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<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="2lcA1DZIDazHuXlN9LqxeoPAhtVHV9qNj8WFEts4dLmboorDM43zIwlePxDTOKY7">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="2lcA1DZIDazHuXlN9LqxeoPAhtVHV9qNj8WFEts4dLmboorDM43zIwlePxDTOKY7">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="2lcA1DZIDazHuXlN9LqxeoPAhtVHV9qNj8WFEts4dLmboorDM43zIwlePxDTOKY7">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="2lcA1DZIDazHuXlN9LqxeoPAhtVHV9qNj8WFEts4dLmboorDM43zIwlePxDTOKY7">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="2lcA1DZIDazHuXlN9LqxeoPAhtVHV9qNj8WFEts4dLmboorDM43zIwlePxDTOKY7">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="33651524">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
book
dialog-focus"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567985"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3057&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=33651524&amp;db=pubmed"
title="See full text options at NCBI Bookshelf"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="NCBI Bookshelf"
data-ga-label="33651524"
><img class="book-icon" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-dia3ed.png" alt="book cover photo"><div class="book-icon-label"><div class="book-icon-label-title">Diabetes in America</div></div><span class="text">
NCBI Bookshelf
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/33651524/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/33651524/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="33651524" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F33651524%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="2lcA1DZIDazHuXlN9LqxeoPAhtVHV9qNj8WFEts4dLmboorDM43zIwlePxDTOKY7"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button><button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger"
title="Open dialog with more actions to take"
ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
data-default-format-value="abstract"
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button
class="trigger usa-button"
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<div class="citation">3rd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US); 2018 Aug.</div>
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id="short-view-affiliation-5"
><sup class="key">5</sup> Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Physician, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA</li>
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id="short-view-affiliation-6"
><sup class="key">6</sup> Chief, Epidemiology and Statistics Branch, Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA</li>
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id="short-view-affiliation-7"
><sup class="key">7</sup> Chief, Diabetes Epidemiology and Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ</li>
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id="short-view-affiliation-9"
><sup class="key">9</sup> Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA</li>
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id="short-view-affiliation-10"
><sup class="key">10</sup> Distinguished Service Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD</li>
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id="short-view-affiliation-14"
><sup class="key">14</sup> Director, Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Ruth and O.C. Hubert Professor of Global Health and Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, and Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-15"
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><sup class="key">15</sup> Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO</li>
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id="short-view-affiliation-16"
><sup class="key">16</sup> Director, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD</li>
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<div class="abstract" id="abstract">
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Excerpt
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<p>
Diabetes in America, 3rd Edition, is a compilation and assessment of epidemiologic, public health, clinical, and clinical trial data on diabetes and its complications in the United States. It was published by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, during 20162018. The intended audience is the wide range of individuals in the research community, clinicians, health policy makers, and individuals with diabetes, as well as their caregivers and family members.
</p>
<p>
Diabetes in America, 3rd Edition, contains 42 chapters organized into three areas: <ol style="list-style-type:disc"><li><p>Section I: Spectrum of Diabetes: Descriptive epidemiology of diabetes in the United States based on national surveys and community-based studies, including prevalence and incidence; sociodemographic, metabolic, and lifestyle characteristics; genetics and risk factors for developing diabetes; and unique aspects of diabetes in younger and older populations, and in pregnant women (chapters 116)</p></li><li><p>Section II: Complications of Diabetes and Related Conditions: The myriad complications that affect patients with diabetes, including mortality (chapters 1736)</p></li><li><p>Section III: Prevention and Medical Care for Diabetes: Clinical trials and studies to prevent diabetes; medication use and self-care practices, health care utilization, and quality of care; and economic aspects including health insurance and health care costs (chapters 3742)</p></li></ol>
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<div class="book-sections" id="book-sections">
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Sections
</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/preface/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
Preface
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/fm-ch1/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
Steering Committee
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/fm-ch2/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
Editorial Board
</a>
</li>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/fm-ch3/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
Authors
</a>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/fm-ch4/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
External Reviewers
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/section1/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
SECTION I. Spectrum of Diabetes
</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch1/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 1. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch2/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 2. Prevalence and Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes Among Children and Adults in the United States and Comparison With Non-U.S. Countries
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch3/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 3. Prevalence and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch4/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 4. Gestational Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch5/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 5. Preexisting Diabetes and Pregnancy
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch6/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 6. Other Specific Types of Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch7/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 7. Monogenic Forms of Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch8/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 8. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Persons With Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch9/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 9. Physical and Metabolic Characteristics of Persons With Diabetes and Prediabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch10/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 10. Lifestyle Characteristics Among People With Diabetes and Prediabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch11/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 11. Risk Factors for Type 1 Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch12/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 12. Genetics of Type 1 Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch13/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 13. Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch14/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 14. Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch15/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 15. Diabetes in Youth
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch16/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 16. Diabetes in Older Adults
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/section2/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
SECTION II. Complications of Diabetes and Related Conditions
</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch17/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 17. Acute Metabolic Complications in Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch18/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 18. Heart Disease and Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch19/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 19. Stroke and Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch20/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 20. Peripheral Arterial Disease, Foot Ulcers, Lower Extremity Amputations, and Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch21/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 21. Epidemiology of Ocular Functions and Diseases in Persons With Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch22/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 22. Kidney Disease in Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch23/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 23. Peripheral and Autonomic Neuropathy in Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch24/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 24. Diabetes and Cognitive Impairment
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch25/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 25. Impact of Sleep and Circadian Disturbances on Glucose Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch26/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 26. Liver and Gallbladder Disease in Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch27/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 27. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch28/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 28. Urologic Diseases and Sexual Dysfunction in Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch29/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 29. Cancer and Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch30/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 30. Infections Associated With Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch31/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 31. Oral Health and Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch32/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 32. Bone and Joint Complications in Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch33/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 33. Psychiatric and Psychosocial Issues Among Individuals Living With Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch34/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 34. Diabetes and Disability
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch35/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 35. Mortality in Type 1 Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch36/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 36. Mortality Trends in Type 2 Diabetes
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/section3/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
SECTION III. Prevention and Medical Care for Diabetes
</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch37/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 37. Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch38/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 38. Prevention Of Type 2 Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch39/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 39. Medication Use and Self-Care Practices in Persons With Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch40/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 40. Health Care Utilization and Costs of Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch41/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 41. Quality of Care in People With Diabetes
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/ch42/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
CHAPTER 42. Health Insurance and Diabetes
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/app1/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
APPENDIX 1. Conversions
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dia3ed/app2/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link">
INDEX
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
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