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<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="KafXvEf0zxCBKR9g0Gu2VeuynyYSMOdF1XZ28uIm98p5Eif6DZ74pm0cVCG4FpLZ">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="KafXvEf0zxCBKR9g0Gu2VeuynyYSMOdF1XZ28uIm98p5Eif6DZ74pm0cVCG4FpLZ">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="KafXvEf0zxCBKR9g0Gu2VeuynyYSMOdF1XZ28uIm98p5Eif6DZ74pm0cVCG4FpLZ">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="KafXvEf0zxCBKR9g0Gu2VeuynyYSMOdF1XZ28uIm98p5Eif6DZ74pm0cVCG4FpLZ">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="KafXvEf0zxCBKR9g0Gu2VeuynyYSMOdF1XZ28uIm98p5Eif6DZ74pm0cVCG4FpLZ">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="28328043">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010803.pub2"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3058&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=28328043&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=100909747"
title="See full text options at Wiley"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Wiley"
data-ga-label="28328043"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/http:--media.wiley.com-assets-7331-42-Cochrane_Library_Logo_RGB_120x30.jpg" alt="Wiley full text link"><span class="text">
Wiley
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/28328043/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=28328043&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=100909747"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="28328043"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/28328043/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/28328043/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="28328043" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F28328043%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="KafXvEf0zxCBKR9g0Gu2VeuynyYSMOdF1XZ28uIm98p5Eif6DZ74pm0cVCG4FpLZ"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
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CSF tau and the CSF tau/ABeta ratio for the diagnosis of Alzheimer&#x27;s disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
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CSF tau and the CSF tau/ABeta ratio for the diagnosis of Alzheimer&#x27;s disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
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><sup class="key">1</sup> Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.</li>
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><sup class="key">2</sup> Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK, CB2 0SR.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3"
id="short-view-affiliation-3"
><sup class="key">3</sup> Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Room 4401c (4th Floor), John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU.</li>
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><sup class="key">4</sup> NIHR CLAHRC South West Peninsula (PenCLAHRC), University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Veysey Building, Salmon Pool Lane, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX2 4SG.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5"
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><sup class="key">5</sup> Southmead hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK.</li>
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Abstract
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<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Background:
</strong>
Research suggests that measurable change in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers occurs years in advance of the onset of clinical symptoms (Beckett 2010). In this review, we aimed to assess the ability of CSF tau biomarkers (t-tau and p-tau) and the CSF tau (t-tau or p-tau)/ABeta ratio to enable the detection of Alzheimer's disease pathology in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). These biomarkers have been proposed as important in new criteria for Alzheimer's disease dementia that incorporate biomarker abnormalities.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Objectives:
</strong>
To determine the diagnostic accuracy of 1) CSF t-tau, 2) CSF p-tau, 3) the CSF t-tau/ABeta ratio and 4) the CSF p-tau/ABeta ratio index tests for detecting people with MCI at baseline who would clinically convert to Alzheimer's disease dementia or other forms of dementia at follow-up.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Search methods:
</strong>
The most recent search for this review was performed in January 2013. We searched MEDLINE (OvidSP), Embase (OvidSP), BIOSIS Previews (Thomson Reuters Web of Science), Web of Science Core Collection, including Conference Proceedings Citation Index (Thomson Reuters Web of Science), PsycINFO (OvidSP), and LILACS (BIREME). We searched specialized sources of diagnostic test accuracy studies and reviews. We checked reference lists of relevant studies and reviews for additional studies. We contacted researchers for possible relevant but unpublished data. We did not apply any language or data restriction to the electronic searches. We did not use any methodological filters as a method to restrict the search overall.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Selection criteria:
</strong>
We selected those studies that had prospectively well-defined cohorts with any accepted definition of MCI and with CSF t-tau or p-tau and CSF tau (t-tau or p-tau)/ABeta ratio values, documented at or around the time the MCI diagnosis was made. We also included studies which looked at data from those cohorts retrospectively, and which contained sufficient data to construct two by two tables expressing those biomarker results by disease status. Moreover, studies were only selected if they applied a reference standard for Alzheimer's disease dementia diagnosis, for example, the NINCDS-ADRDA or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Data collection and analysis:
</strong>
We screened all titles generated by the electronic database searches. Two review authors independently assessed the abstracts of all potentially relevant studies, and the full papers for eligibility. Two independent assessors performed data extraction and quality assessment. Where data allowed, we derived estimates of sensitivity at fixed values of specificity from the model we fitted to produce the summary receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Main results:
</strong>
In total, 1282 participants with MCI at baseline were identified in the 15 included studies of which 1172 had analysable data; 430 participants converted to Alzheimer's disease dementia and 130 participants to other forms of dementia. Follow-up ranged from less than one year to over four years for some participants, but in the majority of studies was in the range one to three years. Conversion to Alzheimer's disease dementia The accuracy of the CSF t-tau was evaluated in seven studies (291 cases and 418 non-cases).The sensitivity values ranged from 51% to 90% while the specificity values ranged from 48% to 88%. At the median specificity of 72%, the estimated sensitivity was 75% (95% CI 67 to 85), the positive likelihood ratio was 2.72 (95% CI 2.43 to 3.04), and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.32 (95% CI 0.22 to 0.47).Six studies (164 cases and 328 non-cases) evaluated the accuracy of the CSF p-tau. The sensitivities were between 40% and 100% while the specificities were between 22% and 86%. At the median specificity of 47.5%, the estimated sensitivity was 81% (95% CI: 64 to 91), the positive likelihood ratio was 1.55 (CI 1.31 to 1.84), and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.39 (CI: 0.19 to 0.82).Five studies (140 cases and 293 non-cases) evaluated the accuracy of the CSF p-tau/ABeta ratio. The sensitivities were between 80% and 96% while the specificities were between 33% and 95%. We did not conduct a meta-analysis because the studies were few and small. Only one study reported the accuracy of CSF t-tau/ABeta ratio.Our findings are based on studies with poor reporting. A significant number of studies had unclear risk of bias for the reference standard, participant selection and flow and timing domains. According to the assessment of index test domain, eight of 15 studies were of poor methodological quality.The accuracy of these CSF biomarkers for 'other dementias' had not been investigated in the included primary studies. Investigation of heterogeneity The main sources of heterogeneity were thought likely to be reference standards used for the target disorders, sources of recruitment, participant sampling, index test methodology and aspects of study quality (particularly, inadequate blinding).We were not able to formally assess the effect of each potential source of heterogeneity as planned, due to the small number of studies available to be included.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Authors&#x27; conclusions:
</strong>
The insufficiency and heterogeneity of research to date primarily leads to a state of uncertainty regarding the value of CSF testing of t-tau, p-tau or p-tau/ABeta ratio for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in current clinical practice. Particular attention should be paid to the risk of misdiagnosis and overdiagnosis of dementia (and therefore over-treatment) in clinical practice. These tests, like other biomarker tests which have been subject to Cochrane DTA reviews, appear to have better sensitivity than specificity and therefore might have greater utility in ruling out Alzheimer's disease as the aetiology to the individual's evident cognitive impairment, as opposed to ruling it in. The heterogeneity observed in the few studies awaiting classification suggests our initial summary will remain valid. However, these tests may have limited clinical value until uncertainties have been addressed. Future studies with more uniformed approaches to thresholds, analysis and study conduct may provide a more homogenous estimate than the one that has been available from the included studies we have identified.
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<div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest">
<h2 class="title">
Conflict of interest statement
</h2>
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<p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">Craig Ritchie ‐ None known Nadja Smailagic ‐ None known Anna H Noel‐Storr ‐ None known Obioha Ukoumunne ‐ None known Emma C Ladds ‐ None known Steven Martin ‐ None known</p>
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<h2 class="title">
Figures
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Study flow diagram Note: a top‐up search performed in December 2015 revealed 6134 records 85 records retained after de‐duplication and assessment by one experienced reviewer 81 records excluded after further assessment performed by two review authors 4 studies identified for possible inclusion (Characteristics of studies awaiting classification)</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Risk of bias and applicability concerns graph: review authors' judgements about each domain presented as percentages across included studies</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Forest plot of 1 CSF t‐tau conversion to AD dementia. </p></div>
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<p> 7 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Forest plot of 2 CSF p‐tau conversion to AD dementia. </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
7
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Forest plot of 2 CSF p‐tau conversion to AD dementia.</div>
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data-figure-id="CD010803-fig-0008">
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id="article-image-7"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 8 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Summary ROC Plot of 2 CSF… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 8 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Summary ROC Plot of 2 CSF p‐tau conversion to AD dementia. </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-7" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
8
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Summary ROC Plot of 2 CSF p‐tau conversion to AD dementia.</div>
</figcaption>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 9 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Post‐test probability plots (Analysis 2): Conversion… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 9 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Post‐test probability plots (Analysis 2): Conversion from MCI to Alzheimer’s disease for CSF p‐tau… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-8" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
9
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Post‐test probability plots (Analysis 2): Conversion from MCI to Alzheimer’s disease for CSF p‐tau as a diagnostic test</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
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aria-describedby="figure-caption-9"
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data-image-width="731"
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data-figure-id="CD010803-fig-0010">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-9"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f691/6464349/edf6e0267b4d/nCD010803-AFig-FIG10.gif"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 10 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Forest plot of 3 CSF p‐tau/ABeta… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 10 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Forest plot of 3 CSF p‐tau/ABeta ratio to AD dementia. </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-9" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
10
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Forest plot of 3 CSF p‐tau/ABeta ratio to AD dementia.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item tail"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 11 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Summary ROC Plot of 3 CSF… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 11 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Summary ROC Plot of 3 CSF p‐tau/ABeta ratio to AD dementia. </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-10" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
11
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Summary ROC Plot of 3 CSF p‐tau/ABeta ratio to AD dementia.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item tail"
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data-slide-index="11"
data-label-slug="12">
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aria-describedby="figure-caption-11"
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data-figure-id="CD010803-fig-0012">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-11"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 12 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Forest plot of 4 CSF t‐tau… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 12 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Forest plot of 4 CSF t‐tau conversion to all forms of dementia. </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-11" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
12
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Forest plot of 4 CSF t‐tau conversion to all forms of dementia.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item tail"
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aria-describedby="figure-caption-12"
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data-image-height="600"
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-12"
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<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="600">
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 13 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Summary ROC Plot of 4 CSF… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 13 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Summary ROC Plot of 4 CSF t‐tau conversion to All dementias. </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-12" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
13
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Summary ROC Plot of 4 CSF t‐tau conversion to All dementias.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item tail"
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aria-describedby="figure-caption-13"
role="button"
data-image-width="626"
data-image-height="164"
data-image-alt="1"
data-pmc-id="PMC6464349"
data-figure-id="CD010803-fig-0014">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-13"
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<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="164">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1. Test </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CSF t‐tau conversion to AD… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1. Test </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CSF t‐tau conversion to AD dementia. </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-13" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
1. Test
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">CSF t‐tau conversion to AD dementia.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item tail"
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aria-describedby="figure-caption-14"
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data-image-width="626"
data-image-height="152"
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data-figure-id="CD010803-fig-0015">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-14"
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<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="626">
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<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 2. Test </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CSF p‐tau conversion to AD… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 2. Test </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CSF p‐tau conversion to AD dementia. </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-14" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
2. Test
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">CSF p‐tau conversion to AD dementia.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item tail"
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
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aria-describedby="figure-caption-15"
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data-image-width="626"
data-image-height="140"
data-image-alt="3"
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data-figure-id="CD010803-fig-0016">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-15"
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<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 3. Test </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CSF p‐tau/ABeta ratio to AD… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 3. Test </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CSF p‐tau/ABeta ratio to AD dementia. </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-15" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
3. Test
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">CSF p‐tau/ABeta ratio to AD dementia.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item tail"
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
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data-slide-index="16"
data-label-slug="4">
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aria-describedby="figure-caption-16"
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data-image-width="626"
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data-figure-id="CD010803-fig-0017">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-16"
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<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="626">
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<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 4. Test </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CSF t‐tau conversion to All… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 4. Test </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CSF t‐tau conversion to All dementias. </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-16" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
4. Test
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">CSF t‐tau conversion to All dementias.</div>
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References
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<h4 class="refs-list-title">References to studies included in this review</h4>
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">Amlien 2013 {published and unpublished data}</h5>
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Amlien IK, Fjeli AM, Walhovd KB, Selnes P, Stenset V, Grambaite R, at al. Mild cognitive impairment: cerebrospinal fluid tau biomarker pathologic levels and longitudinal changes in white matter integrity. Radiology 2013;266:295‐303.
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">Buchhave 2012 {published data only}</h5>
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Buchhave P, Minthon L, Zetterberg H, Wallin AK, Blennow K, Hansson O. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of beta‐amyloid 1‐42, but not of tau, are fully changed already 5 to 10 years before the onset of Alzheimer dementia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2012;69(1):98‐106.
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Mattsson N, Zetterberg H, Hansson O, Andreasen N, Parnetti L, Jonsson M, et al. CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. JAMA 2009;302(4):385‐93.
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">Eckerstrom 2010 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-4" class="references-list">
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Eckerström C, Andreasson U, Olsson E, Rolstad S, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, et al. Combination of hippocampal volume and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers Improves predictive value in mild cognitive impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2010;29:294‐300.
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Mattsson N, Zetterberg H, Hansson O, Andreasen N, Parnetti L, Jonsson M, et al. CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. JAMA 2009;302(4):385‐93.
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value="1">
Wallin A, Göthlin M, Gustavsson M, Zetterberg H. Eckerström C, Blennow K, et al. Progression from mild to pronounced MCI Is not associated with cerebrospinal fluid biomarker deviations. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2011;32:193‐7.
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">Fellgiebel 2007 {published data only}</h5>
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value="1">
Fellgiebel A, Scheurich A, Bartenstein P, Müller MJ. FDG‐PET and CSF phospho‐tau for prediction of cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 2007;155:167‐71.
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<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Galluzzi 2010 {published and unpublished data}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-6" class="references-list">
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Galluzzi S, Geroldi C, Ghidoni R, Paghera B, Amicucci G, Bonetti M, et al. The new Alzheimer's criteria in a naturalistic series of patients with mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Neurology 2010;257(12):2004‐14.
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">Hampel 2004 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-7" class="references-list">
<li>
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Hampel H, Teipel SJ, Fuchsberger T, Andreasen N, Wiltfang J, Otto M, at al. Value of CSF ß‐amyloid1‐42 and tau as predictors of Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Molecular Psychiatry 2004;9:705‐10.
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">Hansson 2006 {published and unpublished data}</h5>
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<li>
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Hansson O, Zetterberg H, Buchhave P, Londos E, Blennow K, Minthon L. Association between CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a follow‐up study. Lancet Neurology 2006;5:228‐34.
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Mattsson N, Zetterberg H, Hansson O, Andreasen N, Parnetti L, Jonsson M, et al. CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. JAMA 2009;302(4):385‐93.
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PubMed
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">Herukka 2007 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-9" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
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class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Herukka SK, Hallikainen M, Soininen H, Pirttila T. CSF Ab42 and tau or phosphorylated tau and prediction of progressive mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 2005;64:1294‐7.
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value="1">
Herukka SK, Hallikainen M, Tervo S, Helisalmi S, Tapiola T, Soininen T, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42, tau and phosphorylated tau predict progression in patients with cognitive impairment. Research and Practice in Alzheimer's disease 2006;11:245‐50.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Herukka SK, Helisalmi S, Hallikainen M, Tervo S, Soininen H, Pirttila T. CSF Aß42, tau and phosphorylated tau, APOE ϵ4 allele and MCI type in progressive MCI. Neurobiology of Aging 2007;28:507‐14.
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value="1">
Herukka SK, Pennanen C, Soininen H, Pirttila T. CSF Aβ42, tau and phosphorylated tau correlate with medial temporal lobe atrophy. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2008;14:51‐7.
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value="1">
Mattsson N, Zetterberg H, Hansson O, Andreasen N, Parnetti L, Jonsson M, et al. CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. JAMA 2009;302(4):385‐93.
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">Kester 2011 {published data only}</h5>
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Kester MI, Verwey NA, Elk EJ, Blankenstein MA, Scheltens P, Flier WM. Progression from MCI to AD: predictive value of CSF Aβ42 is modified by APOE genotype. Neurobiology of Aging 2011;32(8):1372‐8.
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Mattsson N, Zetterberg H, Hansson O, Andreasen N, Parnetti L, Jonsson M, et al. CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. JAMA 2009;302(4):385‐93.
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">Koivunen 2008 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-11" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Koivunen J, Pirttilä T, Kemppainen N, Aalto S, Herukka S‐K, Jauhianen AM, et al. PET amyloid ligand [11C]PIB uptake and cerebrospinal fluid β‐amyloid in mild cognitive Impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2008;26:378‐83.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/18931497/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="18931497"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Monge‐Argiles 2011 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-12" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Monge‐Argiles JA, Munoz‐Ruiz C, Pampliega‐Perez A, Gomez‐Lopez MJ, Sanchez‐Paya J, Rodriguez‐Borja E, et al. Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in the cerebrospinal fluid of Spanish patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neurochemical Research 2011;36:986‐93.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/21399907/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="21399907"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Monge‐Argiles JA, Sanchez‐Payab J, Munoz‐Ruiz C, Pampliega‐Perez A, Gomez‐Lopez MJ, Borja ER, et al. Patients with mild cognitive impairment and a reduced CSF Aβ1‐42 protein progress rapidly to Alzheimer’s disease. Neurologia 2012;27(1):28‐33.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/21621878/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="21621878"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Palmqvist 2012 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-13" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Hertzel J, Minthono L, Zetterberg H, Vanmechelend E, Blcnnowc K, Hanssonllb O. Evaluation of CSF biomarkers as predictors of Alzheimer's disease: a clinical follow‐up study of 4.7 years. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2010;21:1119‐28.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/21504133/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="21504133"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Mattsson N, Zetterberg H, Hansson O, Andreasen N, Parnetti L, Jonsson M, et al. CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. JAMA 2009;302(4):385‐93.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/19622817/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="19622817"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Palmqvist S, Hertze J, Minthon L, Wattmo C, Zetterberg Z, Blennow K, at al. Comparison of brief cognitive tests and CSF biomarkers in predicting Alzheimer’s disease in mild cognitive impairment: six‐year follow‐up study. PLoS ONE 2012;7(6):e38639. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038639]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038639"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="10.1371/journal.pone.0038639"
>
DOI
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3382225/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC3382225"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/22761691/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=3"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="22761691"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Parnetti 2012 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-14" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Parnetti L, Chiasserini D, Eusebi P, Giannandrea D, Bellomo G, Carlo C, et al. Performance of Aβ1‐40, Aβ1‐42, total tau,and phosphorylated tau as predictors of dementia in a cohort of patients with mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2012;29:229‐38.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/22232006/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="22232006"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Visser 2009 {published and unpublished data}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-15" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Mattsson N, Zetterberg H, Hansson O, Andreasen N, Parnetti L, Jonsson M, et al. CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. JAMA 2009;302(4):385‐93.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/19622817/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="19622817"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Visser PJ, Verhey F, Knol DL, Scheltens P, Wahlund L‐O, Freund‐Levi Y, et al. Prevalence and prognostic value of CSF markers of Alzheimer’s disease pathology in patients with subjective cognitive impairment or mild cognitive impairment in the DESCRIPA study: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurology 2009;8:619‐27.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/19523877/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="19523877"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Vos 2013 {published and unpublished data}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-16" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Vos SJB, Rossum IA, Verhey F, Knol DL, Soininen H, Wahlund L‐O, et al. Prediction of Alzheimer disease in subjects with amnestic and nonamnestic MCI. Neurology 2013;80:1‐9.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/23446677/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="23446677"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h4 class="refs-list-title">References to studies excluded from this review</h4>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Desikan 2011 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-18" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Desikan RS, McEvoy LK, Thompson WK, Holland D, Roddey JC, Blennow K, et al. Amyloid‐β associated volume loss occurs only in the presence of phospho‐tau. Annals of Neurology 2011;70:657‐61.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3368003/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC3368003"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/22002658/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="22002658"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Forlenza 2010 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-19" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Forlenza OV, Diniz BS, Talib LL, Radanovic M, Yassuda MS, Ojopi EB, et al. Clinical and biological predictors of Alzheimer’s disease inpatients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 2010;32(3):216‐22.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/20414590/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="20414590"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Holland 2012 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-20" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Holland D, Desikan RS, Dale AM, McEvoy LK, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Rates of decline in Alzheimer Disease decrease with age. PLOS One 2012;7(8):e42325. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042325]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042325"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="10.1371/journal.pone.0042325"
>
DOI
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3410919/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC3410919"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/22876315/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=3"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="22876315"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Ivanoiu 2005 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-21" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Ivanoiu A, Sindic CJ. Cerebrospinal fluid tau protein and amyloid β42 in mild cognitive impairment: prediction of progression to Alzheimer’s disease and correlation with the neuropsychological examination. Neurocase 2005;11(1):32‐9.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/15804922/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="15804922"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Jack 2011 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-22" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Jack CR, Vemuri P, Wiste BA, Weigand SD, Aisen PS, Trojanowski J, et al. Evidence for ordering of Alzheimer disease biomarkers. Archives of Neurology 2011;68(12):1526‐35.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3387980/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC3387980"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/21825215/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="21825215"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Jagust 2009 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-23" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Jagust WJ, Landau SM, Shaw M, Trojanowski JQ, Koeppe RA, Reiman EM, et al. Relationships between biomarkers in aging and dementia. American Academy of Neurology 2009;73:1193‐9.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2764726/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC2764726"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/19822868/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="19822868"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Lanari 2009 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-24" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Lanari A, Parnetti L. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and prediction of conversion in patients with mild cognitive Impairment: 4‐year follow‐up in a routine clinical setting. Scientific World 2009;9:961‐6.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5823093/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC5823093"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/19768352/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="19768352"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Landau 2010 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-25" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Davatzikosa C, Bhatta P, Shawb LM, Batmanghelich KN, Trojanowski JQ. Prediction of MCI to AD conversion, via MRI, CSF biomarkers, and pattern classification. Neurobiology of Aging 2011;32:2322.e19‐2322.e27.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2951483/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC2951483"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/20594615/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="20594615"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Ewers M, Schmitz S, Hansson O, Walsh C, Fitzpatrick A, Bennett D, et al. Body mass index is associated with biological CSF markers of core brain pathology of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology of Aging 2012;33:1599‐608.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3208117/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC3208117"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/21684041/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="21684041"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Ewers M, Walsh C, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM, Petersen RC, Jack Jr. CR, et al. Prediction of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease dementia based upon biomarkers and neuropsychological test performance. Neurobiology of Aging 2012;33:1203‐14.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3328615/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC3328615"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/21159408/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="21159408"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Gomar JJ, Bobes‐Bascaran MT, Conejero‐Goldberg C, Davies P, Goldberg TE. Utility of combinations of biomarkers, cognitive markers, and risk factors to predict conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease in patients in the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Archives of General Psychiatry 2011;68(9):961‐9.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/21893661/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="21893661"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Landau SM, Harvey D, Madison CM, Reiman EM, Foster NL, Aisen PS, et al. Comparing predictors of conversion and decline in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 2010;75:230‐8.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2906178/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC2906178"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/20592257/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="20592257"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Maruyama 2004 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-26" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Maruyama M, Matsui T, Tanji H, Nemoto M, Tomita N, Ootsuki M, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid tau protein and periventricular white matter lesions in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology 2004;61:716‐20.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/15148149/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="15148149"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Maruyama 2004b {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-27" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Maruyama M, Matsui T, Tanji H, Ootsuki M, Nemoto M, Tomita N, et al. Diagnosing the mild cognitive impairment stage of Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatria et Neurologia Japonica 2004;106(3):269‐80.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/15164576/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="15164576"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Mattsson 2012 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-28" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Mattsson N, Porteliusa E, Rolstad S, Gustavsson M, Andreasson U, Stridsberg M, et al. Longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers over four years in mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2012;30:767‐78.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/22475796/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="22475796"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Nordlund 2010 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-29" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Nordlund A, Rolstad S, Klang O, Edman A, Hansen S, Wallin A. Two‐year outcome of MCI subtypes and aetiologies in the Goteborg MCI study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2010;81:541‐6.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/19965857/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="19965857"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Okamura 2002 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-30" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Okamura N, Arai H, Maruyama M, Higuchi M, Matsui T, Tanji H, et al. Combined analysis of CSF tau levels and [123I]Iodoamphetamine SPECT in mild cognitive impairment: implications for a novel predictor of Alzheimer’s Disease. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002;159:474–6.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/11870015/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="11870015"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Okonkwo 2011 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-31" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Okonkwo OC, Mielke MM, Griffith HR, Moghekar AR, O’Brien RJ, Shaw LM, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid profiles and prospective course and outcome in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology 2011;68(1):113‐9.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3058271/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC3058271"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/21220682/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="21220682"
>
PubMed
</a>
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">Pereira 2010 {published data only}</h5>
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Pereira FS, Yassuda MS, Olivira AM, Diniz BS, Radanovic M, Talib LL, et al. Profiles of functional deficits in mild cognitive impairment and dementia: benefits from objective measurement. International Neuropsychological Society 2010;16:297‐305.
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">Perneczky 2011 {published data only}</h5>
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Perneczky R, Tsolakidou A, Arnold A, Diehl‐Schmid J, Grimmer T, Forstl H, et al. CSF soluble amyloid precursor proteins in the diagnosis of incipient Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2011;77:35‐8.
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">Riemenschneider 2002 {published data only}</h5>
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Riemenschneider M, Lautenschlager N, Wagenpfeil S, Diehl J, Drzezga A, Kurz A. Cerebrospinal fluid tau and beta‐amyloid 42 proteins identify Alzheimer disease in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology 2002;59(11):1729‐34.
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">Samtani 2012 {published data only}</h5>
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Samtani MN, Raghavan N, Shi Y, Novak G, Farnum M, Lobanov V, et al. Disease progression model in subjects with mild cognitive impairment from the Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative: CSF biomarkers predict population subtypes. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2012;75(1):146‐61.
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PubMed
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<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Schneider 2010 {published data only}</h5>
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Schneider LS, Kennedy RE, Cutter GR, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Requiring an amyloid‐b1‐42 biomarker for prodromal Alzheimer’s disease or mild cognitive impairment does not lead to more efficient clinical trials. Alzheimers &amp; Dementia 2010;6:e367‐77.
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PMC
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
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</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Shaw 2009 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-37" class="references-list">
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<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
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value="1">
Shaw LM, Vanderstichele H, Knapik‐Czajka M, Clark CM, Aisen PS, Petersen RC, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker signature in Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative subjects. Annals of Neurology 2009;65:403‐13.
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PMC
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<a
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PubMed
</a>
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</li>
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</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Sluimer 2010 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-38" class="references-list">
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Sluimer JD, Bouwman FH, Vrenken H, Blankenstein MA, Barkhof F, Flier WM, et al. Whole‐brain atrophy rate and CSF biomarker levels in MCI and AD: a longitudinal study. Neurobiology of Aging 2010;31:758‐64.
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
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</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Snider 2009 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-39" class="references-list">
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<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Snider BJ, Fagan AM, Roe C, Shah AR, Grant EA, Xiong C. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and rate of cognitive decline in very mild dementia of the Alzheimer type. Archives of Neurology 2009;66(5):638‐45.
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PMC
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<a
class="reference-link"
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PubMed
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</li>
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</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Van Harten 2012 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-40" class="references-list">
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<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
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value="1">
Harten AC, Visser PJ, Pijnenburg YAL, Teunissen CE, Blankenstein MA, Scheltens P, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid Aß42 is the best predictor of clinical progression in patients with subjective complaints. Alzheimers &amp; Dementia 2013;9:481‐7.
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Verwey 2008 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-41" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Verwey NA, Bouwman FH, Flier WM, Veerhuis R, Scheltens P, Blankenstein MA. Variability in longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid tau and phosphorylated tau measurements. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2008;46(9):1300‐4.
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Walhovd 2010 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-42" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Walhovd KB, Fjell AM, Brewer J, McEvoy LK, Fennema‐Notestine C, Hagler DJ Jr, et al. Combining MR imaging, positron‐emissiontomography, and CSF biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer disease. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2010;31(2):347‐54.
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PMC
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<a
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Wang 2012 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-43" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Wang L, Fagan AM, Shah AR, Beg MF, Csernansky JG, Morris JC, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid proteins predict longitudinal hippocampal degeneration in early‐stage dementia of the Alzheimer type. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 2012;26:314‐21.
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data-ga-action="PMC3309103"
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PMC
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="/22156755/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="22156755"
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Westman 2012 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-44" class="references-list">
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<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
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value="1">
Westman E, Muehlboeck J‐S, Simmons A. Combining MRI and CSF measures for classification of Alzheimer's disease and prediction of mild cognitive impairment conversion. Neurolmage 2012;62:229‐38.
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Yang 2012 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-45" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
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value="1">
Yang X, Tan MZ, Qiu A. CSF and brain structural imaging markers of the Alzheimer’s pathological cascade. PLOS One 2012;7(12):e47406.
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3526616/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC3526616"
>
PMC
</a>
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="/23284610/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="23284610"
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h4 class="refs-list-title">References to studies awaiting assessment</h4>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Balasa 2014 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-47" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Balasa M, Sanchez‐Valle R, Antonell A, Bosch B, Olives J, Rami L, et al. Usefulness of biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of early‐onset cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2014;40(4):919‐27.
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Eckerstrom 2015 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-48" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Eckerström C, Olsson E, Klasson N, Berge J, Nordlund A, Bjerke M, et al. Multimodal prediction of dementia with up to 10 years follow up: the Gothenburg MCI study. Journal of Alzheimer's disease 2015;44(1):205‐14.
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Ewers 2012 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-49" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Ewers M, Walsh C, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM, Petersen RC, Jack CR Jr, et al. North American Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Prediction of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease dementia based upon biomarkers and neuropsychological test performance. Neurobiology of Aging 2012;33(7):1203‐14.
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<a
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ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC3328615"
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PMC
</a>
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="/21159408/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="21159408"
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Leuzy 2015 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-50" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Leuzy A, Carter SF, Chiotis K, Almkvist O, Wall A, Nordberg A. Concordance and diagnostic accuracy of [11C]PIB PET and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in a sample of patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2015;45(4):1077‐88.
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h4 class="refs-list-title">Additional references</h4>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Albert 2011</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-52" class="references-list">
<li>
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<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendation from the National Institute on Ageing and Alzheimer’s Association workgroup. Alzheimers &amp; Dementia 2011;7(3):270‐9.
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ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC3312027"
>
PMC
</a>
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="/21514249/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="21514249"
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Arevalo‐Rodriguez 2015</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-53" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Arevalo‐Rodriguez I, Smailagic N, Roqué i Figuls M, Ciapponi A, Sanchez‐Perez E, Giannakou A, et al. Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010783.pub2]
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ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="10.1002/14651858.CD010783.pub2"
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DOI
</a>
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6464748/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC6464748"
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PMC
</a>
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="/25740785/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=3"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="25740785"
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Beckett 2010</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-54" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Beckett LA, Harvey DJ, Gamst A, Donohueb M, Kornak J, Zhang H, et al. The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: annual change in biomarkers and clinical outcomes. Alzheimers &amp; Dementia 2010;6:257‐64.
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data-ga-action="PMC2867839"
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PMC
</a>
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="/20451874/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Beynon 2013</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-55" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
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Beynon R, Leeflang MM, McDonald S, Eisinga A, Mitchell RL, Whiting P, et al. Search strategies to identify diagnostic accuracy studies in MEDLINE and EMBASE. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 9. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000022.pub3]
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data-ga-action="10.1002/14651858.MR000022.pub3"
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DOI
</a>
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<a
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href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7390022/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
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PMC
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<a
class="reference-link"
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ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=3"
data-ga-category="reference"
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PubMed
</a>
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</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Billingsley 1997</h5>
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Billingsley ML, Kincaid RL. Regulated phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of tau protein: effects on microtubule interaction, intracellular trafficking and neurodegeneration. Biochemical Journal 1997;323(3):577‐91.
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PMC
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</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Blennow 2003</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-57" class="references-list">
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Blennow K, Hampel H. CSF markers for incipient Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurology 2003; Vol. 2, issue 10:605‐13.
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</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Bossuyt 2008</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-58" class="references-list">
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Bossuyt PM, Leeflang MM. Chapter 6: Developing criteria for including studies. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy 2008:<a class="external-link-urlize" href="http://methods.cochrane.org/sdt/" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">http://methods.cochrane.org/sdt/</a>.
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</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Bourne 2007</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-59" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
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<div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section">
<h2 class="title">
Substances
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<h2 class="title">
Related information
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MedGen
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ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=28328043&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3">
PubChem Compound (MeSH Keyword)
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<div id="grants" class="grants">
<h2 class="title">
Grants and funding
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LinkOut - more resources
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