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|
||
class="search-input-link clipboard-link hidden"
|
||
data-ga-category="featured_link"
|
||
data-ga-action="clipboard">
|
||
Clipboard <span class="amount-in-clipboard"></span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<span class="search-input-link user-guide-link" role="navigation" aria-label="User guide">
|
||
<a href="/help/"
|
||
data-ga-category="featured_link"
|
||
data-ga-action="user_guide">
|
||
User Guide
|
||
</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</form>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-page-header">
|
||
<div id="article-top-actions-bar" class="article-top-actions-bar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<div class="actions-container">
|
||
<div class="return-to-search">
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="multiple-results-actions " role="region" aria-label="save, email, send to">
|
||
<button id="save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="save-results save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button><button id="email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="email-results email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Email
|
||
</button><div class="more-actions dropdown-block"><button id="more-actions-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="trigger more-actions-trigger"
|
||
ref="linksrc=show_moreactions_btn"
|
||
aria-label="Send to"
|
||
aria-controls="more-actions-dropdown">Send to</button><div id="more-actions-dropdown" class="dropdown dropdown-container" hidden><div class="content"><ul class="more-actions-links"><li><a class="clipboard-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link "
|
||
href="#"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="clipboard"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Clipboard
|
||
</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link bibliography-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F31488882%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link collections-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F31488882%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li><li><a role="button" class="citation-manager-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link citation-manager-trigger-target" href="#">Citation manager</a></li></ul></div></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region">
|
||
<button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
|
||
title="Change format"
|
||
data-ga-category="display_options"
|
||
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog">
|
||
<span class="button-label">Display options</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
|
||
<div class="title">
|
||
Display options
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
|
||
<div class="format-container">
|
||
<span class="option-label">
|
||
Format
|
||
</span>
|
||
<select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="article-display-format">
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pubmed">PubMed</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fIOyeDttONrjRGecHzg0RhcmpqMhqp1UwvyDRtWPooeNL7k2kST2lpI0Xuutj0ze">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-panels-container" class="article-panels-container">
|
||
<div id="save-action-panel" class="save-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Save citation to file
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="save-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fIOyeDttONrjRGecHzg0RhcmpqMhqp1UwvyDRtWPooeNL7k2kST2lpI0Xuutj0ze">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option>
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="csv">CSV</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_save_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="email-action-panel"
|
||
class="email-action-panel action-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-recaptcha-script-url="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/enterprise.js?render=explicit&onload=onloadCaptchaCallback"
|
||
data-recaptcha-enabled="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Email citation
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="email-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fIOyeDttONrjRGecHzg0RhcmpqMhqp1UwvyDRtWPooeNL7k2kST2lpI0Xuutj0ze">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Subject:
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 31488882 - PubMed</span>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 31488882"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="27b9a83629f529b5c0facf81d3382df92cc9100827c17c4dfffae2fcbb2d5acd"/>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
To:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
From:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
|
||
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
|
||
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
|
||
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Send email
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="collections-action-panel"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to Collections
|
||
</h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fIOyeDttONrjRGecHzg0RhcmpqMhqp1UwvyDRtWPooeNL7k2kST2lpI0Xuutj0ze">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="controls-wrapper">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
|
||
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
|
||
</select>
|
||
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to My Bibliography
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
|
||
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fIOyeDttONrjRGecHzg0RhcmpqMhqp1UwvyDRtWPooeNL7k2kST2lpI0Xuutj0ze">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
|
||
<div class="choice-group">
|
||
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
|
||
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="mybib"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your saved search
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
|
||
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
|
||
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fIOyeDttONrjRGecHzg0RhcmpqMhqp1UwvyDRtWPooeNL7k2kST2lpI0Xuutj0ze">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of saved search:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="saved-search-name"
|
||
id="saved-search-name"
|
||
class="saved-search-name"
|
||
value=""
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Search terms:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
|
||
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
|
||
Would you like email updates of new search results?
|
||
</span>
|
||
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
|
||
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</fieldset>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Frequency:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
|
||
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
|
||
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
|
||
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
|
||
<option value="day">The first day</option>
|
||
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Report format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
|
||
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Send at most:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
|
||
<option value="1">1 item</option>
|
||
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10 items</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20 items</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50 items</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100 items</option>
|
||
<option value="200">200 items</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
|
||
Send even when there aren't any new results
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Optional text in email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
id="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Create a file for external citation management software
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fIOyeDttONrjRGecHzg0RhcmpqMhqp1UwvyDRtWPooeNL7k2kST2lpI0Xuutj0ze">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your RSS Feed
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
|
||
data-search-form-term-value="">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fIOyeDttONrjRGecHzg0RhcmpqMhqp1UwvyDRtWPooeNL7k2kST2lpI0Xuutj0ze">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of RSS Feed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
placeholder="Name"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="rss-name"
|
||
id="rss-name"
|
||
class="rss-name"
|
||
value=''
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Number of items displayed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
|
||
<option value="5">5</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10</option>
|
||
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Creating..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create RSS
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
|
||
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
|
||
<button
|
||
type="button"
|
||
disabled
|
||
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="rss"
|
||
data-ga-label="copy">
|
||
Copy
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="31488882">
|
||
<aside class="page-sidebar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
|
||
<div class="full-text-links">
|
||
<div class="full-view">
|
||
<h3 class="title">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="full-text-links-list">
|
||
<a class="link-item
|
||
|
||
dialog-focus"
|
||
href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-019-0216-x"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=3094&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=31488882&db=pubmed&nlmid=9425763"
|
||
title="See full text options at Nature Publishing Group"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="Nature Publishing Group"
|
||
data-ga-label="31488882"
|
||
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--www.nature.com-static-images-logos-nature-portfolio-120.png" alt="Nature Publishing Group full text link"><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
Nature Publishing Group
|
||
|
||
</span></a><a class="link-item
|
||
pmc
|
||
"
|
||
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/31488882/"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=31488882&db=pubmed&nlmid=9425763"
|
||
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="PMC"
|
||
data-ga-label="31488882"
|
||
><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
Free PMC article
|
||
|
||
</span></a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="short-view">
|
||
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="cite"
|
||
data-ga-label="open"
|
||
data-all-citations-url="/31488882/citations/"
|
||
data-citation-style="nlm"
|
||
data-pubmed-format-link="/31488882/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="31488882" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_button"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F31488882%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
|
||
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
|
||
class="dialog collections-dialog"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fIOyeDttONrjRGecHzg0RhcmpqMhqp1UwvyDRtWPooeNL7k2kST2lpI0Xuutj0ze"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label><input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button><button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger"
|
||
title="Open dialog with more actions to take"
|
||
ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
|
||
title="Change format"
|
||
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<h1 class="heading-title">
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Sodium oligomannate therapeutically remodels gut microbiota and suppresses gut bacterial amino acids-shaped neuroinflammation to inhibit Alzheimer's disease progression
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Sodium oligomannate therapeutically remodels gut microbiota and suppresses gut bacterial amino acids-shaped neuroinflammation to inhibit Alzheimer's disease progression
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</h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="authors-list">
|
||
<span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Wang+X&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Xinyi Wang">Xinyi Wang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
1
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Sun+G&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Guangqiang Sun">Guangqiang Sun</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
1
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Feng+T&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Teng Feng">Teng Feng</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
1
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Zhang+J&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Jing Zhang">Jing Zhang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
1
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Huang+X&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="author_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Xun Huang">Xun Huang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
2
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Wang+T&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="author_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Tao Wang">Tao Wang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
3
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Xie+Z&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Zuoquan Xie">Zuoquan Xie</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
2
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Chu+X&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
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ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Xingkun Chu">Xingkun Chu</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
1
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
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href="/?term=Yang+J&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
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ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Jun Yang">Jun Yang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
1
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Wang+H&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
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ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Huan Wang">Huan Wang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
2
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Chang+S&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
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ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Shuaishuai Chang">Shuaishuai Chang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
1
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Gong+Y&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
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ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Yanxue Gong">Yanxue Gong</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
1
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
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href="/?term=Ruan+L&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
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ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Lingfei Ruan">Lingfei Ruan</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
1
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
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href="/?term=Zhang+G&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
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ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Guanqun Zhang">Guanqun Zhang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
1
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Yan+S&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
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ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Siyuan Yan">Siyuan Yan</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
1
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
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href="/?term=Lian+W&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
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ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Wen Lian">Wen Lian</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
1
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Du+C&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
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ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Chen Du">Chen Du</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
1
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Yang+D&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Dabing Yang">Dabing Yang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
1
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Zhang+Q&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="author_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Qingli Zhang">Qingli Zhang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institutional Technology Service Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
4
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Lin+F&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="author_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Feifei Lin">Feifei Lin</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institutional Technology Service Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
4
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Liu+J&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="author_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Jia Liu">Jia Liu</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institutional Technology Service Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
4
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Zhang+H&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Haiyan Zhang">Haiyan Zhang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
2
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Ge+C&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
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ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="author_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Changrong Ge">Changrong Ge</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
1
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Xiao+S&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="author_link"
|
||
data-ga-label="Shifu Xiao">Shifu Xiao</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
3
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Ding+J&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
||
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Jian Ding">Jian Ding</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
2
|
||
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
|
||
href="/?term=Geng+M&cauthor_id=31488882"
|
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ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="author_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Meiyu Geng">Meiyu Geng</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China. mygeng@simm.ac.cn." href="#short-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
|
||
5
|
||
</a></sup></span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="affiliations">
|
||
<h3 class="title">
|
||
Affiliations
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<ul class="item-list">
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-1"
|
||
><sup class="key">1</sup> Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-2"
|
||
><sup class="key">2</sup> State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-3"
|
||
><sup class="key">3</sup> Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-4"
|
||
><sup class="key">4</sup> Institutional Technology Service Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5"
|
||
id="short-view-affiliation-5"
|
||
><sup class="key">5</sup> State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China. mygeng@simm.ac.cn.</li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers">
|
||
|
||
<li>
|
||
<span class="identifier pubmed">
|
||
<span class="id-label">
|
||
|
||
PMID:
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">31488882</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>
|
||
<span class="identifier pmc">
|
||
<span class="id-label">
|
||
|
||
PMCID:
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a class="id-link"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC6796854&id_type=PMC"
|
||
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6796854/"
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="PMCID"
|
||
>
|
||
PMC6796854
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>
|
||
<span class="identifier doi">
|
||
<span class="id-label">
|
||
|
||
DOI:
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a class="id-link"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1038/s41422-019-0216-x&id_type=DOI"
|
||
href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-019-0216-x"
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="DOI"
|
||
>
|
||
10.1038/s41422-019-0216-x
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden>
|
||
Item in Clipboard
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</header>
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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<div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger"
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title="Open dialog with full text links"
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Full text links
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Recently, increasing evidence has suggested the association between gut dysbiosis and Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression, yet the role of gut microbiota in AD pathogenesis remains obscure. Herein, we provide a potential mechanistic link between gut microbiota dysbiosis and neuroinflammation in AD progression. Using AD mouse models, we discovered that, during AD progression, the alteration of gut microbiota composition leads to the peripheral accumulation of phenylalanine and isoleucine, which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of pro-inflammatory T helper 1 (Th1) cells. The brain-infiltrated peripheral Th1 immune cells are associated with the M1 microglia activation, contributing to AD-associated neuroinflammation. Importantly, the elevation of phenylalanine and isoleucine concentrations and the increase of Th1 cell frequency in the blood were also observed in two small independent cohorts of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD. Furthermore, GV-971, a sodium oligomannate that has demonstrated solid and consistent cognition improvement in a phase 3 clinical trial in China, suppresses gut dysbiosis and the associated phenylalanine/isoleucine accumulation, harnesses neuroinflammation and reverses the cognition impairment. Together, our findings highlight the role of gut dysbiosis-promoted neuroinflammation in AD progression and suggest a novel strategy for AD therapy by remodelling the gut microbiota.
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<p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">XYW, GQS, TF, JZ, XKC, JY, SSC, YXG, LFR, GQZ, SYY, WL, CD, DBY and CRG are full-time employees of Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. The other authors declare no competing interests.</p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Gut dysbiosis and immune cell… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Gut dysbiosis and immune cell changes during disease progression in 5XFAD transgenic (Tg)… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Gut dysbiosis and immune cell changes during disease progression in 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mice. <b>a</b> Changes in the relative RNA expression levels of synaptophysin in the hippocampus of 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mice at 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9 months and in wild-type (WT) mice at 2 months (<i>n</i> = 5–12). The data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (mean ± SEM) relative to the expression level of actin. *<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.05, **<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.01 by one-way ANOVA (F (5, 43) = 2.952). <b>b</b> Changes in the time out of 10<sup>4</sup> s taken to achieve 80% success (see “Materials and methods”) in a test to evaluate the discrimination learning abilities of 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mice at 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 months and wild-type (WT) mice at 2 months (<i>n</i> = 4–8). Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (mean ± SEM). *<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.05 by Student’s t-test. s seconds. <b>c</b> Enterotype analysis at the genus level of the gut microbiomes of 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mice and wild-type (WT) mice at 2-, 3-, 5-, 7- and 9-month old (<i>n</i> = 4–10). The separation of gut microbial taxa into a norank genus under the family of <i>Muribaculaceae</i> of Tg mice and the genus <i>Lactobacillus</i> enterotypes of WT mice is achieved by calculating Bray-Curtis distance based on the relative abundance at the genus level and clustered using PAM (Partitioning Around Medoids). The data are most naturally separated into two clusters, as determined by the Calinski-Harabasz (CH) index and represented using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). The shapes and colours of the points indicate samples from each individual from various months. The coloured ellipses indicate the 0.95 confidence interval (CI) ranges within each enterotype group. M months. <b>d</b> Principal component analysis (PCA) of the gut microbiome composition of WT and 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mice on the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level at different time points (<i>n</i> = 4–10). The shapes and colours of the points indicate samples from each individual from various months. The coloured ellipses indicate 0.95 confidence interval (CI) ranges within each tested group. M months. <b>e</b> Abundance changes of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the overall population in the gut microbiome of 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mice at various months, coloured at the phylum level on a stream graph (<i>n</i> = 4–10). The two most abundant phyla, <i>Bacteroidetes</i> and <i>Firmicutes</i>, are labelled on the graph. Colours indicate different phyla of the gut microbiota. <b>f</b> Changes in the positive densities of IBA1 immune-fluorescent staining, reflecting activation of microglial cells in the hippocampus of 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mice at 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 months relative to the values of 2-month-old wild-type (WT) mice (<i>n</i> = 2–7). The data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (mean ± SEM); lines are fitted with a cubic spline. <b>g</b> Changes in activated M1 and M2 type microglia detected in the whole-brain homogenates of 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mice at 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9 months (<i>n</i> = 4–8). M1-type microglia (CD45<sup>low</sup>CD11b<sup>+</sup>CX3CR1<sup>+</sup>Siglec-H<sup>+</sup>CD86<sup>+</sup>) and M2-type (CD45<sup>low</sup>CD11b<sup>+</sup>CX3CR1<sup>+</sup>Siglec-H<sup>+</sup> CD206<sup>+</sup>) microglia were detected by flow cytometry, and their cell counts are presented relative to the frequency of CD45<sup>low</sup> CD11b<sup>+</sup> cells. Red points and lines: M1 microglia. Green points and lines: M2 microglia. The data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (mean ± SEM); lines are fitted with a cubic spline algorithm. <b>h</b> Changes in infiltrating cells (CD45<sup>high</sup>) detected in the whole-brain homogenates of 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mice (red points and lines) and WT mice (black points and lines) at different time points as detected by flow cytometry (<i>n</i> = 4–8). Cell counts are presented relative to the frequency of CD45<sup>+</sup> cells and formatted as mean ± standard error of the mean (mean ± SEM). Lines are fitted with a cubic spline algorithm. <b>i</b> Changes in CD45<sup>high</sup> cells in 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mice at different time points (<i>n</i> = 4–8). On the barplot, cell counts are presented relative to the frequency of CD45<sup>high</sup> cells. Colours indicate different subtypes of CD45<sup>high</sup> cells: Neu, neutrophils; DC, dendritic cells; NK, natural killer cells; Mo/Mϕ ː monocytes and macrophages; B, B cells; Others, unclassified cells. <b>j</b> Changes in infiltrating CD4 T cells (CD45<sup>high</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup>) detected in the whole-brain homogenates of 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mice (red points and lines) at 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9 months as detected by flow cytometry (<i>n</i> = 4–8). Cell counts are presented relative to the frequency of CD45<sup>high</sup> cells and formatted as mean ± standard error of the mean (mean ± SEM). Lines are fitted with a cubic spline. <b>k</b> Changes in infiltrating peripheral Th1 and Th2 cells detected in the whole-brain homogenates of 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mice at 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9 months (<i>n</i> = 4–8). Th1 cells (CD45<sup>high</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup>CXCR3<sup>+</sup>) and Th2 cells (CD45<sup>high</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup>CCR4<sup>+</sup>) were detected by flow cytometry, and presented relative to the frequency of CD45<sup>high</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells. Red points and lines: Th1 cells. Green points and lines: Th2 cells. The data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (mean ± SEM). Lines are fitted with a cubic spline. <b>l</b> Correlation between the trend changes of the frequency of brain lymphocytes and the abundance of gut microbiota represented at genus level during the Th2/M2-related stage and Th1/M1-related stage in the early and late phase (2–3 months and 7–9 months), respectively (left panels, <i>n</i> = 4–8). Bacteria that are significantly correlated with Th2/M2 or Th1/M1 in 5XFAD mice are listed in the right-hand panels. Squares in red (positive correlation) or blue (negative correlation) with a yellow asterisk (*) indicate significant correlations with <i>P</i>-values < 0.05 measured by the Pearson parametric correlation test (see “Materials and methods”). f family, M months, T regulatory cells Treg, Mo monocytes, B B cells, DC dendritic cells, NK natural killer cells</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">The gut microbiota is required for immune cell infiltration and microglial activation. <b>a</b> The effects of five-month oral gavage of antibiotics on the relative abundance of gut microbes in 7-month-old 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mice (<i>n</i> = 5–7). ABX, a cocktail of mixed antibiotics composed of ampicillin (0.1 mg/mL), streptomycin (0.5 mg/mL) and colistin (0.1 mg/mL). Different genera of gut microbes are coloured differently, and their changes in relative abundance are presented on the barplot. The abundance of <i>Bacteroides</i> in Tg mice is below 0.01 and was thus not shown in both groups. <b>b-c</b> The effects of five-month oral gavage of antibiotics on the frequency of Th1 cells (<b>b</b>) and M1-type microglia (<b>c</b>) in the brain homogenate of 7-month-old 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mice. Cell counts of Th1 cells (CD45<sup>high</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup>CXCR3<sup>+</sup>) are presented relative to the frequency of CD45<sup>high</sup> cells (<b>b</b>), while those of M1-type microglia (CD45<sup>low</sup>CD11b<sup>+</sup>CX3CR1<sup>+</sup>Siglec-H<sup>+</sup>CD86<sup>+</sup>) are presented relative to the frequency of CD45<sup>low</sup> cells (<b>c</b>). Both are detected by flow cytometry, <i>n</i> = 7, the data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (mean ± SEM). <b>d</b> The relative abundance of gut microbes at the genus level in WT, co-housed WT and 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mice (<i>n</i> = 6–7). All three groups of mice were at 7-month old. Different colours represent different genera. Co-housed WT: WT mice that were housed with Tg mice. <b>e-f</b> Changes in the frequency of Th1 cells (<b>e</b>) and M1 type microglia (<b>f</b>) in the brain homogenates of 7-month-old WT, co-housed WT and 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mice (<i>n</i> = 4–7). Th1 cells (CD45<sup>high</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup>CXCR3<sup>+</sup>) are presented relative to the frequency of CD45<sup>high</sup> cells (<b>e</b>), while the frequency of M1-type microglia (CD45<sup>low</sup>CD11b<sup>+</sup>CX3CR1<sup>+</sup>Siglec-H<sup>+</sup>CD86<sup>+</sup>) are presented relative to the frequency of CD45<sup>low</sup>CD11b<sup>+</sup> cells (<b>f</b>). Both are detected by flow cytometry. The data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (mean ± SEM). *<i>P</i> < 0.05, **<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.01 by Student’s t-test. <b>g</b> Levels of cytokine proteins in the brain homogenates of WT, co-housed WT and 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mice at 7-month old as detected by a cytokine antibody array (<i>n</i> = 5–6). Colours in the heatmap indicate relative cytokine levels; red indicates cytokines that are upregulated, and blue indicates cytokines that are downregulated</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">The effects of GV-971 on behaviour changes in APP/PS1 mice models. <b>a</b> Structure of GV-971. GV-971 is a mixture of acidic linear oligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization ranging from dimers to decamers with an average molecular weight of approximately 1 kDa. <b>b</b> The escape latency time results of the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test as a measurement of spatial learning and memory in APP/PS1 mice. Nine-month-old APP/PS1 mice were treated with 50 mpk and 100 mpk of GV-971 for 3 months until 13-month old. Then, the MWM test for spatial learning and memory abilities were conducted for 6 additional days. During the test, GV-971 was continuously administrated. The escape latency time starting (seconds) was measured as one of the final readouts of the test (see Materials and methods). Higher escape latency time shows that these mice will spend more time to reach the target, which indicates a more severely impaired spatial learning and memory ability (<i>n</i> <i>=</i> 11–14). The data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (mean ± SEM). Black asterisk indicates the comparison between WT and APP/PS1 group. Blue asterisk indicates the comparison between GV-971(100 mpk) treatment and APP/PS1 group. *<i>P</i> < 0.05, ***<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.001 by two-way ANOVA. <b>c</b> The number of platform-site crossovers in MWM test as a measurement of spatial learning and memory in APP/PS1 mice. Nine-month-old APP/PS1 mice were treated with 50 mpk and 100 mpk of GV-971 for 3 months until 13-month old. Then, the MWM test for spatial learning and memory abilities were conducted for 6 additional days. During the test, GV-971 was continuously administrated. The number of platform-site crossovers was measured as the other readout of the test (see Materials and methods). Larger numbers of platform-site crossovers indicate less severely impaired spatial learning and memory ability (<i>n</i> <b>=</b> 11–17). *<i>P</i> < 0.05, ***<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.001 by one-way ANOVA (F (3, 55) = 6.542). <b>d</b> The accuracy of spatial working memory as tested using the Y maze in APP/PS1 mice. Nine-month-old APP/PS1 mice were treated with 50 mpk and 100 mpk of GV-971 for 3 months until 12-month old. Then the Y maze test was conducted. During the test, GV-971 was continuously administrated. The accuracy of the Y maze was the ratio between the correct alternation and the total alternation (see “Materials and methods”). Higher accuracy indicates less severely inpaired working memory abilities. (<i>n</i> = 17–20). The data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (mean ± SEM). **<i>P</i> < 0.01, ***<i>P</i> < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA (F (3, 71) = 12.39)</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> GV-971 alleviates neuroinflammation by reconditioning… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> GV-971 alleviates neuroinflammation by reconditioning the gut microbiota. <b> a </b> Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA)… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">GV-971 alleviates neuroinflammation by reconditioning the gut microbiota. <b>a</b> Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of the gut microbiome composition on the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level based on the Bray-Curtis distance for 5XFAD (Tg) mice and GV-971-treated Tg mice at 7-month old (<i>n</i> = 7). The shapes and colours of the points indicate samples from each individual. Coloured ellipses indicate 0.95 confidence interval (CI) ranges within each tested group. PC principal component. <b>b</b> Heatmap of significant gut microbiota changes represented at the genus level between 5XFAD (Tg) mice and GV-971-treated Tg mice at 7-month old (<i>n</i> = 7). Colours on the heatmap indicate the relative abundance of gut microbiota; red indicates bacteria that are upregulated, and blue indicates bacteria that are downregulated. Gut microbiota with significant changes were chosen using a Wilcoxon rank-sum two-tailed test with <i>P</i>-value that is less than 0.05 between Tg and GV-971-treated groups. f family, o order. <b>c</b> Changes in correlational links between the gut microbiome at the genus level (designated with numbers near the purple circles) and brain lymphocytes (other coloured circles) before (left) and after (right) oral gavage of GV-971 in 7-month-old 5XFAD (Tg) mice (<i>n</i> = 5–7). Lines represent either significant (<i>P</i>-value < 0.05) positive or negative correlation (Pearson coefficient). The size of each circle of immune cells are positively related to the links connected to this circle. The right side lists the name of each gut microbiome, also see “Materials and methods”. f family, o order, DC dendritic cells, NK natural killer cells, Neu neutrophils, B B cells, Mo/Mϕ monocytes and macrophages. <b>d</b> Effect of GV-971 treatment on the frequency of brain Th1 cells in 5XFAD (Tg) mice at 7 months old (<i>n</i> = 5–7). Th1 cell counts (CD45<sup>high</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup>CXCR3<sup>+</sup>) are presented relative to CD45<sup>high</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell counts detected by flow cytometry. The data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (mean ± SEM). *<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.05, ***<i>P</i> < 0.001, by Student’s t-test. <b>e</b> Effect of GV-971 treatment on the positive signal density of IBA1 immunofluorescent staining detected in hippocampal slices from 5XFAD (Tg) mice at 7-month old, reflecting activation of microglial cells (<i>n</i> = 4–6). The data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (mean ± SEM). **<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.01, ***<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.001, by one-way ANOVA (F (2, 15) = 21.94). <b>f</b> Effect of GV-971 treatment on levels of cytokine proteins in the brain homogenates of 5XFAD (Tg) mice at 7-month old as detected by a cytokine antibody array (<i>n</i> <i>=</i> 5–6). Colours on the heatmap indicate relative cytokine levels; red indicates cytokines that are upregulated, and blue indicates cytokines that are downregulated. <b>g, h</b> Effect of GV-971 on Aβ-positive area (<b>g</b>) and tau-positive area (<b>h</b>) in the hippocampus of 5XFAD (Tg) mice at 7-month old, evaluated in brain slices (<i>n</i> = 4–7). The data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (mean ± SEM). For Aβ analysis: *<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.05, ***<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.001 (F (2, 14) = 22.78). For tau analysis: *<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.05, ***<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.001 (F (2, 15) = 13.06) by one-way ANOVA. <b>i</b> Effects of GV-971 on the time out of 10<sup>4</sup> sec (s) taken to achieve 80% success (see “Materials and methods”) in a test to evaluate the discrimination learning abilities of 5XFAD (Tg) mice at 7-month old (<i>n</i> = 10–13). Time means the time to reach the 80% performance level (seconds); the longer it takes, the severer the cognitive impairment is (see “Materials and methods”). *<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.05, ***<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.001 by One-way ANOVA (F(2,31) = 9.751). The concentration of GV-971 was 100 mpk for all of the above results</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> GV-971 inhibits neuroinflammation by harnessing… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> GV-971 inhibits neuroinflammation by harnessing amino acid metabolism. <b> a </b> Pathway enrichment analysis of… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">GV-971 inhibits neuroinflammation by harnessing amino acid metabolism. <b>a</b> Pathway enrichment analysis of faecal metabolites in 7-month-old 5XFAD (Tg) mice with or without GV-971 treatment (100 mpk) using MBROLE (<i>n</i> = 6–8). A partial ist of the enrichment results is presented with KEGG modules and KEGG enzyme interactions which have been screened using a criterion of FDR-adjusted <i>P</i>-value < 0.05. <b>b</b> Lists of the most important blood amino acids of the random forest model ranked from most to least important between WT (2 m-9 m) and Tg (2 m-9 m) group from a ROC curve analysis. Red indicated high concentration, green indicated low concentration. (<i>n</i> = 30 for WT, <i>n</i> = 26 for Tg). <b>c</b> Changes in histidine, phenylalanine and isoleucine levels in the feces of WT, 5XFAD mice (Tg), and GV-971-treated Tg mice (100 mpk) (<i>n</i> = 6–11) at 7-month old. Colours in the heatmap indicate relative metabolite levels; red indicates metabolites that are upregulated, and blue indicates metabolites that are downregulated. <b>d</b> Changes in histidine, phenylalanine and isoleucine levels in the blood of WT, 5XFAD mice (Tg), and GV-971-treated Tg mice (100 mpk) (<i>n</i> = 6–7) at 7-month old. Colours in the heatmap indicate relative metabolite levels. Red indicates metabolites that are upregulated, and blue indicates metabolites that are downregulated. <b>e</b> The effects of GV-971 on the differentiation of naïve CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells (Th0 cells) to Th1 cells induced by phenylalanine and isoleucine in vitro. Naïve CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells were cultured for 5 days with/without GV-971 in the presence of phenylalanine (1 mM) or isoleucine (1 mM). The frequency of Th1 (CD4<sup>+</sup>IFN-γ<sup>+</sup>) cells was tested by flow cytometry (see Materials and methods). GV-971 was used at a final concentration of 100 µg/mL. The data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (mean ± SEM); <i>n</i> = 3 replicates per group, one of three replicated results was represented. Left, *<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.05, **<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.01 by one-way ANOVA (F (2, 6) = 15.64). Right, *<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.05, **<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.01 by one-way ANOVA (F (2, 6) = 10.35). <b>f</b> The effects of GV-971 on the proliferation of Th1 cells induced by phenylalanine and isoleucine. Th1 cells were stained with CellTrace and cultured for 4 days with/without GV-971 in the presence of phenylalanine (1 mM) and isoleucine (1 mM). The density of CellTrace fluorescence in Th1 (CD4<sup>+</sup>IFN-γ<sup>+</sup>) cells was tested by flow cytometry (see Materials and methods). GV-971 was used at a final concentration of 100 µg/mL. The data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (mean ± SEM), <i>n</i> = 3 replicates per group, one of three replicated results was represented. *<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.05, ***<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.001 by one-way ANOVA (F (4, 9) = 28.34). Phe, phenylalanine; Ile, isoleucine. <b>g</b> Frequency of blood Th1 cell changes in C57 mice after 4-day intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of phenylalanine and isoleucine (<i>n</i> = 8). ***<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.001 by one-way ANOVA (F (2, 21) = 101.8). <b>h</b> Random forest classification of amino acid changes in healthy controls (HC) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD patients. The amino acids are ranked by mean decrease in classification accuracy (first cohort, <i>n</i> = 9 for MCI due to AD, <i>n</i> = 18 for HC). Red indicated high concentration, green indicated low concentration. <b>i</b> Frequency of Th1 cells in the blood of healthy controls (HC) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD patients (first cohort, <i>n</i> = 8 for MCI due to AD, <i>n</i> = 9 for HC). *<i>P</i> <i><</i> 0.05 by Student’s t-test. <b>j</b> Levels of phenylalanine and isoleucine in the blood of healthy controls (HC) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD patients (second cohort, <i>n</i> = 22 for both groups). *<i>P</i> < 0.05 by Student’s t-test</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Schematic diagram of gut-brain axis in AD progression and the intervention strategy. Along… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Schematic diagram of gut-brain axis in AD progression and the intervention strategy. Along with Aβ deposition and tau phosphorylation, the alteration of the gut microbiota during AD progression causes metabolic disorder. The abnormal metabolites production provoke peripheral inflammation, increases the brain infiltration of immune cells which crosstalk with M1 microglial cells in the brain, resulting in pathological neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment (left panel). Oral administration of GV-971 reconditions the gut microbiota, normalizes disordered metabolites, reduces the peripheral immune cell infiltration to the brain, resolves neuroinflammation, and reduces Aβ deposition and tau phosphorylation, leading to ultimate improvement of cognitive functions (right panel)</div>
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<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Seo DO, Boros BD, Holtzman DM.</span>
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<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Seo DO, et al.</span>
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<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Cell Res. 2019 Oct;29(10):779-780. doi: 10.1038/s41422-019-0227-7.</span>
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<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Rao Y.</span>
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<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Rao Y.</span>
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<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Conn KA, Borsom EM, Cope EK.</span>
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<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Conn KA, et al.</span>
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<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Gut Microbes. 2024 Jan-Dec;16(1):2371950. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2371950. Epub 2024 Jul 15.</span>
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Cummings J, Lee G, Ritter A, Zhong K. Alzheimer’s disease drug development pipeline: 2018. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2018;4:195–214.
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Kodamullil AT, et al. Trial watch: tracing investment in drug development for Alzheimer disease. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2017;16:819. doi: 10.1038/nrd.2017.169.
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Honda K, Littman DR. The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease. Nature. 2016;535:75–84. doi: 10.1038/nature18848.
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Animals"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Animals"[MeSH]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Anti-Bacterial+Agents%2Fpharmacology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Anti-Bacterial+Agents%2Fpharmacology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology">
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Anti-Bacterial+Agents"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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role="button"
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data-search-term=""Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology"[MeSH]"
|
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Bacteria / drug effects"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Bacteria / drug effects
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Bacteria / drug effects"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Bacteria%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Bacteria%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Bacteria/drug effects"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Bacteria / drug effects">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Bacteria"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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data-ga-label="Bacteria / drug effects">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Bacteria/drug effects"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Bacteria/drug effects"[MeSH]"
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Bacteria / isolation & purification"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6"
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Bacteria / isolation & purification
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Bacteria / isolation & purification"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Bacteria%2Fisolation+and+purification%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Bacteria%2Fisolation+and+purification%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Bacteria/isolation and purification"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Bacteria / isolation & purification">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Bacteria"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-search-term=""Bacteria/isolation and purification"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Bacteria/isolation and purification"[MeSH]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Bacteria / metabolism"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Bacteria / metabolism
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Bacteria / metabolism"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Bacteria%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Bacteria%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Bacteria/metabolism"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-label="Bacteria / metabolism">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Bacteria"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Bacteria / metabolism">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Bacteria/metabolism"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Bacteria/metabolism"[MeSH]"
|
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|
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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|
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data-href="/?term=%22Clinical+Trials%2C+Phase+III+as+Topic%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic"[MeSH]"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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|
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|
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-search-term=""Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Cognitive Dysfunction / drug therapy"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Cognitive Dysfunction / drug therapy
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Cognitive Dysfunction / drug therapy"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Cognitive+Dysfunction%2Fdrug+therapy%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Cognitive+Dysfunction%2Fdrug+therapy%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Cognitive Dysfunction/drug therapy"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Cognitive Dysfunction / drug therapy">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cognitive+Dysfunction"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Cognitive Dysfunction/drug therapy"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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data-ga-label=""Cognitive Dysfunction/drug therapy"[MeSH]"
|
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Cognitive Dysfunction / pathology"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-10"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Cognitive Dysfunction / pathology
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-10"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Cognitive Dysfunction / pathology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Cognitive+Dysfunction%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Cognitive+Dysfunction%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Cognitive Dysfunction/pathology"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Cognitive Dysfunction / pathology">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cognitive+Dysfunction"
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-label="Cognitive Dysfunction / pathology">
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Cognitive Dysfunction/pathology"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Cognitive Dysfunction/pathology"[MeSH]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Disease Models, Animal"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-11"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Disease Models, Animal
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-11"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Disease Models, Animal"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Disease+Models%2C+Animal%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Disease+Models%2C+Animal%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Disease Models, Animal"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-label="Disease Models, Animal">
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Disease+Models%2C+Animal"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-search-term=""Disease Models, Animal"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Disease Models, Animal"[MeSH]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Disease Progression"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Disease Progression
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Disease Progression"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Disease+Progression%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Disease+Progression%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Disease Progression"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-label="Disease Progression">
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Disease+Progression"
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data-ga-label="Disease Progression">
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Disease Progression"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Disease Progression"[MeSH]"
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Gastrointestinal Microbiome / drug effects*"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-13"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Gastrointestinal Microbiome / drug effects*
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-13"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Gastrointestinal Microbiome / drug effects*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Gastrointestinal+Microbiome%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Gastrointestinal+Microbiome%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects"[MAJR]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Gastrointestinal Microbiome / drug effects*">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Gastrointestinal+Microbiome"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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role="button"
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data-search-term=""Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects"[MAJR]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects"[MAJR]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Humans"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Humans
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Humans"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Humans"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans"
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-ga-label=""Humans"[MeSH]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Isoleucine / metabolism"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
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Isoleucine / metabolism
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Isoleucine / metabolism"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Isoleucine%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Isoleucine%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Isoleucine/metabolism"[MeSH]"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Isoleucine"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Isoleucine/metabolism"[MeSH]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Mannose / analogs & derivatives*"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-16"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
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Mannose / analogs & derivatives*
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-16"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mannose / analogs & derivatives*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Mannose%2Fanalogs+and+derivatives%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Mannose%2Fanalogs+and+derivatives%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Mannose/analogs and derivatives"[MAJR]"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mannose"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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role="button"
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data-search-term=""Mannose/analogs and derivatives"[MAJR]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Mannose/analogs and derivatives"[MAJR]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Mannose / pharmacology"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Mannose / pharmacology
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mannose / pharmacology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Mannose%2Fpharmacology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Mannose%2Fpharmacology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Mannose/pharmacology"[MeSH]"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mannose"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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role="button"
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data-search-term=""Mannose/pharmacology"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-label=""Mannose/pharmacology"[MeSH]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Mannose / therapeutic use"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-18"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Mannose / therapeutic use
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-18"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mannose / therapeutic use"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Mannose%2Ftherapeutic+use%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Mannose%2Ftherapeutic+use%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Mannose/therapeutic use"[MeSH]"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mannose"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Mannose/therapeutic use"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Mannose/therapeutic use"[MeSH]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Maze Learning / drug effects"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-19"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Maze Learning / drug effects
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-19"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Maze Learning / drug effects"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Maze+Learning%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Maze+Learning%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Maze Learning/drug effects"[MeSH]"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Maze+Learning"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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|
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data-search-term=""Maze Learning/drug effects"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Maze Learning/drug effects"[MeSH]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Mice"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-20"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Mice
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-20"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mice"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Mice%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Mice%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Mice"[MeSH]"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mice"
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-label="Mice">
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Search in MeSH
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data-search-term=""Mice"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Mice"[MeSH]"
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Mice, Inbred C57BL"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-21"
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Mice, Inbred C57BL
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-21"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mice, Inbred C57BL"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Mice%2C+Inbred+C57BL%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Mice%2C+Inbred+C57BL%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Mice, Inbred C57BL"[MeSH]"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-search-term=""Mice, Inbred C57BL"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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|
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Mice, Transgenic"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Mice, Transgenic
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-22"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mice, Transgenic"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Mice%2C+Transgenic%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Mice%2C+Transgenic%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Mice, Transgenic"[MeSH]"
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Search in PubMed
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mice%2C+Transgenic"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-search-term=""Mice, Transgenic"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Microglia / metabolism"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-23"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Microglia / metabolism
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-23"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Microglia / metabolism"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Microglia%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Microglia%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Microglia/metabolism"[MeSH]"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Microglia"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-search-term=""Microglia/metabolism"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Oligosaccharides / pharmacology*"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-24"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Oligosaccharides / pharmacology*
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-24"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Oligosaccharides / pharmacology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Oligosaccharides%2Fpharmacology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Oligosaccharides%2Fpharmacology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Oligosaccharides/pharmacology"[MAJR]"
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Oligosaccharides"
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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Oligosaccharides / therapeutic use
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-25"
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Oligosaccharides / therapeutic use"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Oligosaccharides%2Ftherapeutic+use%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Oligosaccharides%2Ftherapeutic+use%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Phenylalanine / metabolism"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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</div>
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<div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section">
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<h2 class="title">
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Substances
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</h2>
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<ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Amino Acids"
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Amino Acids
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Amino Acids"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-href="/?term=%22Amino+Acids%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Anti-Bacterial Agents"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-1"
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data-pinger-ignore>
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Anti-Bacterial Agents
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-1"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Anti-Bacterial Agents"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Anti-Bacterial+Agents%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Anti-Bacterial+Agents%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Anti-Bacterial Agents"[nm]"
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Search in PubMed
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-search-term=""Anti-Bacterial Agents"[nm]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Anti-Bacterial Agents"[nm]"
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword GV-971"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-2"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
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GV-971
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-2"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword GV-971"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22GV-971%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22GV-971%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="GV-971"[nm]"
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Search in PubMed
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Search in MeSH
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data-search-term=""GV-971"[nm]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""GV-971"[nm]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Oligosaccharides"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-3"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Oligosaccharides
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-3"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Oligosaccharides"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Oligosaccharides%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Oligosaccharides%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Oligosaccharides"[nm]"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Oligosaccharides"[nm]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Oligosaccharides"[nm]"
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Isoleucine"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Isoleucine
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-4"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Isoleucine"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Isoleucine%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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Search in PubMed
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Search in MeSH
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data-search-term=""Isoleucine"[nm]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Isoleucine"[nm]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Phenylalanine"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Phenylalanine
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-5"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Phenylalanine"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Phenylalanine%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Phenylalanine%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Phenylalanine"[nm]"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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Search in MeSH
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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