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<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="qZNtymhL1Gd7v7jKs2aRNknzQfi62sSBHMxybcK7Bh0BpypA5lNThsTdoj0iV3qV">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="qZNtymhL1Gd7v7jKs2aRNknzQfi62sSBHMxybcK7Bh0BpypA5lNThsTdoj0iV3qV">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="qZNtymhL1Gd7v7jKs2aRNknzQfi62sSBHMxybcK7Bh0BpypA5lNThsTdoj0iV3qV">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="qZNtymhL1Gd7v7jKs2aRNknzQfi62sSBHMxybcK7Bh0BpypA5lNThsTdoj0iV3qV">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="qZNtymhL1Gd7v7jKs2aRNknzQfi62sSBHMxybcK7Bh0BpypA5lNThsTdoj0iV3qV">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="26202162">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13643-015-0083-6"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3196&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=26202162&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101580575"
title="See full text options at BioMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="BioMed Central"
data-ga-label="26202162"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--s3-service-broker-live-ddda94b7-dbb0-4917-917d-776dae91ebba.s3.amazonaws.com-bmc-linkout-fulltext.png" alt="BioMed Central full text link"><span class="text">
BioMed Central
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/26202162/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=26202162&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101580575"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="26202162"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/26202162/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/26202162/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="26202162" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F26202162%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="qZNtymhL1Gd7v7jKs2aRNknzQfi62sSBHMxybcK7Bh0BpypA5lNThsTdoj0iV3qV"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
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<h1 class="heading-title">
Handling trial participants with missing outcome data when conducting a meta-analysis: a systematic survey of proposed approaches
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><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O. Box: 11-0236, Riad-El-Solh, Beirut, 1107, 2020, Beirut, Lebanon. ea32@aub.edu.lb.</li>
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><sup class="key">6</sup> Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. rominabp@gmail.com.</li>
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><sup class="key">9</sup> Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. shanil.ebrahim@utoronto.ca.</li>
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><sup class="key">11</sup> Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. shanil.ebrahim@utoronto.ca.</li>
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><sup class="key">12</sup> Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. shanil.ebrahim@utoronto.ca.</li>
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><sup class="key">13</sup> Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. bradley.johnston@sickkids.ca.</li>
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><sup class="key">14</sup> Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. bradley.johnston@sickkids.ca.</li>
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><sup class="key">15</sup> The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. bradley.johnston@sickkids.ca.</li>
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><sup class="key">16</sup> Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. bradley.johnston@sickkids.ca.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-17"
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><sup class="key">17</sup> Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. ignacio.neumann@gmail.com.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-18"
id="full-view-affiliation-18"
><sup class="key">18</sup> Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (CIBERESP-IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. ISola@santpau.cat.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-19"
id="full-view-affiliation-19"
><sup class="key">19</sup> Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. sunx26@gmail.com.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-20"
id="full-view-affiliation-20"
><sup class="key">20</sup> The Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway. per.vandvik@gmail.com.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-21"
id="full-view-affiliation-21"
><sup class="key">21</sup> Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. madisonz1220@gmail.com.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-22"
id="full-view-affiliation-22"
><sup class="key">22</sup> Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (CIBERESP-IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. PAlonso@santpau.cat.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-23"
id="full-view-affiliation-23"
><sup class="key">23</sup> Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. guyatt@mcmaster.ca.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-24"
id="full-view-affiliation-24"
><sup class="key">24</sup> Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. guyatt@mcmaster.ca.</li>
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Handling trial participants with missing outcome data when conducting a meta-analysis: a systematic survey of proposed approaches
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<span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Elie A Akl</span><span class="citation-separator">&nbsp;et al.</span></span>
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Authors
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<span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Akl+EA&amp;cauthor_id=26202162"
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data-ga-label="Elie A Akl">Elie A Akl</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O. Box: 11-0236, Riad-El-Solh, Beirut, 1107, 2020, Beirut, Lebanon. ea32@aub.edu.lb." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
1
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. ea32@aub.edu.lb." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
2
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Kahale+LA&amp;cauthor_id=26202162"
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data-ga-label="Lara A Kahale">Lara A Kahale</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O. Box: 11-0236, Riad-El-Solh, Beirut, 1107, 2020, Beirut, Lebanon. lara.kahale@gmail.com." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
3
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Agoritsas+T&amp;cauthor_id=26202162"
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data-ga-label="Thomas Agoritsas">Thomas Agoritsas</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. thomas.agoritsas@gmail.com." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
4
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Brignardello-Petersen+R&amp;cauthor_id=26202162"
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data-ga-label="Romina Brignardello-Petersen">Romina Brignardello-Petersen</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Evidence-Based Dentistry Unit, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. rominabp@gmail.com." href="#short-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
5
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. rominabp@gmail.com." href="#short-view-affiliation-6" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
6
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Busse+JW&amp;cauthor_id=26202162"
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data-ga-label="Jason W Busse">Jason W Busse</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. bussejw@mcmaster.ca." href="#short-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
7
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Carrasco-Labra+A&amp;cauthor_id=26202162"
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data-ga-label="Alonso Carrasco-Labra">Alonso Carrasco-Labra</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. alonsocarrascolabra@gmail.com." href="#short-view-affiliation-8" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
8
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Shanil Ebrahim">Shanil Ebrahim</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. shanil.ebrahim@utoronto.ca." href="#short-view-affiliation-9" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
9
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. shanil.ebrahim@utoronto.ca." href="#short-view-affiliation-10" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
10
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. shanil.ebrahim@utoronto.ca." href="#short-view-affiliation-11" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
11
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. shanil.ebrahim@utoronto.ca." href="#short-view-affiliation-12" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
12
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Bradley C Johnston">Bradley C Johnston</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. bradley.johnston@sickkids.ca." href="#short-view-affiliation-13" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
13
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. bradley.johnston@sickkids.ca." href="#short-view-affiliation-14" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
14
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. bradley.johnston@sickkids.ca." href="#short-view-affiliation-15" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
15
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. bradley.johnston@sickkids.ca." href="#short-view-affiliation-16" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
16
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Neumann+I&amp;cauthor_id=26202162"
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data-ga-label="Ignacio Neumann">Ignacio Neumann</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. ignacio.neumann@gmail.com." href="#short-view-affiliation-17" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
17
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Sola+I&amp;cauthor_id=26202162"
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data-ga-label="Ivan Sola">Ivan Sola</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (CIBERESP-IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. ISola@santpau.cat." href="#short-view-affiliation-18" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
18
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Sun+X&amp;cauthor_id=26202162"
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data-ga-label="Xin Sun">Xin Sun</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. sunx26@gmail.com." href="#short-view-affiliation-19" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
19
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Vandvik+P&amp;cauthor_id=26202162"
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data-ga-label="Per Vandvik">Per Vandvik</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="The Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway. per.vandvik@gmail.com." href="#short-view-affiliation-20" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
20
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Zhang+Y&amp;cauthor_id=26202162"
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data-ga-label="Yuqing Zhang">Yuqing Zhang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. madisonz1220@gmail.com." href="#short-view-affiliation-21" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
21
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Alonso-Coello+P&amp;cauthor_id=26202162"
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data-ga-label="Pablo Alonso-Coello">Pablo Alonso-Coello</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (CIBERESP-IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. PAlonso@santpau.cat." href="#short-view-affiliation-22" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
22
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Guyatt+G&amp;cauthor_id=26202162"
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data-ga-label="Gordon Guyatt">Gordon Guyatt</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. guyatt@mcmaster.ca." href="#short-view-affiliation-23" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
23
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. guyatt@mcmaster.ca." href="#short-view-affiliation-24" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
24
</a></sup></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="affiliations">
<h3 class="title">
Affiliations
</h3>
<ul class="item-list">
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1"
id="short-view-affiliation-1"
><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O. Box: 11-0236, Riad-El-Solh, Beirut, 1107, 2020, Beirut, Lebanon. ea32@aub.edu.lb.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2"
id="short-view-affiliation-2"
><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. ea32@aub.edu.lb.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3"
id="short-view-affiliation-3"
><sup class="key">3</sup> Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O. Box: 11-0236, Riad-El-Solh, Beirut, 1107, 2020, Beirut, Lebanon. lara.kahale@gmail.com.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4"
id="short-view-affiliation-4"
><sup class="key">4</sup> Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. thomas.agoritsas@gmail.com.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5"
id="short-view-affiliation-5"
><sup class="key">5</sup> Evidence-Based Dentistry Unit, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. rominabp@gmail.com.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-6"
id="short-view-affiliation-6"
><sup class="key">6</sup> Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. rominabp@gmail.com.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-7"
id="short-view-affiliation-7"
><sup class="key">7</sup> Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. bussejw@mcmaster.ca.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-8"
id="short-view-affiliation-8"
><sup class="key">8</sup> Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. alonsocarrascolabra@gmail.com.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-9"
id="short-view-affiliation-9"
><sup class="key">9</sup> Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. shanil.ebrahim@utoronto.ca.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-10"
id="short-view-affiliation-10"
><sup class="key">10</sup> Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. shanil.ebrahim@utoronto.ca.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-11"
id="short-view-affiliation-11"
><sup class="key">11</sup> Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. shanil.ebrahim@utoronto.ca.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-12"
id="short-view-affiliation-12"
><sup class="key">12</sup> Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. shanil.ebrahim@utoronto.ca.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-13"
id="short-view-affiliation-13"
><sup class="key">13</sup> Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. bradley.johnston@sickkids.ca.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-14"
id="short-view-affiliation-14"
><sup class="key">14</sup> Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. bradley.johnston@sickkids.ca.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-15"
id="short-view-affiliation-15"
><sup class="key">15</sup> The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. bradley.johnston@sickkids.ca.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-16"
id="short-view-affiliation-16"
><sup class="key">16</sup> Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. bradley.johnston@sickkids.ca.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-17"
id="short-view-affiliation-17"
><sup class="key">17</sup> Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. ignacio.neumann@gmail.com.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-18"
id="short-view-affiliation-18"
><sup class="key">18</sup> Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (CIBERESP-IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. ISola@santpau.cat.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-19"
id="short-view-affiliation-19"
><sup class="key">19</sup> Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. sunx26@gmail.com.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-20"
id="short-view-affiliation-20"
><sup class="key">20</sup> The Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway. per.vandvik@gmail.com.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-21"
id="short-view-affiliation-21"
><sup class="key">21</sup> Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. madisonz1220@gmail.com.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-22"
id="short-view-affiliation-22"
><sup class="key">22</sup> Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (CIBERESP-IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. PAlonso@santpau.cat.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-23"
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><sup class="key">23</sup> Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. guyatt@mcmaster.ca.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-24"
id="short-view-affiliation-24"
><sup class="key">24</sup> Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. guyatt@mcmaster.ca.</li>
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<strong class="sub-title">
Background:
</strong>
When potentially associated with the likelihood of outcome, missing participant data represents a serious potential source of bias in randomized trials. Authors of systematic reviews frequently face this problem when conducting meta-analyses. The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic survey of the relevant literature to identify proposed approaches for how systematic review authors should handle missing participant data when conducting a meta-analysis.
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Methods:
</strong>
We searched MEDLINE and the Cochrane Methodology register from inception to August 2014. We included papers that devoted at least two paragraphs to discuss a relevant approach for missing data. Five pairs of reviewers, working independently and in duplicate, selected relevant papers. One reviewer abstracted data from included papers and a second reviewer verified them. We summarized the results narratively.
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<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Results:
</strong>
Of 9,138 identified citations, we included 11 eligible papers. Four proposed general approaches for handling dichotomous outcomes, and all recommended a complete case analysis as the primary analysis and additional sensitivity analyses using the following imputation methods: based on reasons for missingness (n = 3), relative to risk among followed up (n = 3), best-case scenario (n = 2), and worst-case scenario (n = 3). Three of these approaches suggested taking uncertainty into account. Two papers proposed general approaches for handling continuous outcomes, and both proposed a complete case analysis as the reference analysis and the following imputation methods as sensitivity analyses: based on reasons for missingness (n = 2), based on the mean observed in the same trial or other trials (n = 1), and based on informative missingness differences in means (n = 1). The remaining eligible papers did not propose general approaches but addressed specific statistical issues.
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Conclusions:
</strong>
All proposed approaches for handling missing participant data recommend conducting a complete case analysis for the primary analysis and some form of sensitivity analysis to evaluate robustness of results. Although these approaches require further testing, they may guide review authors in addressing missing participant data.
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