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<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Ic5ohMRp0RHhbkxA4apzpb1ryHJGLNMMZZPtUCkLAsuL5LDqHt2BTjx56LrSEok6">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Ic5ohMRp0RHhbkxA4apzpb1ryHJGLNMMZZPtUCkLAsuL5LDqHt2BTjx56LrSEok6">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Ic5ohMRp0RHhbkxA4apzpb1ryHJGLNMMZZPtUCkLAsuL5LDqHt2BTjx56LrSEok6">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Ic5ohMRp0RHhbkxA4apzpb1ryHJGLNMMZZPtUCkLAsuL5LDqHt2BTjx56LrSEok6">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Ic5ohMRp0RHhbkxA4apzpb1ryHJGLNMMZZPtUCkLAsuL5LDqHt2BTjx56LrSEok6">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="34675202">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25731-z"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3094&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=34675202&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101528555"
title="See full text options at Nature Publishing Group"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Nature Publishing Group"
data-ga-label="34675202"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--www.nature.com-static-images-logos-nature-portfolio-120.png" alt="Nature Publishing Group full text link"><span class="text">
Nature Publishing Group
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/34675202/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=34675202&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101528555"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="34675202"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/34675202/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/34675202/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="34675202" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F34675202%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Ic5ohMRp0RHhbkxA4apzpb1ryHJGLNMMZZPtUCkLAsuL5LDqHt2BTjx56LrSEok6"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
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<h1 class="heading-title">
Validation of lipid-related therapeutic targets for coronary heart disease prevention using human genetics
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data-ga-label="Aroon D Hingorani">Aroon D Hingorani</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#full-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London, UK." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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2
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London, UK." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
3
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands." href="#full-view-affiliation-16" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
16
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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2
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London, UK." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
3
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands." href="#full-view-affiliation-16" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
16
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><sup class="key">4</sup> Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.</li>
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><sup class="key">5</sup> Integrative Computational BioScience (ICBS) Center, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.</li>
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><sup class="key">6</sup> Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK.</li>
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><sup class="key">7</sup> MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.</li>
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><sup class="key">8</sup> Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK.</li>
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><sup class="key">9</sup> Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.</li>
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><sup class="key">11</sup> Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK.</li>
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><sup class="key">12</sup> MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.</li>
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><sup class="key">13</sup> Population Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.</li>
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><sup class="key">14</sup> Bristol NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.</li>
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><sup class="key">15</sup> European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK.</li>
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><sup class="key">16</sup> Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.</li>
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<div class="equal-contrib-explanation" id="full-view-equal-contrib-explanation"><sup class="key">#</sup> Contributed equally.</div>
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Validation of lipid-related therapeutic targets for coronary heart disease prevention using human genetics
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<span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">María Gordillo-Marañón</span><span class="citation-separator">&nbsp;et al.</span></span>
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<span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="María Gordillo-Marañón">María Gordillo-Marañón</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. maria.maranon.16@ucl.ac.uk." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
1
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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2
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
3
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Pimphen Charoen">Pimphen Charoen</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
2
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
4
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Integrative Computational BioScience (ICBS) Center, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand." href="#short-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
5
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Fotios Drenos">Fotios Drenos</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
2
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-6" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
6
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Sandesh Chopade">Sandesh Chopade</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
2
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
3
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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2
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
3
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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2
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
3
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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2
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
7
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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8
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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8
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Andrew Wong">Andrew Wong</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
7
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Reecha Sofat">Reecha Sofat</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-9" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
9
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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10
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Jackie F Price">Jackie F Price</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-11" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
11
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Alun D Hughes">Alun D Hughes</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
2
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
3
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
7
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Tom R Gaunt">Tom R Gaunt</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-12" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
12
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Population Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-13" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
13
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Bristol NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-14" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
14
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Lawlor+DA&amp;cauthor_id=34675202"
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data-ga-label="Deborah A Lawlor">Deborah A Lawlor</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-12" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
12
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Population Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-13" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
13
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Bristol NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-14" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
14
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Gaulton+A&amp;cauthor_id=34675202"
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data-ga-label="Anna Gaulton">Anna Gaulton</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-15" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
15
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Aroon D Hingorani">Aroon D Hingorani</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
2
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
3
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Amand F Schmidt">Amand F Schmidt</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
2
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
3
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands." href="#short-view-affiliation-16" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
16
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Chris Finan">Chris Finan</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
2
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
3
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands." href="#short-view-affiliation-16" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
16
</a></sup></span>
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Affiliations
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<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1"
id="short-view-affiliation-1"
><sup class="key">1</sup> Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. maria.maranon.16@ucl.ac.uk.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2"
id="short-view-affiliation-2"
><sup class="key">2</sup> Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3"
id="short-view-affiliation-3"
><sup class="key">3</sup> UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London, UK.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4"
id="short-view-affiliation-4"
><sup class="key">4</sup> Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5"
id="short-view-affiliation-5"
><sup class="key">5</sup> Integrative Computational BioScience (ICBS) Center, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-6"
id="short-view-affiliation-6"
><sup class="key">6</sup> Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-7"
id="short-view-affiliation-7"
><sup class="key">7</sup> MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-8"
id="short-view-affiliation-8"
><sup class="key">8</sup> Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-9"
id="short-view-affiliation-9"
><sup class="key">9</sup> Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-10"
id="short-view-affiliation-10"
><sup class="key">10</sup> Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-11"
id="short-view-affiliation-11"
><sup class="key">11</sup> Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-12"
id="short-view-affiliation-12"
><sup class="key">12</sup> MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-13"
id="short-view-affiliation-13"
><sup class="key">13</sup> Population Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-14"
id="short-view-affiliation-14"
><sup class="key">14</sup> Bristol NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-15"
id="short-view-affiliation-15"
><sup class="key">15</sup> European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-16"
id="short-view-affiliation-16"
><sup class="key">16</sup> Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="equal-contrib-block">
<div class="equal-contrib-explanation" id="short-view-equal-contrib-explanation"><sup class="key">#</sup> Contributed equally.</div>
</div>
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Abstract
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<p>
Drug target Mendelian randomization (MR) studies use DNA sequence variants in or near a gene encoding a drug target, that alter the target's expression or function, as a tool to anticipate the effect of drug action on the same target. Here we apply MR to prioritize drug targets for their causal relevance for coronary heart disease (CHD). The targets are further prioritized using independent replication, co-localization, protein expression profiles and data from the British National Formulary and clinicaltrials.gov. Out of the 341 drug targets identified through their association with blood lipids (HDL-C, LDL-C and triglycerides), we robustly prioritize 30 targets that might elicit beneficial effects in the prevention or treatment of CHD, including NPC1L1 and PCSK9, the targets of drugs used in CHD prevention. We discuss how this approach can be generalized to other targets, disease biomarkers and endpoints to help prioritize and validate targets during the drug development process.
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© 2021. The Author(s).
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<p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">A.F.S. has received Servier funding for unrelated work. M.Z. conducted this research as an employee of BenevolentAI. Since completing the work M.Z. is now a full-time employee of GlaxoSmithKline.</p>
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Figures
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data-pmc-id="PMC8531035"
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-0"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/59ac/8531035/f8ec4691b325/41467_2021_25731_Fig1_HTML.gif"
alt="Fig. 1" />
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 1. HDL-C, CETP inhibitor, and CHD:… </p>
</strong>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 1. HDL-C, CETP inhibitor, and CHD: genome-wide biomarker vs. drug target MR. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Forest plot… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Fig. 1. HDL-C, CETP inhibitor, and CHD: genome-wide biomarker vs. drug target MR.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Forest plot of the HDL-C biomarker MR estimate (Holmes et al., 2015), drug target MR estimate of CETP level and function using HDL-C as a proxy (Schmidt et al., 2020), and odds ratio of anacetrapib clinical trial (HPS3/TIMI55REVEAL Collaborative Group, 2017). OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, SD standard deviation.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
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data-slide-index="1"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 2. Discovery drug target MR estimates… </p>
</strong>
</div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 2. Discovery drug target MR estimates on CHD. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Analyses were performed using genetic associations… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Fig. 2. Discovery drug target MR estimates on CHD.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Analyses were performed using genetic associations with LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG from the Global Lipid Genetic Consortium (GLGC) with CHD events from the CardiogramPlusC4D Consortium. Drug targets are grouped by clinical phase according to the ChEMBL database. Blue indicates a beneficial effect on CHD risk and red a detrimental effect per SD difference with respect to the indicated lipid sub-fraction. Significant estimates are indicated with an asterisk (*). Co-localization of genetic effects on the relevant lipid sub-fraction and CHD at the same locus is indicated by a square around the cell.</div>
</figcaption>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 3. Replication of drug target MR… </p>
</strong>
</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 3. Replication of drug target MR findings. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The discovery and replication analyses used different… </p></div>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Fig. 3. Replication of drug target MR findings.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">The discovery and replication analyses used different data sources for both exposure and outcome. Totally, 145 replication MR analyses were performed in which the gene boundaries included genetic associations exceeding the pre-specified significance threshold (<i>P</i> value1×10<sup>4</sup>).</div>
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-3"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/59ac/8531035/95629625df4c/41467_2021_25731_Fig4_HTML.gif"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 4. Prioritized target: lipoprotein lipase (LPL). </p>
</strong>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 4. Prioritized target: lipoprotein lipase (LPL). </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> a </b> Genetic associations at the locus (±50 kbp)…</div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Fig. 4. Prioritized target: lipoprotein lipase (LPL).
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>a</b> Genetic associations at the locus (±50kbp) in black vs. genome-wide associations (gray, <i>P</i> value&lt;1×10<sup>6</sup> based on two-sided <i>z</i>-tests). The <i>x</i>-axis shows the per allele effect on the corresponding lipid expressed as mean difference (MD) from GLGC and the y-axis indicates the per allele effect on CHD expressed as log odds ratios (OR) from CardiogramPlusC4D. The marker size indicates the significance of the association with the lipid sub-fraction (<i>P</i> value). <b>b</b> Univariable and multivariable (drug target) <i>cis</i>-MR results presented as OR and 95% confidence intervals with lipid exposure (<i>n</i>=188,577 individuals) and CHD outcome (<i>n</i>=60,801 cases and 123,504 controls). An asterisk (*) indicates the MR estimates as being replicated, and a dagger (†) that the lipid effect and CHD signals are co-localized. <b>c</b>. Disease associations at the locus with 103 clinical endpoints from UK Biobank and GWAS Consortia.</div>
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