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</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
From:
</label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="YXKXwkwD9ZJ4ry8bS8L4f86f0Y1Upv69fKu29aZZJAwylZe1vro6JgCTy2J6i6Et">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="YXKXwkwD9ZJ4ry8bS8L4f86f0Y1Upv69fKu29aZZJAwylZe1vro6JgCTy2J6i6Et">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="YXKXwkwD9ZJ4ry8bS8L4f86f0Y1Upv69fKu29aZZJAwylZe1vro6JgCTy2J6i6Et">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="YXKXwkwD9ZJ4ry8bS8L4f86f0Y1Upv69fKu29aZZJAwylZe1vro6JgCTy2J6i6Et">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="YXKXwkwD9ZJ4ry8bS8L4f86f0Y1Upv69fKu29aZZJAwylZe1vro6JgCTy2J6i6Et">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="31504254">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://academic.oup.com/brain/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/brain/awz232"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=7898&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=31504254&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=0372537"
title="See full text options at Silverchair Information Systems"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Silverchair Information Systems"
data-ga-label="31504254"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--academic.oup.com-images-oup_pubmed.png" alt="Silverchair Information Systems full text link"><span class="text">
Silverchair Information Systems
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/31504254/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=31504254&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=0372537"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="31504254"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/31504254/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/31504254/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="31504254" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F31504254%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="YXKXwkwD9ZJ4ry8bS8L4f86f0Y1Upv69fKu29aZZJAwylZe1vro6JgCTy2J6i6Et"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
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<h1 class="heading-title">
Heterogeneous clinical and functional features of GRIN2D-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy
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><sup class="key">13</sup> Neurogenetics Group, University of Antwerp, Belgium.</li>
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><sup class="key">14</sup> Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.</li>
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Heterogeneous clinical and functional features of GRIN2D-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy
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</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GENDEV Team, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France; Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France." href="#short-view-affiliation-8" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2"
id="short-view-affiliation-2"
><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3"
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><sup class="key">3</sup> Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.</li>
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id="short-view-affiliation-4"
><sup class="key">4</sup> Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh PA, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5"
id="short-view-affiliation-5"
><sup class="key">5</sup> Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Boston Children&#x27;s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-6"
id="short-view-affiliation-6"
><sup class="key">6</sup> Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-7"
id="short-view-affiliation-7"
><sup class="key">7</sup> Service de Genetique, Centre de Reference Anomalies du Developpement, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Paris, France.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-8"
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><sup class="key">8</sup> Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GENDEV Team, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France; Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France.</li>
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id="short-view-affiliation-9"
><sup class="key">9</sup> Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital of Lille, and Lille Reference Centre for Rare Epileptic Disorders, Lille, France.</li>
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id="short-view-affiliation-10"
><sup class="key">10</sup> Division of Neurology, Children&#x27;s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</li>
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><sup class="key">11</sup> Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark.</li>
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id="short-view-affiliation-12"
><sup class="key">12</sup> Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.</li>
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id="short-view-affiliation-13"
><sup class="key">13</sup> Neurogenetics Group, University of Antwerp, Belgium.</li>
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><sup class="key">14</sup> Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.</li>
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><sup class="key">15</sup> Department of Child Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.</li>
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id="short-view-affiliation-16"
><sup class="key">16</sup> Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-17"
id="short-view-affiliation-17"
><sup class="key">17</sup> Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany.</li>
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<p>
N-methyl d-aspartate receptors are ligand-gated ionotropic receptors mediating a slow, calcium-permeable component of excitatory synaptic transmission in the CNS. Variants in genes encoding NMDAR subunits have been associated with a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we report six novel GRIN2D variants and one previously-described disease-associated GRIN2D variant in two patients with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. GRIN2D encodes for the GluN2D subunit protein; the GluN2D amino acids affected by the variants in this report are located in the pre-M1 helix, transmembrane domain M3, and the intracellular carboxyl terminal domain. Functional analysis in vitro reveals that all six variants decreased receptor surface expression, which may underline some shared clinical symptoms. In addition the GluN2D(Leu670Phe), (Ala675Thr) and (Ala678Asp) substitutions confer significantly enhanced agonist potency, and/or increased channel open probability, while the GluN2D(Ser573Phe), (Ser1271Phe) and (Arg1313Trp) substitutions result in a mild increase of agonist potency, reduced sensitivity to endogenous protons, and decreased channel open probability. The GluN2D(Ser573Phe), (Ala675Thr), and (Ala678Asp) substitutions significantly decrease current amplitude, consistent with reduced surface expression. The GluN2D(Leu670Phe) variant slows current response deactivation time course and increased charge transfer. GluN2D(Ala678Asp) transfection significantly decreased cell viability of rat cultured cortical neurons. In addition, we evaluated a set of FDA-approved NMDAR channel blockers to rescue functional changes of mutant receptors. This work suggests the complexity of the pathological mechanisms of GRIN2D-mediated developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, as well as the potential benefit of precision medicine.
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GluN; NMDA receptor; channelopathy; functional genomics; glutamate receptor.
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<p> Figure 1 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> EEG features of patients with… </b></div>
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<p> Figure 1 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> EEG features of patients with <i> GRIN2D </i> variants. </b> ( <b> A </b> ) Proband 2 (Val667Ile)…</div>
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Figure 1
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>EEG features of patients with <i>GRIN2D </i>variants.</b> (<b>A</b>) Proband 2 (Val667Ile) shows multiple spike predominately in bilateral post-lobe (1 year 5 months of age). (<b>B</b>) Proband 6 (Ala678Asp) shows spike and spike-wave in bilateral Rolandic region and mid-line during awake periods (3 years 11 months of age). (<b>C</b>) Proband 7 (Ser1271Leu) shows hypsarrhythmia (3 years).</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Brain MRI of patients with… </b></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Brain MRI of patients with <i> GRIN2D </i> variants. </b> ( <b> A </b> ) Proband 3 (Leu670Phe)…</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Brain MRI of patients with <i>GRIN2D</i> variants.</b> (<b>A</b>) Proband 3 (Leu670Phe) showed cortical atrophy, global loss of white matter volume and enlargement of the lateral ventricles; compare MRI at 5 months old (<i>left two panels</i>) to 2 years old (<i>right two panels</i>). (<b>B</b>) Proband 4 (Leu670Phe) showed mild cortical atrophy. (<b>C</b>) Proband 6 (Ala678Asp) had normal MRI <i>left</i>: sagittal T<sub>1</sub>. <i>middle</i>: coronal T<sub>2</sub>. <i>right</i>: coronal T<sub>2</sub> at 3 years 5 months of age. (<b>D</b>) Proband 7 (Ser1271Leu) had normal MRI <i>left</i>: sagittal T<sub>1</sub>, <i>middle</i>: coronal T<sub>1</sub>, <i>right</i>: coronal T<sub>2</sub> at 14 months old.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Location of seven missense variants… </b></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Location of seven missense variants in <i> GRIN2D </i> /GluN2D. </b> ( <b> A </b> ) Intolerance analysis…</div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 3
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Location of seven missense variants in <i>GRIN2D</i>/GluN2D.</b> (<b>A</b>) Intolerance analysis of genetic variation across functional domains within <i>GRIN2D</i>/GluN2D. observed/expected mutant ratios (OE-ratio) below the 10th percentile are in red and indicate the regions under purifying selection (Traynelis <i>et al.</i>, 2017). Residue Ser573 is located in pre-M1 helix, linker region between agonist binding domain S1 and transmembrane domain M1. Residues Val667, Leu670, Ala675, and Ala678 are located in transmembrane domain M3, one of the least tolerant regions. Residues Ser1271 and Arg1313 are located in intracellular CTD. The regions highlighted with a dashed box have insufficient data available. ATD = amino-terminal domain; S1, S2 comprise the ABD (agonist binding domain); M1, M2, M3, M4 comprise the transmembrane domain; CTD = carboxyl-terminal domain. (<b>B</b>) The residues of Ala675 and Ala678 are highly conserved across other vertebrate species and all other GluN subunits. The residues Ser573, Val667 and Leu670 are highly conserved across other vertebral species and all other GluN2 subunits, but not the GluN1 subunit. The residues Ser1271 and Arg1313 are conserved in most vertebral species evaluated, but not in other GluN subunits. (<b>C</b>) Homology model of the GluN1/GluN2D receptor built (Li <i>et al.</i>, 2016) from the GluN1/GluN2B crystallographic data (PDB: 4PE5; Lee and Chung, 2014; Karakas and Furukawa, 2014) is shown as ribbon structure overlaid by space-filled representation. The GluN1 subunit is yellow and the GluN2D subunit is blue. The positions of p.Ser573Phe, Val667Ile, Leu670Phe, Ala675Thr and Ala678Asp are highlighted by red in the pre-M1 helix and M3 domain. (<b>D</b>) The tetrameric GluN1/GluN2D transmembrane region (ATD and ABD removed) viewed from the side. (<b>E</b>) Potential interaction between GluN2D pre-M1, GluN1-M3, and GluN2D-M4 top-down through the pore (<i>left</i>), side view of one GluN2D M3 domain (<i>middle</i>), and M3 domains of two GluN1 and two GluN2D viewed from the bottom through the pore (<i>right</i>). Wild-type residues Ser, Val, Leu and Ala are green, and mutant residues Phe, Ile, Thr, and Asp are shown as red.</div>
</figcaption>
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data-pmc-id="PMC6763743"
data-figure-id="awz232-F4">
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id="article-image-3"
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alt="Figure 4" />
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<p> Figure 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> The mutant GluN2D receptors change… </b></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 4 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> The mutant GluN2D receptors change NMDAR pharmacological and biophysical properties, and reduce cell… </b></div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 4
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>The mutant GluN2D receptors change NMDAR pharmacological and biophysical properties, and reduce cell surface expression.</b> (<b>A</b><b>C</b>) Composite concentration-response curves for glutamate (<b>A</b>, in the presence of 30100 μM glycine), glycine (<b>B</b>; in the presence of 10 μM glutamate), and <sc>d</sc>-serine (<b>C</b>; in the presence of 1030 μM glutamate) at V<sub>HOLD</sub> 40 mV. Smooth curves are Equation 1 fitted to the data. (<b>D</b>) Composite concentration-response curves for Mg<sup>2+</sup> (in the presence of 100 μM glutamate and 100 μM glycine) at holding potential 60 mV. Smooth curve is Equation 2 fitted to the data. (<b>E</b>) Summary of proton sensitivity, evaluated by current ratio at pH 6.8 to pH 7.6 at holding potential 40 mV. (<b>F</b>) Summary of calculated channel open probability (<i>P</i><sub>OPEN</sub>) evaluated by the degree of MTSEA potentiation at holding potential 40 mV (see Materials and methods section; ND = determined). **<i>P &lt; </i>0.01, ***<i>P &lt; </i>0.001 compared to wild-type GluN2D, one-way ANOVA with Dunnetts multiple comparison test. (<b>G</b>) Representative whole cell voltage clamp current recordings (normalized) are shown in response to application (1.5-s duration) of 10 μM glutamate (10 μM glycine was in all solutions) from wild-type GluN2D- (grey) and GluN2D-L670F- (black) transfected HEK293 cells. (<b>H</b> and <b>I</b>) Summary of current amplitudes and weighted deactivation time course. *<i>P &lt; </i>0.05, **<i>P &lt; </i>0.01, one way ANOVA, with Dunnetts multiple comparisons. Fitted parameters are given in Table 2. (<b>J</b>) Representative plots of nitrocefin absorbance (optical density, OD) versus time are shown for HEK293 cells expressing wild-type or mutant GluN2D. β-lac-GluN1 was present in all conditions except control cells. (<b>K</b>) The slopes of OD versus time were averaged (<i>n</i> = 46 independent experiments) and graphed as percentages of wild-type for the ratio of surface/total. Data in all composite concentration-response curves (<b>A</b><b>D</b>) are mean ± SEM. Data in all bar graphs (<b>E</b>, <b>F</b>, <b>H</b>, <b>I</b> and <b>K</b>) are mean ± 95% CI (confidence interval). Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnetts multiple comparison test compared to wild-type (surface/total ratio, *<i>P &lt; </i>0.05, **<i>P &lt; </i>0.01, ***<i>P &lt; </i>0.001).</div>
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itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-4"
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data-image-width="750"
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data-pmc-id="PMC6763743"
data-figure-id="awz232-F5">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-4"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 5 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> The GluN2D-A678D variant induces neurotoxicity.… </b></div>
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</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 5 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> The GluN2D-A678D variant induces neurotoxicity. </b> Transfection of GluN2D(Ala678Asp) into cultured cortical neurons reduces…</div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 5
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>The GluN2D-A678D variant induces neurotoxicity.</b> Transfection of GluN2D(Ala678Asp) into cultured cortical neurons reduces cell viability, which can be prevented by the low affinity NMDAR antagonist memantine. (<b>A</b>) The mean cell viability determined by a Luciferase assay is shown as a per cent of control group (Vector) (% control) with wild-type GluN2D (), 83%; wild-type GluN2D, 86%; GluN2D-A678D, 55%; GluN2D-A678D + mem, 77%. mem = 50 μM memantine; *<i>P &lt; </i>0.05; one-way ANOVA with Dunnetts multiple comparison test (bar graph is mean ± 95% CI). (<b>B</b>) Dendritic bleb analysis indicated no significant changes between wild-type and GluN2D-A678D. (<b>C</b>) Confocal images display morphological features of cultured rat cortical neurons transfected with GFP-N1 and either wild-type GluN2D (<i>left</i>) and GluN2D-A678D (<i>right</i>), respectively. Note the presence of cellular debris in the mutant-transfected cells (asterisk), indicative of toxicity and as quantified in <b>A</b>. Scale bars = 20 μm. Experiments were repeated in four independent culture dates.</div>
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<p> Figure 6 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Effects of FDA-approved NMDAR channel… </b></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
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<p> Figure 6 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Effects of FDA-approved NMDAR channel blockers on wild-type and mutant GluN1/GluN2D receptors. </b> Composite…</div>
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Figure 6
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Effects of FDA-approved NMDAR channel blockers on wild-type and mutant GluN1/GluN2D receptors.</b> Composite concentration-response curves of FDA-approved NMDAR antagonists were evaluated by TEVC recordings from <i>Xenopus </i>oocytes in the presence of 100 μM glutamate and 100 μM glycine at holding potential of 40 mV. (<b>A</b>) memantine, (<b>B</b>) dextromethorphan, (<b>C</b>) dextrorphan, and (<b>D</b>) ketamine. Data are mean ± SEM. Smooth curves are Equation 2 fitted to the data.</div>
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