia"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Ataxia / physiopathology">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Ataxia/physiopathology"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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data-ga-label=""Ataxia/physiopathology"[MeSH]"
|
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href="#">
|
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword DNA Repeat Expansion / genetics"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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DNA Repeat Expansion / genetics
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword DNA Repeat Expansion / genetics"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22DNA+Repeat+Expansion%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22DNA+Repeat+Expansion%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="DNA Repeat Expansion/genetics"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="DNA Repeat Expansion / genetics">
|
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=DNA+Repeat+Expansion"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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data-ga-label="DNA Repeat Expansion / genetics">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""DNA Repeat Expansion/genetics"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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|
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword DNA Replication / genetics"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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DNA Replication / genetics
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword DNA Replication / genetics"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22DNA+Replication%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22DNA+Replication%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="DNA Replication/genetics"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
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data-ga-label="DNA Replication / genetics">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=DNA+Replication"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
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data-ga-label="DNA Replication / genetics">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""DNA Replication/genetics"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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data-ga-label=""DNA Replication/genetics"[MeSH]"
|
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href="#">
|
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Female"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Female
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Female"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Female"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Female">
|
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Female">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Female"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Female"[MeSH]"
|
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href="#">
|
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Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein / genetics*"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-6"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein / genetics*
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-6"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein / genetics*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Fragile+X+Mental+Retardation+Protein%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Fragile+X+Mental+Retardation+Protein%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/genetics"[MAJR]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-label="Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein / genetics*">
|
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Fragile+X+Mental+Retardation+Protein"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
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|
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Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/genetics"[MAJR]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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data-ga-label=""Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/genetics"[MAJR]"
|
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|
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Fragile X Syndrome / genetics*"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-7"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Fragile X Syndrome / genetics*
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-7"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Fragile X Syndrome / genetics*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Fragile+X+Syndrome%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Fragile+X+Syndrome%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Fragile X Syndrome/genetics"[MAJR]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
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data-ga-label="Fragile X Syndrome / genetics*">
|
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Fragile+X+Syndrome"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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data-ga-label="Fragile X Syndrome / genetics*">
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Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Fragile X Syndrome/genetics"[MAJR]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Fragile X Syndrome / physiopathology"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Fragile X Syndrome / physiopathology
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Fragile X Syndrome / physiopathology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Fragile+X+Syndrome%2Fphysiopathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Fragile+X+Syndrome%2Fphysiopathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Fragile X Syndrome/physiopathology"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Fragile+X+Syndrome"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Fragile X Syndrome / physiopathology">
|
||
Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Fragile X Syndrome/physiopathology"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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data-ga-label=""Fragile X Syndrome/physiopathology"[MeSH]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Genomic Instability / genetics"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Genomic Instability / genetics
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Genomic Instability / genetics"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Genomic+Instability%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Genomic+Instability%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Genomic Instability/genetics"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Genomic Instability / genetics">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Genomic+Instability"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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data-ga-label="Genomic Instability / genetics">
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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role="button"
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data-search-term=""Genomic Instability/genetics"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Genomic Instability/genetics"[MeSH]"
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Humans"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-10"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Humans
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-10"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Humans"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Humans"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Humans">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans"
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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data-ga-label="Humans">
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-search-term=""Humans"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Humans"[MeSH]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / genetics*"
|
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tabindex="0"
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-11"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / genetics*
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-11"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / genetics*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Primary+Ovarian+Insufficiency%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Primary+Ovarian+Insufficiency%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Primary Ovarian Insufficiency/genetics"[MAJR]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / genetics*">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Primary+Ovarian+Insufficiency"
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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role="button"
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data-search-term=""Primary Ovarian Insufficiency/genetics"[MAJR]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Primary Ovarian Insufficiency/genetics"[MAJR]"
|
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|
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / physiopathology"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / physiopathology
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / physiopathology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Primary+Ovarian+Insufficiency%2Fphysiopathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Primary+Ovarian+Insufficiency%2Fphysiopathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Primary Ovarian Insufficiency/physiopathology"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / physiopathology">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Primary+Ovarian+Insufficiency"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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data-ga-label="Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / physiopathology">
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Primary Ovarian Insufficiency/physiopathology"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Primary Ovarian Insufficiency/physiopathology"[MeSH]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Tremor / genetics*"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-13"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Tremor / genetics*
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-13"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Tremor / genetics*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Tremor%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Tremor%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Tremor/genetics"[MAJR]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
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data-ga-label="Tremor / genetics*">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Tremor"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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data-ga-label="Tremor / genetics*">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Tremor/genetics"[MAJR]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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data-ga-label=""Tremor/genetics"[MAJR]"
|
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href="#">
|
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Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Tremor / physiopathology"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Tremor / physiopathology
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Tremor / physiopathology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Tremor%2Fphysiopathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Tremor%2Fphysiopathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Tremor/physiopathology"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
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data-ga-label="Tremor / physiopathology">
|
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Tremor"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Tremor / physiopathology">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Tremor/physiopathology"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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data-ga-label=""Tremor/physiopathology"[MeSH]"
|
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href="#">
|
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Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion / genetics"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion / genetics
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion / genetics"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Trinucleotide+Repeat+Expansion%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Trinucleotide+Repeat+Expansion%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion/genetics"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion / genetics">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Trinucleotide+Repeat+Expansion"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion / genetics">
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Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion/genetics"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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data-ga-label=""Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion/genetics"[MeSH]"
|
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
Substances
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword FMR1 protein, human"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-0"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
FMR1 protein, human
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-0"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword FMR1 protein, human"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22FMR1+protein%2C+human%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22FMR1+protein%2C+human%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="FMR1 protein, human"[nm]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="substance"
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data-ga-label="FMR1 protein, human">
|
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22FMR1+protein%2C+human%22"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="substance_link"
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data-ga-label="FMR1 protein, human">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""FMR1 protein, human"[nm]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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data-ga-label=""FMR1 protein, human"[nm]"
|
||
href="#">
|
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Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-1"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-1"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Fragile+X+Mental+Retardation+Protein%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Fragile+X+Mental+Retardation+Protein%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein"[nm]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="substance"
|
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data-ga-label="Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein">
|
||
Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Fragile+X+Mental+Retardation+Protein%22"
|
||
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
||
data-ga-action="substance_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein"[nm]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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data-ga-label=""Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein"[nm]"
|
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href="#">
|
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Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="supplementary-concepts" class="supplementary-concepts keywords-section">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
Supplementary concepts
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Fragile X Tremor Ataxia Syndrome"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-supplementary-concepts-0"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Fragile X Tremor Ataxia Syndrome
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-supplementary-concepts-0"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Fragile X Tremor Ataxia Syndrome"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Fragile+X+Tremor+Ataxia+Syndrome%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Fragile+X+Tremor+Ataxia+Syndrome%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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