nih-gov/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26297438/index.html

4033 lines
No EOL
134 KiB
HTML
Raw Permalink Blame History

This file contains invisible Unicode characters

This file contains invisible Unicode characters that are indistinguishable to humans but may be processed differently by a computer. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" >
<head itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" >
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<!-- Mobile properties -->
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="True">
<meta name="MobileOptimized" content="320">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.google-analytics.com">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/CACHE/css/output.ba8099dd2df4.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/CACHE/css/output.452c70ce66f7.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/CACHE/css/output.7bf600913d6e.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/CACHE/css/output.0bfa59184c7a.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/CACHE/css/output.b576742ffc3e.css" type="text/css">
<title>Enhancement of Surfactin yield by improving the medium composition and fermentation process - PubMed</title>
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/uswds/dist/fonts/merriweather-bold-webfont.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin />
<!-- Favicons -->
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/ico" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.ico" />
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.png" />
<!-- 192x192, as recommended for Android
http://updates.html5rocks.com/2014/11/Support-for-theme-color-in-Chrome-39-for-Android
-->
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-192.png" />
<!-- 57x57 (precomposed) for iPhone 3GS, pre-2011 iPod Touch and older Android devices -->
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png">
<!-- 72x72 (precomposed) for 1st generation iPad, iPad 2 and iPad mini -->
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-72.png">
<!-- 114x114 (precomposed) for iPhone 4, 4S, 5 and post-2011 iPod Touch -->
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-114.png">
<!-- 144x144 (precomposed) for iPad 3rd and 4th generation -->
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-144.png">
<!-- For Pinger + Google Optimize integration (NS-820) -->
<meta name="ncbi_sg_optimize_id" content="">
<!-- Mobile browser address bar color -->
<meta name="theme-color" content="#20558a">
<!-- Preserve the Referrer when going from HTTPS to HTTP -->
<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin">
<meta name="ncbi_pinger_gtm_track" content="true"/>
<!-- Logging params: Pinger defaults -->
<meta name="ncbi_app" content="pubmed" />
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="pubmed" />
<meta name="ncbi_phid" content="A1350001717A84A5000029854FBEF598.1.m_6" />
<meta name="ncbi_pinger_stat_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/stat" />
<meta name="log_category" content="literature" />
<meta name="ncbi_cost_center" content="pubmed" />
<!-- Logging params: Pinger custom -->
<meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="abstract" />
<meta name="log_op" content="retrieve" />
<meta name="uid" content="26297438" />
<meta name="ncbi_uid" content="26297438" />
<meta name="log_displayeduids" content="26297438" />
<meta name="log_source_db" content="pubmed,pmc" />
<meta name="log_icons_present" content="true" />
<meta name="ncbi_search_id" content="baKULWJvIKEmjmzpBLKMtQ:647ff15141af266103a93759ef71cd80" />
<meta name="ncbi_adj_nav_search_id" content="O76G0u_mXSrhAito6o4KYg:647ff15141af266103a93759ef71cd80" />
<!-- Social meta tags for unfurling urls -->
<meta name="description" content="Surfactin is one of the most promising biosurfactants due to its extraordinary surface activity. Commonly, the well-established Cooper medium, a glucose-based mineral salt medium, is utilized for the microbial production of Surfactin. The current study investigated the enhancement of Surfactin yield …"><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:26297438, PMC4546119, doi:10.1186/s13568-015-0145-0, Judit Willenbacher, Wladimir Yeremchuk, Rudolf Hausmann, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="Enhancement of Surfactin yield by improving the medium composition and fermentation process - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26297438/"><meta property="og:description" content="Surfactin is one of the most promising biosurfactants due to its extraordinary surface activity. Commonly, the well-established Cooper medium, a glucose-based mineral salt medium, is utilized for the microbial production of Surfactin. The current study investigated the enhancement of Surfactin yield …"><meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:site_name" content="PubMed"><meta name="twitter:domain" content="pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:title" content="Enhancement of Surfactin yield by improving the medium composition and fermentation process - PubMed"><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26297438/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="Surfactin is one of the most promising biosurfactants due to its extraordinary surface activity. Commonly, the well-established Cooper medium, a glucose-based mineral salt medium, is utilized for the microbial production of Surfactin. The current study investigated the enhancement of Surfactin yield …"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">
<!-- OpenSearch XML -->
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/opensearch.xml" title="PubMed search">
<!-- Disables severely broken elements when no JS -->
<noscript>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/core/no-script.css">
</noscript>
<meta name="citation_title" content="Enhancement of Surfactin yield by improving the medium composition and fermentation process">
<meta name="citation_authors" content="Willenbacher J;Yeremchuk W;Mohr T;Syldatk C;Hausmann R;">
<meta name="citation_date" content="2015 Dec">
<meta name="citation_publisher" content="AMB Express">
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="AMB Express">
<meta name="citation_pmid" content="26297438">
<meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26297438/">
<meta name="citation_volume" content="5">
<meta name="citation_issue" content="1">
<meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1186/s13568-015-0145-0">
<meta name="citation_issn" content="2191-0855">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26297438/" />
</head>
<body >
<noscript>
<div class="no-script-banner" id="no-script-banner">
<div class="warning-message">
<div class="warning-message-text">
This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features!
</div>
</div>
</div>
</noscript>
<div class="no-session-banner" id="no-session-banner" hidden>
<div class="warning-message">
<div class="warning-message-text">
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable.
</div>
<button class="close-banner-button"
title="Close Clipboard and Search History not available warning banner"
ref="linksrc=close_no_session_banner"
aria-controls="no-session-banner"
aria-label="Close Clipboard and Search History not available warning banner"
aria-expanded="true">
</button>
</div>
</div>
<a class="usa-skipnav" href="#article-details">
Skip to main page content
</a>
<!-- ========== BEGIN HEADER ========== -->
<section class="usa-banner">
<div class="usa-accordion">
<header class="usa-banner-header">
<div class="usa-grid usa-banner-inner">
<img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png" alt="U.S. flag" />
<p>An official website of the United States government</p>
<button
class="usa-accordion-button usa-banner-button"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="gov-banner-top"
>
<span class="usa-banner-button-text">Here's how you know</span>
</button>
</div>
</header>
<div
class="usa-banner-content usa-grid usa-accordion-content"
id="gov-banner-top"
>
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-gov usa-width-one-half">
<img
class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img"
src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg"
alt="Dot gov"
/>
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
<p>
<strong>The .gov means its official.</strong>
<br />
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before
sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal
government site.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-ssl usa-width-one-half">
<img
class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img"
src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg"
alt="Https"
/>
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
<p>
<strong>The site is secure.</strong>
<br />
The <strong>https://</strong> ensures that you are connecting to the
official website and that any information you provide is encrypted
and transmitted securely.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
<header class="ncbi-header" role="banner" data-section="Header">
<div class="usa-grid">
<div class="usa-width-one-whole">
<div class="ncbi-header__logo">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" class="logo" aria-label="NCBI Logo" data-ga-action="click_image" data-ga-label="NIH NLM Logo">
<img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg" alt="NIH NLM Logo" />
</a>
</div>
<div class="ncbi-header__account">
<a id="account_login" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-button header-button" style="display:none" data-ga-action="open_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu">Log in</a>
<button id="account_info" class="header-button" style="display:none"
aria-controls="account_popup">
<span class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="username desktop-only" aria-hidden="true" id="uname_short"></span>
<span class="sr-only">Show account info</span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="ncbi-popup-anchor">
<div class="ncbi-popup account-popup" id="account_popup" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="ncbi-popup-head">
<button class="ncbi-close-button" data-ga-action="close_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu"><span class="fa fa-times"></span><span class="usa-sr-only">Close</span></button>
<h4>Account</h4>
</div>
<div class="account-user-info">
Logged in as:<br/>
<b><span class="username" id="uname_long">username</span></b>
</div>
<div class="account-links">
<ul class="usa-unstyled-list">
<li><a id="account_myncbi" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_myncbi">Dashboard</a></li>
<li><a id="account_pubs" href="/myncbi/collections/bibliography/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_pubs">Publications</a></li>
<li><a id="account_settings" href="/account/settings/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_settings">Account settings</a></li>
<li><a id="account_logout" href="/account/signout/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_logout">Log out</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div role="navigation" aria-label="access keys">
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_0" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="0" tabindex="-1">Access keys</a>
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="1" tabindex="-1">NCBI Homepage</a>
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_2" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url usa-sr-only" accesskey="2" tabindex="-1">MyNCBI Homepage</a>
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_3" href="#maincontent" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="3" tabindex="-1">Main Content</a>
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_4" href="#" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="4" tabindex="-1">Main Navigation</a>
</div>
<section data-section="Alerts">
<div class="ncbi-alerts-placeholder"></div>
</section>
<!-- ========== END HEADER ========== -->
<a id="maincontent" aria-label="Main page content below" role="navigation"></a>
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="QmDKQa9l6TzskjdvUu09USqK7OMTpyvb79nPt0CHGumWeKjlxNDbo0WoFSu5i93v">
<form action="/" method="get" autocomplete="off" class="usa-search usa-search-big search-form content-page-layout" id="search-form" role="search">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<a class="pubmed-logo"
aria-label="Pubmed Logo"
href="/"
data-ga-category="featured_link"
data-ga-action="pubmed_logo">
<img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg" alt="pubmed logo" />
</a>
<a href="#" class="search-input-trigger" data-alt-title="Hide search bar" title="Show search bar" aria-label="Show search bar">
</a>
<div role="search" class="search-input">
<div class="form-field ">
<label class="usa-sr-only" for="id_term">
Search:
</label>
<input
type="search"
name="term"
data-skip-ie-scroll-to-top=""
data-replace-term-with-exact=""
data-exact-query=""
placeholder=""
class="term-input"
required="required"
id="id_term"/><a href="#" class="clear-btn" aria-label="Clear search input" title="Clear search input" role="button" data-pinger-ignore></a><button type="submit" class="search-btn" aria-label="Search" disabled data-pinger-ignore><span class="usa-search-submit-text">Search</span></button>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Create alert and Create RSS are buttons that look like links -->
<!-- Better for them to look like buttons but no space -->
<div class="search-links-wrapper content-page-layout">
<div class="search-links">
<a href="/advanced/"
class="search-input-link adv-search-link"
data-ga-category="featured_link"
data-ga-action="adv_search">Advanced</a>
<a href="/clipboard/"
class="search-input-link clipboard-link hidden"
data-ga-category="featured_link"
data-ga-action="clipboard">
Clipboard <span class="amount-in-clipboard"></span>
</a>
</div>
<span class="search-input-link user-guide-link" role="navigation" aria-label="User guide">
<a href="/help/"
data-ga-category="featured_link"
data-ga-action="user_guide">
User Guide
</a>
</span>
</div>
</div>
</form>
<div id="article-page-header">
<div id="article-top-actions-bar" class="article-top-actions-bar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="actions-container">
<div class="return-to-search">
</div>
<div class="multiple-results-actions " role="region" aria-label="save, email, send to">
<button id="save-results-panel-trigger"
type="button"
class="save-results save-results-panel-trigger"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="save"
data-ga-label="open">
Save
</button><button id="email-results-panel-trigger"
type="button"
class="email-results email-results-panel-trigger"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="open">
Email
</button><div class="more-actions dropdown-block"><button id="more-actions-trigger"
type="button"
class="trigger more-actions-trigger"
ref="linksrc=show_moreactions_btn"
aria-label="Send to"
aria-controls="more-actions-dropdown">Send to</button><div id="more-actions-dropdown" class="dropdown dropdown-container" hidden><div class="content"><ul class="more-actions-links"><li><a class="clipboard-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link "
href="#"
role="button"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="clipboard"
data-ga-label="send">
Clipboard
</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link bibliography-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F26297438%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link collections-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F26297438%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li><li><a role="button" class="citation-manager-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link citation-manager-trigger-target" href="#">Citation manager</a></li></ul></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
data-default-format-value="abstract"
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region">
<button
class="trigger usa-button"
title="Change format"
data-ga-category="display_options"
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog">
<span class="button-label">Display options</span>
</button>
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
<div class="title">
Display options
</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="format-container">
<span class="option-label">
Format
</span>
<select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="article-display-format">
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="pubmed">PubMed</option>
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="QmDKQa9l6TzskjdvUu09USqK7OMTpyvb79nPt0CHGumWeKjlxNDbo0WoFSu5i93v">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="article-panels-container" class="article-panels-container">
<div id="save-action-panel" class="save-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Save citation to file
</h2>
<form id="save-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="QmDKQa9l6TzskjdvUu09USqK7OMTpyvb79nPt0CHGumWeKjlxNDbo0WoFSu5i93v">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector">
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option>
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="csv">CSV</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="save"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_save_panel"
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="save"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="email-action-panel"
class="email-action-panel action-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-recaptcha-script-url="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/enterprise.js?render=explicit&onload=onloadCaptchaCallback"
data-recaptcha-enabled="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Email citation
</h2>
<form id="email-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/send-email/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/send-email/"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post"
method="post"
>
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="QmDKQa9l6TzskjdvUu09USqK7OMTpyvb79nPt0CHGumWeKjlxNDbo0WoFSu5i93v">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<span class="action-panel-label">
Subject:
</span>
<span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 26297438 - PubMed</span>
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 26297438"/>
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="da2975194632fb92b020e60be9d72fb7c7666d1a7652dd4392bfdda624897dab"/>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
To:
</label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
From:
</label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="QmDKQa9l6TzskjdvUu09USqK7OMTpyvb79nPt0CHGumWeKjlxNDbo0WoFSu5i93v">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="QmDKQa9l6TzskjdvUu09USqK7OMTpyvb79nPt0CHGumWeKjlxNDbo0WoFSu5i93v">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="QmDKQa9l6TzskjdvUu09USqK7OMTpyvb79nPt0CHGumWeKjlxNDbo0WoFSu5i93v">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="QmDKQa9l6TzskjdvUu09USqK7OMTpyvb79nPt0CHGumWeKjlxNDbo0WoFSu5i93v">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="QmDKQa9l6TzskjdvUu09USqK7OMTpyvb79nPt0CHGumWeKjlxNDbo0WoFSu5i93v">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="26297438">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13568-015-0145-0"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3055&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=26297438&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101561785"
title="See full text options at Springer"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Springer"
data-ga-label="26297438"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/http:--production.springer.de-OnlineResources-Logos-springerlink.gif" alt="Springer full text link"><span class="text">
Springer
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/26297438/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=26297438&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101561785"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="26297438"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/26297438/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/26297438/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="26297438" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F26297438%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="QmDKQa9l6TzskjdvUu09USqK7OMTpyvb79nPt0CHGumWeKjlxNDbo0WoFSu5i93v"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button><button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger"
title="Open dialog with more actions to take"
ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
data-default-format-value="abstract"
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button
class="trigger usa-button"
title="Change format"
data-ga-category="display_options"
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title">
Display options
</div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label">
Format
</span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="sidebar-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="social-sharing">
<h3 class="title">
Share
</h3>
<ul class="social-sharing-links usa-unstyled-list">
<li>
<a href="http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Enhancement%20of%20Surfactin%20yield%20by%20improving%20the%20medium%20composition%20and%20fermentation%20process%20https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26297438/"
class="share-link share-link-twitter"
rel="noreferrer noopener"
target="Pubmed-Social-Media-Share-Popup"
title="Share article on Twitter"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="social"
data-ga-label="twitter"></a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26297438/"
class="share-link share-link-facebook"
rel="noreferrer noopener"
target="Pubmed-Social-Media-Share-Popup"
title="Share article on Facebook"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="social"
data-ga-label="fb"></a>
</li>
<li>
<div class="share-permalink">
<button class="trigger"
title="Show article permalink"
ref="linksrc=show_permalink_btn">
</button>
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
<div class="title">
Permalink
</div>
<div class="content">
<input type="text"
class="permalink-text"
value="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26297438/"
aria-label="Article permalink"/><button class="permalink-copy-button usa-button-primary"
title="Copy article permalink"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="link"
data-ga-label="copy_link"><span class="button-title">Copy</span></button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<nav class="page-navigator" role="navigation" aria-label="Page navigation">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Page navigation
</h3>
<ul class="items-list">
<li class="heading ">
<a href="#heading"
aria-label="navigate to Title &amp; authors section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="heading">
Title &amp; authors
</a>
</li>
<li class="abstract ">
<a href="#abstract"
aria-label="navigate to Abstract section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="abstract">
Abstract
</a>
</li>
<li class="figures ">
<a href="#figures"
aria-label="navigate to Figures section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="figures">
Figures
</a>
</li>
<li class="similar ">
<a href="#similar"
aria-label="navigate to Similar articles section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="similar">
Similar articles
</a>
</li>
<li class="citedby ">
<a href="#citedby"
aria-label="navigate to Cited by section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="citedby">
Cited by
</a>
</li>
<li class="references ">
<a href="#references"
aria-label="navigate to References section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="references">
References
</a>
</li>
<li class="related-links ">
<a href="#related-links"
aria-label="navigate to Related information section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="related-links">
Related information
</a>
</li>
<li class="linkout ">
<a href="#linkout"
aria-label="navigate to LinkOut - more resources section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="linkout">
LinkOut - more resources
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<select class="short-view" autocomplete="off" title="navigate to selected section" aria-label="Navigate to page section">
<option value="heading">Title &amp; authors</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="figures">Figures</option>
<option value="similar">Similar articles</option>
<option value="citedby">Cited by</option>
<option value="references">References</option>
<option value="related-links">Related information</option>
<option value="linkout">LinkOut - more resources</option>
</select>
</nav>
</div>
</aside>
<main class="article-details" id="article-details">
<!-- "Filters applied" shows only when page is redirected from search -->
<!-- because search found one result -->
<header class="heading" id="heading">
<div class="full-view" id="full-view-heading">
<div class="article-citation">
<div class="article-source">
<div class="journal-actions dropdown-block"><button id="full-view-journal-trigger"
class="journal-actions-trigger trigger"
ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn"
title="AMB Express"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="full-view-journal"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal AMB Express"
data-pinger-ignore>
AMB Express
</button><div id="full-view-journal"
class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal AMB Express"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22AMB+Express%22%5Bjour%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22AMB+Express%22%5Bjour%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&amp;journal_abbrev=AMB Express"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="journal_link"
data-ga-label="AMB Express">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link"
ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22AMB+Express%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D"
data-ga-category="search_catalog"
data-ga-action="journal_link"
data-ga-label="AMB Express">
Search in NLM Catalog
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term='"AMB Express"[jour]'
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label='"AMB Express"[jour]'
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2015 Dec;5(1):145.</span>
</div>
<span class="citation-doi">
doi: 10.1186/s13568-015-0145-0.
</span>
<span class="secondary-date">
Epub 2015 Aug 22.
</span>
</div>
<h1 class="heading-title">
Enhancement of Surfactin yield by improving the medium composition and fermentation process
</h1>
<div class="inline-authors">
<div class="authors">
<div class="authors-list">
<span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Willenbacher+J&amp;cauthor_id=26297438"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Judit Willenbacher">Judit Willenbacher</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany, judit.willenbacher@kit.edu." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
1
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Yeremchuk+W&amp;cauthor_id=26297438"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Wladimir Yeremchuk">Wladimir Yeremchuk</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Mohr+T&amp;cauthor_id=26297438"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Teresa Mohr">Teresa Mohr</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Syldatk+C&amp;cauthor_id=26297438"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Christoph Syldatk">Christoph Syldatk</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Hausmann+R&amp;cauthor_id=26297438"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Rudolf Hausmann">Rudolf Hausmann</a></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-article-details">
Affiliations
<button
class="more-details"
id="toggle-authors"
data-alt-text="Collapse"
aria-controls="expanded-authors"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore
data-fetch-url="/26297438/long-authors/"
data-id-prefix="">
<span class="title">
Expand
</span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="extended-article-details" id="expanded-authors" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="expanded-authors" id="full-view-expanded-authors">
<div class="affiliations">
<h3 class="title">
Affiliation
</h3>
<ul class="item-list">
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-1"
id="full-view-affiliation-1"
><sup class="key">1</sup> Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany, judit.willenbacher@kit.edu.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers">
<li>
<span class="identifier pubmed">
<span class="id-label">
PMID:
</span>
<strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">26297438</strong>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="identifier pmc">
<span class="id-label">
PMCID:
</span>
<a class="id-link"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=article_id_link&amp;article_id=PMC4546119&amp;id_type=PMC"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4546119/"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMCID"
>
PMC4546119
</a>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="identifier doi">
<span class="id-label">
DOI:
</span>
<a class="id-link"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=article_id_link&amp;article_id=10.1186/s13568-015-0145-0&amp;id_type=DOI"
href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-015-0145-0"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="DOI"
>
10.1186/s13568-015-0145-0
</a>
</span>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden>
Item in Clipboard
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view" id="short-view-heading">
<h1 class="heading-title">
Enhancement of Surfactin yield by improving the medium composition and fermentation process
</h1>
<div class="short-citation">
<span class="authors-list">
<span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Judit Willenbacher</span><span class="citation-separator">&nbsp;et al.</span></span>
</span>
<span class="citation-journal">
AMB Express<span class="citation-separator">.</span>
</span>
<span class="date">
<span class="citation-year">2015 Dec</span><span class="citation-separator">.</span>
</span>
</div>
<div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings">
<button class="more-article-details"
id="toggle-article-details"
data-alt-text="Hide details"
ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details"
aria-controls="full-article-details"
aria-expanded="false"
data-fetch-url="/26297438/long-authors/"
data-id-prefix="">
<span class="title">Show details</span>
</button>
<div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
data-default-format-value="abstract"
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region">
<button
class="trigger usa-button"
title="Change format"
data-ga-category="display_options"
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog">
<span class="button-label">Display options</span>
</button>
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
<div class="title">
Display options
</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="format-container">
<span class="option-label">
Format
</span>
<select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="mobile-display-format">
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="pubmed">PubMed</option>
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="extended-article-details" id="full-article-details" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="article-citation">
<div class="article-source">
<div class="journal-actions dropdown-block"><button id="short-view-journal-trigger"
class="journal-actions-trigger trigger"
ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn"
title="AMB Express"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="short-view-journal"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal AMB Express"
data-pinger-ignore>
AMB Express
</button><div id="short-view-journal"
class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal AMB Express"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22AMB+Express%22%5Bjour%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22AMB+Express%22%5Bjour%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&amp;journal_abbrev=AMB Express"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="journal_link"
data-ga-label="AMB Express">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link"
ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22AMB+Express%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D"
data-ga-category="search_catalog"
data-ga-action="journal_link"
data-ga-label="AMB Express">
Search in NLM Catalog
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term='"AMB Express"[jour]'
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label='"AMB Express"[jour]'
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2015 Dec;5(1):145.</span>
</div>
<span class="citation-doi">
doi: 10.1186/s13568-015-0145-0.
</span>
<span class="secondary-date">
Epub 2015 Aug 22.
</span>
</div>
<div class="expanded-authors" id="short-view-expanded-authors">
<div class="authors">
<h3 class="title">
Authors
</h3>
<div class="authors-list">
<span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Willenbacher+J&amp;cauthor_id=26297438"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Judit Willenbacher">Judit Willenbacher</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany, judit.willenbacher@kit.edu." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
1
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Yeremchuk+W&amp;cauthor_id=26297438"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Wladimir Yeremchuk">Wladimir Yeremchuk</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Mohr+T&amp;cauthor_id=26297438"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Teresa Mohr">Teresa Mohr</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Syldatk+C&amp;cauthor_id=26297438"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Christoph Syldatk">Christoph Syldatk</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Hausmann+R&amp;cauthor_id=26297438"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Rudolf Hausmann">Rudolf Hausmann</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="affiliations">
<h3 class="title">
Affiliation
</h3>
<ul class="item-list">
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1"
id="short-view-affiliation-1"
><sup class="key">1</sup> Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany, judit.willenbacher@kit.edu.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers">
<li>
<span class="identifier pubmed">
<span class="id-label">
PMID:
</span>
<strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">26297438</strong>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="identifier pmc">
<span class="id-label">
PMCID:
</span>
<a class="id-link"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=article_id_link&amp;article_id=PMC4546119&amp;id_type=PMC"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4546119/"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMCID"
>
PMC4546119
</a>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="identifier doi">
<span class="id-label">
DOI:
</span>
<a class="id-link"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=article_id_link&amp;article_id=10.1186/s13568-015-0145-0&amp;id_type=DOI"
href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-015-0145-0"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="DOI"
>
10.1186/s13568-015-0145-0
</a>
</span>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden>
Item in Clipboard
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger"
title="Open dialog with full text links"
ref="linksrc=full_text_links">
Full text links
</button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/26297438/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/26297438/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger"
title="Open dialog with more actions to take"
ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
data-default-format-value="abstract"
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button
class="trigger usa-button"
title="Change format"
data-ga-category="display_options"
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title">
Display options
</div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label">
Format
</span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="abstract" id="abstract">
<h2 class="title">
Abstract
</h2>
<div class="abstract-content selected"
id="eng-abstract">
<p>
Surfactin is one of the most promising biosurfactants due to its extraordinary surface activity. Commonly, the well-established Cooper medium, a glucose-based mineral salt medium, is utilized for the microbial production of Surfactin. The current study investigated the enhancement of Surfactin yields by analyzing the effects of different glucose concentrations, next to the introduction of an alternative chelating agent and nitrogen source. The utilization of 8 g/L glucose, 0.008 mM Na3citrate and 50 mM (NH4)2SO4 increased Surfactin yields from 0.7 to 1.1 g/L during shake flask experiments applying Bacillus subtilis DSM10(T). Consequentially conducted shake flask experiments, employing five other Surfactin producer strains during cultivation in the former and enhanced version of the Cooper medium, suggest a general enhancement of Surfactin yields during application of the enhanced version of the Cooper medium. The enhancement of the medium composition is therefore most likely independent from the employed producer strain. The following utilization of the enhanced medium composition during fed-batch fermentation with integrated foam fractionation yielded 30 % more Surfactin in comparison to batch fermentations with integrated foam fractionation employing the former version of the Cooper medium.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer">
<a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources"
data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" data-ga-label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a>
</p>
<div class="figures" id="figures">
<h2 class="title">
Figures
</h2>
<div class="figures-list" id="slides-container"
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery">
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="0"
data-label-slug="fig-1">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5f68/4546119/95bfe562508e/13568_2015_145_Fig1_HTML.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-0"
role="button"
data-image-width="710"
data-image-height="260"
data-image-alt="Fig. 1"
data-pmc-id="PMC4546119"
data-figure-id="Fig1">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-0"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5f68/4546119/71b94c66c33c/13568_2015_145_Fig1_HTML.gif"
alt="Fig. 1" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="710">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="260">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 1 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Time course of CDW and… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 1 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Time course of CDW and Surfactin concentrations of <i> B. subtilis </i> DSM 10 <sup> T… </sup> </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Fig. 1
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Time course of CDW and Surfactin concentrations of <i>B. subtilis</i> DSM 10<sup>T</sup> during shake flask cultivations in medium B and further optimized medium C. The achieved CDW [g/L] is shown in <b>a</b>, whereas resulting Surfactin concentrations [g/L] are illustrated in <b>b</b>. The results of cultivation in medium B are given as <i>black dots</i>. Data from cultivations in medium C are presented as <i>white dots</i>. The cultivations were conducted as duplicates and in time-displaced flasks to illustrate a continuous course of growth and Surfactin production</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="1"
data-label-slug="fig-2">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5f68/4546119/ff45e9b0b11a/13568_2015_145_Fig2_HTML.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-1"
role="button"
data-image-width="568"
data-image-height="341"
data-image-alt="Fig. 2"
data-pmc-id="PMC4546119"
data-figure-id="Fig2">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-1"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5f68/4546119/92b85ec0786f/13568_2015_145_Fig2_HTML.gif"
alt="Fig. 2" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="568">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="341">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 2 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Time course of the fed-batch… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 2 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Time course of the fed-batch fermentation of <i> B. subtilis </i> DSM 10 <sup> T </sup> employing… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Fig. 2
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Time course of the fed-batch fermentation of <i>B. subtilis</i> DSM 10<sup>T</sup> employing medium C. The time courses of CDW (<i>black dot</i>, [g/L]), Surfactin (<i>white rhombus</i>, [g]) and glucose (<i>grey triangle</i>, [g/L]) are displayed as mean values of two fermentations. Glucose was added after its complete consumption (23 mL of 450 g/L glucose, 20.83 h after inoculation). The <i>dotted</i> and <i>solid lines</i> represent logistic fits of CDW and mass of Surfactin</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="2"
data-label-slug="fig-3">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5f68/4546119/37787e7414c0/13568_2015_145_Fig3_HTML.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-2"
role="button"
data-image-width="581"
data-image-height="347"
data-image-alt="Fig. 3"
data-pmc-id="PMC4546119"
data-figure-id="Fig3">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-2"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5f68/4546119/da0656c1132c/13568_2015_145_Fig3_HTML.gif"
alt="Fig. 3" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="581">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="347">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Time course of foam traps… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Fig. 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Time course of foam traps during fed-batch fermentation of <i> B. subtilis </i> DSM 10… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Fig. 3
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Time course of foam traps during fed-batch fermentation of <i>B. subtilis</i> DSM 10<sup>T</sup> employing medium C. The values of bacterial enrichment (<i>black dots</i>), Surfactin recovery (<i>grey rhombus</i>) and Surfactin enrichment (<i>white rhombus</i>) are displayed as exemplary results of one fermentation. The addition of glucose is indicated by a <i>dashed line</i> after 20.83 h of cultivation</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<!-- Root element of PhotoSwipe. Must have class pswp. -->
<div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"
data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">
<!-- Background of PhotoSwipe.
It's a separate element as animating opacity is faster than rgba(). -->
<div class="pswp__bg"></div>
<!-- Slides wrapper with overflow:hidden. -->
<div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">
<!-- Container that holds slides.
PhotoSwipe keeps only 3 of them in the DOM to save memory.
Don't modify these 3 pswp__item elements, data is added later on. -->
<div class="pswp__container">
<div class="pswp__item"></div>
<div class="pswp__item"></div>
<div class="pswp__item"></div>
</div>
<!-- Default (PhotoSwipeUI_Default) interface on top of sliding area. Can be changed. -->
<div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden">
<div class="pswp__top-bar">
<!-- Controls are self-explanatory. Order can be changed. -->
<div class="pswp__counter"></div>
<button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button>
<button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button>
<button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button>
<button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>
<!-- Preloader demo http://codepen.io/dimsemenov/pen/yyBWoR -->
<!-- element will get class pswp__preloader--active when preloader is running -->
<div class="pswp__preloader">
<div class="pswp__preloader__icn">
<div class="pswp__preloader__cut">
<div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap">
<div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div>
</div>
<button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)">
</button>
<button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)">
</button>
<div class="pswp__caption">
<div class="pswp__caption__center"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-dialog-caption">
<div class="figure-caption-link-container">
<a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-center"
data-expand-title="click to show full caption"
data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption">
</div>
<button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn"
aria-label="show full caption"
data-expand-text="show full caption"
data-collapse-text="hide full caption">
<!-- Dynamic text -->
</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="similar-articles" id="similar">
<h2 class="title">
Similar articles
</h2>
<ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list">
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/25852998/"
ref="article_id=25852998&amp;linksrc=similar_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="similar_article"
data-ga-action="25852998"
data-ga-label="">
Foam-free production of Surfactin via anaerobic fermentation of Bacillus subtilis DSM 10(T).
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Willenbacher J, Rau JT, Rogalla J, Syldatk C, Hausmann R.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Willenbacher J, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">AMB Express. 2015 Mar 17;5:21. doi: 10.1186/s13568-015-0107-6. eCollection 2015.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">AMB Express. 2015.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">25852998</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/33991199/"
ref="article_id=33991199&amp;linksrc=similar_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="similar_article"
data-ga-action="33991199"
data-ga-label="">
Bacillus subtilis High Cell Density Fermentation Using a Sporulation-Deficient Strain for the Production of Surfactin.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Klausmann P, Hennemann K, Hoffmann M, Treinen C, Aschern M, Lilge L, Morabbi Heravi K, Henkel M, Hausmann R.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Klausmann P, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021 May;105(10):4141-4151. doi: 10.1007/s00253-021-11330-x. Epub 2021 May 15.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">33991199</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/37101148/"
ref="article_id=37101148&amp;linksrc=similar_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=3"
data-ga-category="similar_article"
data-ga-action="37101148"
data-ga-label="">
Optimization of fermentation conditions for surfactin production by B. subtilis YPS-32.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Zhou Y, Yang X, Li Q, Peng Z, Li J, Zhang J.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Zhou Y, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">BMC Microbiol. 2023 Apr 26;23(1):117. doi: 10.1186/s12866-023-02838-5.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">BMC Microbiol. 2023.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">37101148</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/37091822/"
ref="article_id=37091822&amp;linksrc=similar_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=4"
data-ga-category="similar_article"
data-ga-action="37091822"
data-ga-label="">
Chemical structure, properties and potential applications of surfactin, as well as advanced strategies for improving its microbial production.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Zhen C, Ge XF, Lu YT, Liu WZ.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Zhen C, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">AIMS Microbiol. 2023 Mar 14;9(2):195-217. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2023012. eCollection 2023.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">AIMS Microbiol. 2023.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">37091822</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
<span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Review.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/36001039/"
ref="article_id=36001039&amp;linksrc=similar_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=5"
data-ga-category="similar_article"
data-ga-action="36001039"
data-ga-label="">
Available strategies for improving the biosynthesis of surfactin: a review.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Xia L, Wen J.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Xia L, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2023 Dec;43(7):1111-1128. doi: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2095252. Epub 2022 Aug 24.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2023.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">36001039</span></span>
<span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Review.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="actions-bar">
<a
class="show-all-linked-articles"
data-href="/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=26297438"
data-ga-category="similar_article"
data-ga-action="show_all"
>
See all similar articles
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="citedby-articles" id="citedby">
<h2 class="title">
Cited by
</h2>
<ul class="articles-list" id="citedby-articles-list">
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/33738277/"
ref="article_id=33738277&amp;linksrc=citedby_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="cited_by"
data-ga-action="33738277"
data-ga-label="">
The Surfactin-Like Lipopeptides From <em>Bacillus</em> spp.: Natural Biodiversity and Synthetic Biology for a Broader Application Range.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Théatre A, Cano-Prieto C, Bartolini M, Laurin Y, Deleu M, Niehren J, Fida T, Gerbinet S, Alanjary M, Medema MH, Léonard A, Lins L, Arabolaza A, Gramajo H, Gross H, Jacques P.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Théatre A, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021 Mar 2;9:623701. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.623701. eCollection 2021.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">33738277</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/33707332/"
ref="article_id=33707332&amp;linksrc=citedby_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="cited_by"
data-ga-action="33707332"
data-ga-label="">
Draft Genome Sequence of the Type Strain Bacillus subtilis subsp. <em>subtilis</em> DSM10.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Lilge L, Hertel R, Morabbi Heravi K, Henkel M, Commichau FM, Hausmann R.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Lilge L, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Microbiol Resour Announc. 2021 Mar 11;10(10):e00158-21. doi: 10.1128/MRA.00158-21.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Microbiol Resour Announc. 2021.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">33707332</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/30203399/"
ref="article_id=30203399&amp;linksrc=citedby_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=3"
data-ga-category="cited_by"
data-ga-action="30203399"
data-ga-label="">
Insight into the surfactin production of Bacillus velezensis B006 through metabolomics analysis.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Wang J, Guo R, Wang W, Ma G, Li S.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Wang J, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018 Dec;45(12):1033-1044. doi: 10.1007/s10295-018-2076-7. Epub 2018 Sep 10.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">30203399</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/38550972/"
ref="article_id=38550972&amp;linksrc=citedby_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=4"
data-ga-category="cited_by"
data-ga-action="38550972"
data-ga-label="">
Optimisation of surfactin yield in <em>Bacillus</em> using data-efficient active learning and high-throughput mass spectrometry.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Albornoz RV, Oyarzún D, Burgess K.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Albornoz RV, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2024 Feb 15;23:1226-1233. doi: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.02.012. eCollection 2024 Dec.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2024.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">38550972</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/37609113/"
ref="article_id=37609113&amp;linksrc=citedby_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=5"
data-ga-category="cited_by"
data-ga-action="37609113"
data-ga-label="">
Characterization ofantifungal properties of lipopeptide-producing <em>Bacillus velezensis</em> strains and their proteome-based response to the phytopathogens, <em>Diaporthe</em> spp.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Akintayo SO, Hosseini B, Vahidinasab M, Messmer M, Pfannstiel J, Bertsche U, Hubel P, Henkel M, Hausmann R, Voegele RT, Lilge L.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Akintayo SO, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023 Aug 7;11:1228386. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1228386. eCollection 2023.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">37609113</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="actions-bar">
<a
class="show-all-linked-articles"
data-href="/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed_citedin&from_uid=26297438"
data-ga-category="cited_by"
data-ga-action="show_all"
>
See all "Cited by" articles
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="references" id="references">
<h2 class="title">
References
</h2>
<div id='top-references-list' class="references-lists-container">
<div class="refs-list">
<ol id="top-references-list-1" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Abushady H, Bashandy A, Aziz N, Ibrahim H. Molecular characterization of Bacillus subtilis surfactin producing strain and the factors affecting its production. Int J Agr Biol. 2005;3:337344.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Arima K, Kakinuma A, Tamura G. Surfactin, a crystalline peptidelipid surfactant produced by Bacillus subtilis: isolation, characterization and its inhibition of fibrin clot formation. Biochem Bioph Res Co. 1968;31:488494. doi: 10.1016/0006-291X(68)90503-2.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(68)90503-2"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="10.1016/0006-291X(68)90503-2"
>
DOI
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/4968234/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="4968234"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Assié LK, Deleu M, Arnaud L, Paquot M, Thonart P, Gaspar C, Haubruge E. Insecticide activity of surfactins and iturins from a biopesticide Bacillus subtilis Cohn (S499 strain) Meded Rijksuniv Gent Fak Landbouwkd Toegep Biol Wet. 2002;67:647655.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/12696433/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="12696433"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Banat IM, Franzetti A, Gandolfi I, Bestetti G, Martinotti MG, Fracchia L, Smyth TJ, Marchant R. Microbial biosurfactants production, applications and future potential. Appl Microbiol Biot. 2010;87:427444. doi: 10.1007/s00253-010-2589-0.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2589-0"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="10.1007/s00253-010-2589-0"
>
DOI
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/20424836/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="20424836"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Cagri-Mehmetoglu A, Kusakli S, van de Venter M. Production of polysaccharide and surfactin by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 using rehydrated whey powder as the fermentation medium. J Dairy Sci. 2012;95:36433649. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5385.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5385"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="10.3168/jds.2012-5385"
>
DOI
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/22720922/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="22720922"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="actions-bar">
<button
class="show-all"
ref="linksrc=show_all_references_link"
aria-controls="top-references-list-1"
data-next-page-url="/26297438/references/"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="show_more"
>
Show all 27 references
</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="related-links" class="related-links">
<h2 class="title">
Related information
</h2>
<ul class="related-links-list"><li><a title="Related information in MedGen" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen?linkname=pubmed_medgen&amp;from_uid=26297438"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=26297438&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1">
MedGen
</a></li></ul>
</div>
<div id="linkout" class="linkout">
<h2 class="title">
LinkOut - more resources
</h2>
<ul class="linkout-list"><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Full Text Sources</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a
href="https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/26297438"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=6082&uid=26297438&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=101561785"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Full Text Sources"
data-ga-label="Europe PubMed Central"
>
Europe PubMed Central
</a></li><li><a
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/26297438/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=3494&uid=26297438&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=101561785"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Full Text Sources"
data-ga-label="PubMed Central"
>
PubMed Central
</a></li><li><a
href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13568-015-0145-0"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=3055&uid=26297438&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=101561785"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Full Text Sources"
data-ga-label="Springer"
>
Springer
</a></li></ul></li><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Other Literature Sources</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a
href="https://scite.ai/reports/26297438"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=10307&uid=26297438&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=101561785"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Other Literature Sources"
data-ga-label="scite Smart Citations"
>
scite Smart Citations
</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div>
</main>
<div class="overlay" role="dialog" aria-label="Full Text Links Dialog">
<div id="full-text-links-dialog" class="dialog full-text-links-dialog">
<strong class="title">Full text links</strong>
<button class="close-overlay" tabindex="3">[x]</button>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13568-015-0145-0"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3055&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=26297438&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101561785"
title="See full text options at Springer"
tabindex="1"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Springer"
data-ga-label="26297438"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/http:--production.springer.de-OnlineResources-Logos-springerlink.gif" alt="Springer full text link"><span class="text">
Springer
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/26297438/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=26297438&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101561785"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
tabindex="2"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="26297438"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="overlay" role="dialog" aria-label="Citation Dialog">
<div class="dialog citation-dialog">
<button class="close-overlay" tabindex="1">[x]</button>
<div class="title">Cite</div>
<div class="citation-text-block">
<div class="citation-text"></div>
<div class="citation-actions">
<button
class="copy-button dialog-focus"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="copy"
tabindex="2">
Copy
</button>
<form method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="QmDKQa9l6TzskjdvUu09USqK7OMTpyvb79nPt0CHGumWeKjlxNDbo0WoFSu5i93v">
<button type="submit"
class="export-button"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="download"
title="Download a file for external citation management software"
tabindex="3">
<span class="download-title">Download .nbib</span>
<span class="download-title-mobile">.nbib</span>
</button>
</form>
<div class="citation-style-selector-wrapper">
<label class="selector-label">Format:</label>
<select aria-label="Format" class="citation-style-selector" tabindex="4">
<option data-style-url-name="ama"
value="AMA"
>
AMA
</option>
<option data-style-url-name="apa"
value="APA"
>
APA
</option>
<option data-style-url-name="mla"
value="MLA"
>
MLA
</option>
<option data-style-url-name="nlm"
value="NLM"
selected="selected">
NLM
</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="overlay" role="dialog" aria-label="More Actions Dialog">
<div id="more-actions-dialog" class="dialog more-actions-dialog">
<strong class="title">Send To</strong>
<ul class="more-actions-links">
<li><a id="clipboard-trigger" role="button" class="submit-button clipboard-trigger clipboard-trigger-target dialog-focus link-item " href="#">Clipboard</a></li>
<li><a class="email-trigger link-item" role="button" href="#">Email</a></li>
<li><a class="save-trigger link-item" role="button" href="#">Save</a></li>
<li><a class="link-item" role="button" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F26297438%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a class="link-item" role="button" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F26297438%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li>
<li><a class="citation-manager-trigger link-item" role="button" href="#">Citation Manager</a></li>
</ul>
<button class="close-overlay">[x]</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="ncbi-footer">
<div class="literature-footer" role="complementary" title="Links to NCBI Literature Resources">
<div class="usa-grid">
<p class="literature-footer-text">NCBI Literature Resources</p>
<p class="literature-footer-text">
<a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/">MeSH</a>
<a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="pmc_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/">PMC</a>
<a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="bookshelf_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books">Bookshelf</a>
<a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" href="/disclaimer/">Disclaimer</a>
</p>
<p class="literature-footer-text attribution-statement">The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.</p>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ========== BEGIN FOOTER ========== -->
<footer>
<section class="icon-section">
<div id="icon-section-header" class="icon-section_header">Follow NCBI</div>
<div class="grid-container container">
<div class="icon-section_container">
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_twitter" href="https://twitter.com/ncbi" aria-label="Twitter">
<svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 37" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title>Twitter</title>
<g id="twitterx1008">
<path id="path1008"
d="M6.06736 7L16.8778 20.8991L6.00001 32.2H10.2L18.6 23.1L25.668 32.2H34L22.8 17.5L31.9 7H28.4L20.7 15.4L14.401 7H6.06898H6.06736ZM9.66753 8.73423H12.9327L29.7327 30.4658H26.5697L9.66753 8.73423Z"
fill="#5B616B"/>
</g>
</svg>
</a>
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/ncbi.nlm" aria-label="Facebook"><svg
data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
<title>Facebook</title>
<path class="cls-11"
d="M210.5,115.12H171.74V97.82c0-8.14,5.39-10,9.19-10h27.14V52l-39.32-.12c-35.66,0-42.42,26.68-42.42,43.77v19.48H99.09v36.32h27.24v109h45.41v-109h35Z">
</path>
</svg></a>
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_linkedin"
href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ncbinlm"
aria-label="LinkedIn"><svg data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
<title>LinkedIn</title>
<path class="cls-11"
d="M101.64,243.37H57.79v-114h43.85Zm-22-131.54h-.26c-13.25,0-21.82-10.36-21.82-21.76,0-11.65,8.84-21.15,22.33-21.15S101.7,78.72,102,90.38C102,101.77,93.4,111.83,79.63,111.83Zm100.93,52.61A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,163,182v61.39H119.18s.51-105.23,0-114H163v13a54.33,54.33,0,0,1,34.54-12.66c26,0,44.39,18.8,44.39,55.29v58.35H198.1V182A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,180.56,164.44Z">
</path>
</svg></a>
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_github" href="https://github.com/ncbi" aria-label="GitHub"><svg
data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
<defs>
<style>
.cls-11,
.cls-12 {
fill: #737373;
}
.cls-11 {
fill-rule: evenodd;
}
</style>
</defs>
<title>GitHub</title>
<path class="cls-11"
d="M151.36,47.28a105.76,105.76,0,0,0-33.43,206.1c5.28,1,7.22-2.3,7.22-5.09,0-2.52-.09-10.85-.14-19.69-29.42,6.4-35.63-12.48-35.63-12.48-4.81-12.22-11.74-15.47-11.74-15.47-9.59-6.56.73-6.43.73-6.43,10.61.75,16.21,10.9,16.21,10.9,9.43,16.17,24.73,11.49,30.77,8.79,1-6.83,3.69-11.5,6.71-14.14C108.57,197.1,83.88,188,83.88,147.51a40.92,40.92,0,0,1,10.9-28.39c-1.1-2.66-4.72-13.42,1-28,0,0,8.88-2.84,29.09,10.84a100.26,100.26,0,0,1,53,0C198,88.3,206.9,91.14,206.9,91.14c5.76,14.56,2.14,25.32,1,28a40.87,40.87,0,0,1,10.89,28.39c0,40.62-24.74,49.56-48.29,52.18,3.79,3.28,7.17,9.71,7.17,19.58,0,14.15-.12,25.54-.12,29,0,2.82,1.9,6.11,7.26,5.07A105.76,105.76,0,0,0,151.36,47.28Z">
</path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M85.66,199.12c-.23.52-1.06.68-1.81.32s-1.2-1.06-.95-1.59,1.06-.69,1.82-.33,1.21,1.07.94,1.6Zm-1.3-1">
</path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M90,203.89c-.51.47-1.49.25-2.16-.49a1.61,1.61,0,0,1-.31-2.19c.52-.47,1.47-.25,2.17.49s.82,1.72.3,2.19Zm-1-1.08">
</path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M94.12,210c-.65.46-1.71,0-2.37-.91s-.64-2.07,0-2.52,1.7,0,2.36.89.65,2.08,0,2.54Zm0,0"></path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M99.83,215.87c-.58.64-1.82.47-2.72-.41s-1.18-2.06-.6-2.7,1.83-.46,2.74.41,1.2,2.07.58,2.7Zm0,0">
</path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M107.71,219.29c-.26.82-1.45,1.2-2.64.85s-2-1.34-1.74-2.17,1.44-1.23,2.65-.85,2,1.32,1.73,2.17Zm0,0">
</path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M116.36,219.92c0,.87-1,1.59-2.24,1.61s-2.29-.68-2.3-1.54,1-1.59,2.26-1.61,2.28.67,2.28,1.54Zm0,0">
</path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M124.42,218.55c.15.85-.73,1.72-2,1.95s-2.37-.3-2.52-1.14.73-1.75,2-2,2.37.29,2.53,1.16Zm0,0"></path>
</svg></a>
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_blog" href="https://ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" aria-label="Blog">
<svg id="Layer_1" data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><defs><style>.cls-1{fill:#737373;}</style></defs><path class="cls-1" d="M14,30a4,4,0,1,1-4-4,4,4,0,0,1,4,4Zm11,3A19,19,0,0,0,7.05,15a1,1,0,0,0-1,1v3a1,1,0,0,0,.93,1A14,14,0,0,1,20,33.07,1,1,0,0,0,21,34h3a1,1,0,0,0,1-1Zm9,0A28,28,0,0,0,7,6,1,1,0,0,0,6,7v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1A23,23,0,0,1,29,33a1,1,0,0,0,1,1h3A1,1,0,0,0,34,33Z"/></svg>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="container-fluid bg-primary">
<div class="container pt-5">
<div class="row mt-3">
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
<p><a class="text-white" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html">Connect with NLM</a></p>
<ul class="list-inline social_media">
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH" aria-label="Twitter"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
<svg width="35" height="35" viewBox="0 0 38 35" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title>Twitter</title>
<g id="twitterx1009" clip-path="url(#clip0_65276_3946)">
<path id="Vector" d="M17.5006 34.6565C26.9761 34.6565 34.6575 26.9751 34.6575 17.4996C34.6575 8.02416 26.9761 0.342773 17.5006 0.342773C8.02514 0.342773 0.34375 8.02416 0.34375 17.4996C0.34375 26.9751 8.02514 34.6565 17.5006 34.6565Z" fill="#205493" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-miterlimit="10"></path>
<path id="path1009" d="M8.54811 8.5L16.2698 18.4279L8.50001 26.5H11.5L17.5 20L22.5486 26.5H28.5L20.5 16L27 8.5H24.5L19 14.5L14.5007 8.5H8.54927H8.54811ZM11.1197 9.73873H13.4519L25.4519 25.2613H23.1926L11.1197 9.73873Z" fill="white"></path>
</g>
<defs>
<clipPath id="clip0_65276_3946">
<rect width="38" height="38" fill="white"></rect>
</clipPath>
</defs>
</svg></a>
</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine"
aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
<svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px"
y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
<style type="text/css">
.st10 {
fill: #FFFFFF;
}
.st110 {
fill: none;
stroke: #FFFFFF;
stroke-width: 8;
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
}
</style>
<title>SM-Facebook</title>
<g>
<g>
<path class="st10" d="M159,99.1h-24V88.4c0-5,3.3-6.2,5.7-6.2h16.8V60l-24.4-0.1c-22.1,0-26.2,16.5-26.2,27.1v12.1H90v22.5h16.9
v67.5H135v-67.5h21.7L159,99.1z"></path>
</g>
</g>
<circle class="st110" cx="123.6" cy="123.2" r="108.2"></circle>
</svg>
</a></li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH" aria-label="Youtube"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249"
style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
<title>SM-Youtube</title>
<style type="text/css">
.st4 {
fill: none;
stroke: #FFFFFF;
stroke-width: 8;
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
}
.st5 {
fill: #FFFFFF;
}
</style>
<circle class="st4" cx="124.2" cy="123.4" r="108.2"></circle>
<g transform="translate(0,-952.36218)">
<path class="st5"
d="M88.4,1037.4c-10.4,0-18.7,8.3-18.7,18.7v40.1c0,10.4,8.3,18.7,18.7,18.7h72.1c10.4,0,18.7-8.3,18.7-18.7
v-40.1c0-10.4-8.3-18.7-18.7-18.7H88.4z M115.2,1058.8l29.4,17.4l-29.4,17.4V1058.8z"></path>
</g>
</svg></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
<p class="address_footer text-white">National Library of Medicine<br>
<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323"
class="text-white" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">8600 Rockville Pike<br>
Bethesda, MD 20894</a></p>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
<p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" class="text-white">Web Policies</a><br>
<a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office"
class="text-white">FOIA</a><br>
<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="text-white" id="vdp">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></p>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
<p><a class="supportLink text-white" href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/">Help</a><br>
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html" class="text-white">Accessibility</a><br>
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html" class="text-white">Careers</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12 centered-lg">
<nav class="bottom-links">
<ul class="mt-3">
<li>
<a class="text-white" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="text-white"
href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a>
</li>
<li>
<a
class="text-white" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</footer>
<!-- ========== END FOOTER ========== -->
<!-- javascript to inject NWDS meta tags. Note: value of nwds_version is updated by "npm version" command -->
<script type="text/javascript">
var nwds_version = "1.2.3";
var meta_nwds_ver = document.createElement('meta');
meta_nwds_ver.name = 'ncbi_nwds_ver';
meta_nwds_ver.content = nwds_version;
document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(meta_nwds_ver);
var meta_nwds = document.createElement('meta');
meta_nwds.name = 'ncbi_nwds';
meta_nwds.content = 'yes';
document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(meta_nwds);
var alertsUrl = "/core/alerts/alerts.js";
if (typeof ncbiBaseUrl !== 'undefined') {
alertsUrl = ncbiBaseUrl + alertsUrl;
}
</script>
</div>
<!-- jQuery with plugins -->
<script src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/CACHE/js/output.293fbf76aa18.js"></script>
<!-- Project base scripts -->
<script src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/CACHE/js/output.550e9c8906a2.js"></script>
<script>
ncbi.awesome.basePage.init({
userInfo: {
isLoggedIn: false,
username: "",
loginUrl: "https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F26297438%2F",
logoutUrl: "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26297438/"
},
baseUrl: 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov',
noSessionCookieName: "pm-ns",
searchIdCookieName: "pm-sid",
adjNavSearchIdCookieName: "pm-adjnav-sid",
searchFormSubmittedCookieName: "pm-sfs",
isOnSearchPageCookieName: "pm-iosp",
backToSearchCookieName: "pm-btsl",
clinicalSeeAllCookieName: "pm-csa",
jsCookieDomain: "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
userShareRequestFailed: "",
noSharedSettings: "myncbi_no_shared_settings",
noSharedAccount: "myncbi_no_shared_account"
});
</script>
<script type="module">
import dismissableNCBIAlert from "https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/core/dismissable-ncbi-alert.js";
jQuery.getScript("https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/alerts/alerts.js", function () {
galert(['body > *:last-child']);
dismissableNCBIAlert();
}).fail(function() {
});
</script>
<script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/pinger/pinger.js"> </script>
<script src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/CACHE/js/output.e3950ac8c6da.js"></script>
<script>
ncbi.awesome.articlePage.init({
baseSuggestionsUrl: "/suggestions/",
mathJaxUrl: "https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/mathjax/unpacked/MathJax.js?config=MML_CHTML",
clipboardAPIRoot: "/ajax/clipboard/",
clipboardNextPageUrl: "/clipboard-next-page/",
searchIdCookieName: "pm-sid",
searchFormSubmittedCookieName: "pm-sfs",
backToSearchCookieName: "pm-btsl",
jsCookieDomain: "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
longTermPrefix: "longquery",
adjNavURLPath: "/26297438/adj-nav/",
adjNavSearchIdCookieName: "pm-adjnav-sid",
articlePageUrl: "/26297438/",
markJSUrl: "https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/mark.js/dist/jquery.mark.js",
termHighlightColor: "",
highlightedTokens: "",
citeFormatPreferenceCookieName: "pm-cf"
});
</script>
</body>
</html>