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<input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="b0fa65fa9e61a6e9c29be4c4025063dc9262e7116371b9f12ea5708223dcb829"/>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
To:
</label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
From:
</label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="X9riiFfGI6ec4Fd5niZq2Z2ywDyAmIZOeWbnVvI2iH1GY6jV0BCsw7yc4HgMfjx8">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="X9riiFfGI6ec4Fd5niZq2Z2ywDyAmIZOeWbnVvI2iH1GY6jV0BCsw7yc4HgMfjx8">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="X9riiFfGI6ec4Fd5niZq2Z2ywDyAmIZOeWbnVvI2iH1GY6jV0BCsw7yc4HgMfjx8">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
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<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="X9riiFfGI6ec4Fd5niZq2Z2ywDyAmIZOeWbnVvI2iH1GY6jV0BCsw7yc4HgMfjx8">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="31230720">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9297(19)30202-2"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3048&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=31230720&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=0370475"
title="See full text options at Elsevier Science"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Elsevier Science"
data-ga-label="31230720"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--linkinghub.elsevier.com-ihub-images-celloa.png" alt="Elsevier Science full text link"><span class="text">
Elsevier Science
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/31230720/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=31230720&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=0370475"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="31230720"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/31230720/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/31230720/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="31230720" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F31230720%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="X9riiFfGI6ec4Fd5niZq2Z2ywDyAmIZOeWbnVvI2iH1GY6jV0BCsw7yc4HgMfjx8"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
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<h1 class="heading-title">
The Genomics of Arthrogryposis, a Complex Trait: Candidate Genes and Further Evidence for Oligogenic Inheritance
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</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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17
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-1"
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><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.</li>
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><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.</li>
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><sup class="key">3</sup> Department of Pediatric Genetics, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul 34096, Turkey.</li>
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><sup class="key">4</sup> Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.</li>
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><sup class="key">5</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.</li>
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><sup class="key">6</sup> Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany.</li>
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><sup class="key">7</sup> Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul 34854, Turkey.</li>
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><sup class="key">8</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, Necip Fazıl City Hospital, Kahramanmaras 46050, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-9"
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><sup class="key">9</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34303, Turkey.</li>
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><sup class="key">10</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, Bezmi Alem Vakif University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34093, Turkey.</li>
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><sup class="key">11</sup> Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55270, Turkey.</li>
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><sup class="key">12</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06110, Turkey.</li>
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><sup class="key">13</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, University of Erzurum, School of Medicine, Erzurum 25240, Turkey.</li>
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><sup class="key">14</sup> Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Baltalimani Bone Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34470, Turkey.</li>
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><sup class="key">15</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, Afyon Kocatepe University, School of Medicine, Afyon 03218, Turkey.</li>
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><sup class="key">16</sup> Medical Genetics Clinic, Mersin Women and Children Hospital, Mersin 33330, Turkey.</li>
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><sup class="key">17</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17000, Turkey.</li>
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><sup class="key">18</sup> Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Van Training and Research Hospital, Van 65130, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-19"
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><sup class="key">19</sup> Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Hasan Kalyoncu University, School of Health Sciences, Gaziantep 27000, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-20"
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><sup class="key">20</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri 38080, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-21"
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><sup class="key">21</sup> Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.</li>
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><sup class="key">22</sup> Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-23"
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><sup class="key">23</sup> Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-24"
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><sup class="key">24</sup> Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-25"
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><sup class="key">25</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, Gulhane Military Medical School, Ankara 06010, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-26"
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><sup class="key">26</sup> Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul 34854, Turkey; Eastern Mediterranean University School of Medicine, Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-27"
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><sup class="key">27</sup> Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children&#x27;s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Electronic address: jlupski@bcm.edu.</li>
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The Genomics of Arthrogryposis, a Complex Trait: Candidate Genes and Further Evidence for Oligogenic Inheritance
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<span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Davut Pehlivan</span><span class="citation-separator">&nbsp;et al.</span></span>
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data-ga-label="Davut Pehlivan">Davut Pehlivan</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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26
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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Affiliations
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<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1"
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><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2"
id="short-view-affiliation-2"
><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3"
id="short-view-affiliation-3"
><sup class="key">3</sup> Department of Pediatric Genetics, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul 34096, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4"
id="short-view-affiliation-4"
><sup class="key">4</sup> Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5"
id="short-view-affiliation-5"
><sup class="key">5</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-6"
id="short-view-affiliation-6"
><sup class="key">6</sup> Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-7"
id="short-view-affiliation-7"
><sup class="key">7</sup> Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul 34854, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-8"
id="short-view-affiliation-8"
><sup class="key">8</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, Necip Fazıl City Hospital, Kahramanmaras 46050, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-9"
id="short-view-affiliation-9"
><sup class="key">9</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34303, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-10"
id="short-view-affiliation-10"
><sup class="key">10</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, Bezmi Alem Vakif University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34093, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-11"
id="short-view-affiliation-11"
><sup class="key">11</sup> Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55270, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-12"
id="short-view-affiliation-12"
><sup class="key">12</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06110, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-13"
id="short-view-affiliation-13"
><sup class="key">13</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, University of Erzurum, School of Medicine, Erzurum 25240, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-14"
id="short-view-affiliation-14"
><sup class="key">14</sup> Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Baltalimani Bone Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34470, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-15"
id="short-view-affiliation-15"
><sup class="key">15</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, Afyon Kocatepe University, School of Medicine, Afyon 03218, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-16"
id="short-view-affiliation-16"
><sup class="key">16</sup> Medical Genetics Clinic, Mersin Women and Children Hospital, Mersin 33330, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-17"
id="short-view-affiliation-17"
><sup class="key">17</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17000, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-18"
id="short-view-affiliation-18"
><sup class="key">18</sup> Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Van Training and Research Hospital, Van 65130, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-19"
id="short-view-affiliation-19"
><sup class="key">19</sup> Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Hasan Kalyoncu University, School of Health Sciences, Gaziantep 27000, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-20"
id="short-view-affiliation-20"
><sup class="key">20</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri 38080, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-21"
id="short-view-affiliation-21"
><sup class="key">21</sup> Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-22"
id="short-view-affiliation-22"
><sup class="key">22</sup> Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-23"
id="short-view-affiliation-23"
><sup class="key">23</sup> Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-24"
id="short-view-affiliation-24"
><sup class="key">24</sup> Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-25"
id="short-view-affiliation-25"
><sup class="key">25</sup> Department of Medical Genetics, Gulhane Military Medical School, Ankara 06010, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-26"
id="short-view-affiliation-26"
><sup class="key">26</sup> Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul 34854, Turkey; Eastern Mediterranean University School of Medicine, Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-27"
id="short-view-affiliation-27"
><sup class="key">27</sup> Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children&#x27;s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Electronic address: jlupski@bcm.edu.</li>
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<p>
Arthrogryposis is a clinical finding that is present either as a feature of a neuromuscular condition or as part of a systemic disease in over 400 Mendelian conditions. The underlying molecular etiology remains largely unknown because of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. We applied exome sequencing (ES) in a cohort of 89 families with the clinical sign of arthrogryposis. Additional molecular techniques including array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) were performed on individuals who were found to have pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs) and mosaicism, respectively. A molecular diagnosis was established in 65.2% (58/89) of families. Eleven out of 58 families (19.0%) showed evidence for potential involvement of pathogenic variation at more than one locus, probably driven by absence of heterozygosity (AOH) burden due to identity-by-descent (IBD). RYR3, MYOM2, ERGIC1, SPTBN4, and ABCA7 represent genes, identified in two or more families, for which mutations are probably causative for arthrogryposis. We also provide evidence for the involvement of CNVs in the etiology of arthrogryposis and for the idea that both mono-allelic and bi-allelic variants in the same gene cause either similar or distinct syndromes. We were able to identify the molecular etiology in nine out of 20 families who underwent reanalysis. In summary, our data from family-based ES further delineate the molecular etiology of arthrogryposis, yielded several candidate disease-associated genes, and provide evidence for mutational burden in a biological pathway or network. Our study also highlights the importance of reanalysis of individuals with unsolved diagnoses in conjunction with sequencing extended family members.
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<strong class="sub-title">
Keywords:
</strong>
ES reanalysis; absence of heterozygosity; arthrogryposis; identity-by-descent; joint contracture; multilocus pathogenic variation; neuromuscular disease; trio-exome.
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<p> Figure 1 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Distribution and Molecular Results of… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Distribution and Molecular Results of Enrolled Individuals in the Arthrogryposis Cohort and Families… </p></div>
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Figure 1
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Distribution and Molecular Results of Enrolled Individuals in the Arthrogryposis Cohort and Families with Multilocus Pathogenic Variation (A) Distribution of individuals enrolled in arthrogryposis cohort. (B) A pie chart displaying the distribution of molecular findings for each individual in this study (i.e., phase II) of the arthrogryposis cohort (89 families). Multilocus pathogenic variant model families were classified according to muscle gene status. A corresponding explanation for the colors in the pie chart is below the chart. The abbreviation CNV = copy number variation. (C) Families affected with multilocus pathogenic variation (19 families) from phase I + II. Abbreviations are as follows: HMZ = homozygous, HTZ = heterozygous, Comp HTZ = compound heterozygous, and XL = hemizygous male.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Segregation Results, Images, and Variant Distributions of the Individuals with <i> RYR3 </i> Mutation (A)… </p></div>
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Figure 2
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Segregation Results, Images, and Variant Distributions of the Individuals with <i>RYR3</i> Mutation (A) Sanger studies showing compound-heterozygous variants in <i>MYO18B</i> and a homozygous variant in <i>RYR3</i> in the proband of family HOU2817. (B) Pictures of the probands contractures in fingers and toes. (C) Anterior-posterior and lateral views of spinal X-ray showing the kyphoscoliosis. (D) Conservation of the three variants through species. Variants of interest are written with a red font. (E) Segregation studies for both the c.2000A>G and c.11164+1G>A variants in GeneMatcher 1. (F) Highly conserved asparagine (D) amino acid and splice site through species. (G) A pedigree and Sanger segregation of family HOU3274 that had a single affected female individual (BAB8988) and two unaffected siblings available for study. Both parents and one unaffected sibling are heterozygous, the second unaffected sibling is wild type, and our proband is homozygous for the c.8939G>T variant. (H) A colored picture of the hand showing the contractures in the fingers of individual BAB8988. (I) The arginine (R) amino acid residue is highly conserved among species and specified in red font.</div>
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<p> Figure 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Clinical and Molecular Details of… </p></div>
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<p> Figure 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Clinical and Molecular Details of the <i> MYOM2 </i> Individuals (A) Pedigree and segregation analyses… </p></div>
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Figure 3
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Clinical and Molecular Details of the <i>MYOM2</i> Individuals (A) Pedigree and segregation analyses of the identified <i>MYOM2</i> variant (c.621C&gt;G) in family HOU3211. The parents are shown as consanguineous because they are from the same small village and the proband demonstrates large AOH blocks on exome data. As expected with a recessive inheritance pattern, the parents are heterozygous and the proband (individual BAB8905) is homozygous for the c.621C&gt;G variant. (B) Probands photos showing the contractures in the hands and feet. (C) High conservation of the Ser207 amino acid in other species. The serine (S) amino acid is written with a red font color. (D) A pedigree of the family (GeneMatcher 2) showing a complicated medical history including affected and unaffected deceased siblings along with medically terminated or spontaneously aborted individuals in the GeneMatcher family. The fourth pregnancy is shown with a checkered box to indicate a different phenotype than neuromuscular disease (i.e., he was found to have cardiac and gastrointestinal anomalies along with intrauterine growth restriction). Sanger PCR from available individuals shows that the affected fetus is homozygous and the parents are heterozygous for the c.2797C>T variant. (E) Pictures of the fetus showing pterygia of axillae and popliteal joints and a midsagittal cut of fetal brain showing partial agenesis of the corpus callosum and bilateral hypoplastic lungs. (F) A genotype-tissue expression (GTEx) panel showing specific expression of <i>MYOM2</i> in skeletal and heart muscles. (G) Amino acid conservation around Gln933 among other species. The Gln (Q) amino acid is written in red font.</div>
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id="article-image-3"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Families with <i> ABCA7 </i> Variants (A)… </p></div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 4 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Families with <i> ABCA7 </i> Variants (A) A pedigree suggesting an autosomal-recessive inheritance pattern for… </p></div>
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Figure 4
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Families with <i>ABCA7</i> Variants (A) A pedigree suggesting an autosomal-recessive inheritance pattern for <i>ABCA7</i>, <i>COL6A3</i>, and <i>ADNP</i> in family HOU2523; the affected individuals are homozygous, whereas unaffected individuals are heterozygous. Individual BAB6807 has a homozygous stop-gain mutation in <i>COL6A3</i> in addition to a homozygous <i>ABCA7</i> variant shared with individual BAB6808. The <i>ADNP</i> variant is homozygous in individual BAB6808, who has a DD and ID phenotype. (B) Conservation profiles of all three genes. (C) A pedigree of family HOU3943 with segregation studies showing bi-allelic variants in <i>ABCA7</i> and <i>de novo</i> heterozygous variants in <i>SPEG</i> and <i>TPM2</i>. (D) The amino acid alignment of the detected variants across different species.</div>
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id="article-image-4"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 5 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Segregation, Pictures, and Protein Conservation… </p></div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 5 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Segregation, Pictures, and Protein Conservation for a Homozygous <i> ERGIC1 </i> Variant in Individual BAB8802… </p></div>
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Figure 5
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Segregation, Pictures, and Protein Conservation for a Homozygous <i>ERGIC1</i> Variant in Individual BAB8802 (A) Segregation analyses of the exome-detected variant; the proband was homozygous and the parents were heterozygous carriers, as expected in recessive disease traits. (B) Proband photographs showing restrictions in the wrists and fingers and the <i>pes equinovarus</i> deformity in the feet. (C) A peptide alignment showing the conservation of the affected amino acid across species.</div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 6 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Clinical and Molecular Studies for… </p></div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 6 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Clinical and Molecular Studies for a Homozygous <i> SPTBN4 </i> Variant in Individual BAB8691 (A)… </p></div>
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Figure 6
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Clinical and Molecular Studies for a Homozygous <i>SPTBN4</i> Variant in Individual BAB8691 (A) Segregation studies showing heterozygosity for the parents and homozygosity for the index for variant c.6433G>A. The second child, who died of an unknown lung malformation, is shown with a checkered box. (B) Pictures of the proband showing a myopathic face, scoliosis, contractures in the fingers, and <i>pes equinovarus</i> deformity in the feet. (C) An anterior-posterior view of a spine X-ray showing severe thoracic scoliosis. (D) High conservation of the mutated amino acid residue across species (red font). (E) Protein domains of SPTBN4, with the variant identified in the present cohort (p.Ala2145Thr) and variants reported in two individuals in the literature (p.Gln533<sup></sup> and p.His1132fs).</div>
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-6"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 7 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Molecular Studies in Individual BAB9309… </p></div>
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<p> Figure 7 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Molecular Studies in Individual BAB9309 and Copy Number Variant Families (A) Droplet digital… </p></div>
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Figure 7
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Molecular Studies in Individual BAB9309 and Copy Number Variant Families (A) Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) results for the family; the results show 8% mosaicism for the <i>PRDM2</i> variant in the proband, and this finding is consistent with the exome mosaicism rate (8%) and no deletion in the healthy parents. (B) Results for aCGH analyses in three individuals are shown. Each dot indicates oligonucleotide probes: black dots represent a normal copy number, red dots represent a copy number gain, and green dots represent copy number losses as compared with a gender-matched control. The probands designated ID (BAB#s), the chromosomal location, and the approximate sizes of the copy number variants (CNVs) are written above each chromosome ideogram, and the chromosome number is written on the left side of ideogram. Red dashed lines determine the chromosomal region investigated by aCGH. Abbreviations are as follows: Chr = chromosome, Del = deletion, Dup = duplication, Mb = megabase, NTC = no template control, and Ter = terminal.</div>
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