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|
||
<span class="search-input-link user-guide-link" role="navigation" aria-label="User guide">
|
||
<a href="/help/"
|
||
data-ga-category="featured_link"
|
||
data-ga-action="user_guide">
|
||
User Guide
|
||
</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</form>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-page-header">
|
||
<div id="article-top-actions-bar" class="article-top-actions-bar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<div class="actions-container">
|
||
<div class="return-to-search">
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="multiple-results-actions " role="region" aria-label="save, email, send to">
|
||
<button id="save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="save-results save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button><button id="email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="email-results email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Email
|
||
</button><div class="more-actions dropdown-block"><button id="more-actions-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="trigger more-actions-trigger"
|
||
ref="linksrc=show_moreactions_btn"
|
||
aria-label="Send to"
|
||
aria-controls="more-actions-dropdown">Send to</button><div id="more-actions-dropdown" class="dropdown dropdown-container" hidden><div class="content"><ul class="more-actions-links"><li><a class="clipboard-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link "
|
||
href="#"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="clipboard"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Clipboard
|
||
</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link bibliography-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F25140959%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link collections-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F25140959%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li><li><a role="button" class="citation-manager-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link citation-manager-trigger-target" href="#">Citation manager</a></li></ul></div></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region">
|
||
<button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
|
||
title="Change format"
|
||
data-ga-category="display_options"
|
||
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog">
|
||
<span class="button-label">Display options</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
|
||
<div class="title">
|
||
Display options
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
|
||
<div class="format-container">
|
||
<span class="option-label">
|
||
Format
|
||
</span>
|
||
<select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="article-display-format">
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pubmed">PubMed</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="ckw9rWtt2XVaPNI6UGv9Vpgjug3p19dIt7ge4MWPCyIEJeOWxZ8bpxMX2kLBUKL2">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-panels-container" class="article-panels-container">
|
||
<div id="save-action-panel" class="save-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Save citation to file
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="save-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="ckw9rWtt2XVaPNI6UGv9Vpgjug3p19dIt7ge4MWPCyIEJeOWxZ8bpxMX2kLBUKL2">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option>
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="csv">CSV</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_save_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="email-action-panel"
|
||
class="email-action-panel action-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-recaptcha-script-url="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/enterprise.js?render=explicit&onload=onloadCaptchaCallback"
|
||
data-recaptcha-enabled="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Email citation
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="email-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="ckw9rWtt2XVaPNI6UGv9Vpgjug3p19dIt7ge4MWPCyIEJeOWxZ8bpxMX2kLBUKL2">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Subject:
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 25140959 - PubMed</span>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 25140959"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="177b91ccc82033af7fd74012f7f3cbcf8b990030bab2c47cdb3fff7eca6afc2b"/>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
To:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
From:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
|
||
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
|
||
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
|
||
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Send email
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="collections-action-panel"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to Collections
|
||
</h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="ckw9rWtt2XVaPNI6UGv9Vpgjug3p19dIt7ge4MWPCyIEJeOWxZ8bpxMX2kLBUKL2">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="controls-wrapper">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
|
||
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
|
||
</select>
|
||
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to My Bibliography
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
|
||
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="ckw9rWtt2XVaPNI6UGv9Vpgjug3p19dIt7ge4MWPCyIEJeOWxZ8bpxMX2kLBUKL2">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
|
||
<div class="choice-group">
|
||
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
|
||
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="mybib"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your saved search
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
|
||
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
|
||
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="ckw9rWtt2XVaPNI6UGv9Vpgjug3p19dIt7ge4MWPCyIEJeOWxZ8bpxMX2kLBUKL2">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of saved search:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="saved-search-name"
|
||
id="saved-search-name"
|
||
class="saved-search-name"
|
||
value=""
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Search terms:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
|
||
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
|
||
Would you like email updates of new search results?
|
||
</span>
|
||
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
|
||
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</fieldset>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Frequency:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
|
||
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
|
||
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
|
||
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
|
||
<option value="day">The first day</option>
|
||
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Report format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
|
||
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Send at most:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
|
||
<option value="1">1 item</option>
|
||
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10 items</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20 items</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50 items</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100 items</option>
|
||
<option value="200">200 items</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
|
||
Send even when there aren't any new results
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Optional text in email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
id="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Create a file for external citation management software
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="ckw9rWtt2XVaPNI6UGv9Vpgjug3p19dIt7ge4MWPCyIEJeOWxZ8bpxMX2kLBUKL2">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your RSS Feed
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
|
||
data-search-form-term-value="">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="ckw9rWtt2XVaPNI6UGv9Vpgjug3p19dIt7ge4MWPCyIEJeOWxZ8bpxMX2kLBUKL2">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of RSS Feed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
placeholder="Name"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="rss-name"
|
||
id="rss-name"
|
||
class="rss-name"
|
||
value=''
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Number of items displayed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
|
||
<option value="5">5</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10</option>
|
||
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Creating..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create RSS
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
|
||
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
|
||
<button
|
||
type="button"
|
||
disabled
|
||
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="rss"
|
||
data-ga-label="copy">
|
||
Copy
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="25140959">
|
||
<aside class="page-sidebar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
|
||
<div class="full-text-links">
|
||
<div class="full-view">
|
||
<h3 class="title">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="full-text-links-list">
|
||
<a class="link-item
|
||
|
||
dialog-focus"
|
||
href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1314432?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub 0www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=4487&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=25140959&db=pubmed&nlmid=0255562"
|
||
title="See full text options at Atypon"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="Atypon"
|
||
data-ga-label="25140959"
|
||
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--www.nejm.org-pb-assets-images-editorial-icons-nejm-free-full-text.gif" alt="Atypon full text link"><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
Atypon
|
||
|
||
</span></a><a class="link-item
|
||
pmc
|
||
"
|
||
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/25140959/"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=25140959&db=pubmed&nlmid=0255562"
|
||
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="PMC"
|
||
data-ga-label="25140959"
|
||
><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
Free PMC article
|
||
|
||
</span></a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="short-view">
|
||
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="cite"
|
||
data-ga-label="open"
|
||
data-all-citations-url="/25140959/citations/"
|
||
data-citation-style="nlm"
|
||
data-pubmed-format-link="/25140959/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="25140959" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_button"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F25140959%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
|
||
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
|
||
class="dialog collections-dialog"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="ckw9rWtt2XVaPNI6UGv9Vpgjug3p19dIt7ge4MWPCyIEJeOWxZ8bpxMX2kLBUKL2"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label><input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button><button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger"
|
||
title="Open dialog with more actions to take"
|
||
ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
|
||
title="Change format"
|
||
data-ga-category="display_options"
|
||
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Somatic mutations in cerebral cortical malformations
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><sup class="key">1</sup> From the Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.S.J., A.-T.N.L., A.M.D., B.J.B., X.Z., R.S.H., J.N.P., A.R., S.S., B.K.M., T.W.Y., C.A.W.), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.W., Y.S., B.L.W.) and Neurology (M.S., A.P.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Departments of Pediatrics (S.S.J., A.-T.N.L., A.M.D., B.J.B., X.Z., R.S.H., J.N.P., A.R., S.S., B.K.M., T.W.Y., C.A.W.), Neurology (S.S.J., A.-T.N.L., A.M.D., B.J.B., X.Z., R.S.H., J.N.P., A.R., S.S., B.K.M., T.W.Y., C.A.W., M.S., A.P.), and Pathology (Y.S., B.L.W.), Harvard Medical School, the Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.S.C.), and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (T.W.Y.) - all in Boston; the Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore (S.S.J.); the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (M.K., M.B., D.A.N., J.S.); the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai (J.W., Y.S.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey (M.T.); the Neurogenetics Unit, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.A., E.A.) and Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), McGill University, Montreal; the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (B.D.); the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy (E.P., R.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg (I.E.S., S.F.B.), Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne (I.E.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children'</li>
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data-ga-label="Saumya S Jamuar">Saumya S Jamuar</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="From the Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.S.J., A.-T.N.L., A.M.D., B.J.B., X.Z., R.S.H., J.N.P., A.R., S.S., B.K.M., T.W.Y., C.A.W.), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.W., Y.S., B.L.W.) and Neurology (M.S., A.P.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Departments of Pediatrics (S.S.J., A.-T.N.L., A.M.D., B.J.B., X.Z., R.S.H., J.N.P., A.R., S.S., B.K.M., T.W.Y., C.A.W.), Neurology (S.S.J., A.-T.N.L., A.M.D., B.J.B., X.Z., R.S.H., J.N.P., A.R., S.S., B.K.M., T.W.Y., C.A.W., M.S., A.P.), and Pathology (Y.S., B.L.W.), Harvard Medical School, the Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.S.C.), and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (T.W.Y.) - all in Boston; the Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore (S.S.J.); the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (M.K., M.B., D.A.N., J.S.); the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai (J.W., Y.S.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey (M.T.); the Neurogenetics Unit, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.A., E.A.) and Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), McGill University, Montreal; the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (B.D.); the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy (E.P., R.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg (I.E.S., S.F.B.), Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne (I.E.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children'" href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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<h3 class="title">
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Affiliation
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</h3>
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<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1"
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id="short-view-affiliation-1"
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><sup class="key">1</sup> From the Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.S.J., A.-T.N.L., A.M.D., B.J.B., X.Z., R.S.H., J.N.P., A.R., S.S., B.K.M., T.W.Y., C.A.W.), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.W., Y.S., B.L.W.) and Neurology (M.S., A.P.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Departments of Pediatrics (S.S.J., A.-T.N.L., A.M.D., B.J.B., X.Z., R.S.H., J.N.P., A.R., S.S., B.K.M., T.W.Y., C.A.W.), Neurology (S.S.J., A.-T.N.L., A.M.D., B.J.B., X.Z., R.S.H., J.N.P., A.R., S.S., B.K.M., T.W.Y., C.A.W., M.S., A.P.), and Pathology (Y.S., B.L.W.), Harvard Medical School, the Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.S.C.), and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (T.W.Y.) - all in Boston; the Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore (S.S.J.); the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (M.K., M.B., D.A.N., J.S.); the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai (J.W., Y.S.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey (M.T.); the Neurogenetics Unit, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.A., E.A.) and Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), McGill University, Montreal; the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (B.D.); the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy (E.P., R.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg (I.E.S., S.F.B.), Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne (I.E.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children'</li>
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<span class="identifier pubmed">
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PMID:
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<strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">25140959</strong>
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<span class="identifier doi">
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<span class="id-label">
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DOI:
|
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</span>
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10.1056/NEJMoa1314432
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<p>
|
||
|
||
<strong class="sub-title">
|
||
Background:
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
Although there is increasing recognition of the role of somatic mutations in genetic disorders, the prevalence of somatic mutations in neurodevelopmental disease and the optimal techniques to detect somatic mosaicism have not been systematically evaluated.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<p>
|
||
|
||
<strong class="sub-title">
|
||
Methods:
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
Using a customized panel of known and candidate genes associated with brain malformations, we applied targeted high-coverage sequencing (depth, ≥200×) to leukocyte-derived DNA samples from 158 persons with brain malformations, including the double-cortex syndrome (subcortical band heterotopia, 30 persons), polymicrogyria with megalencephaly (20), periventricular nodular heterotopia (61), and pachygyria (47). We validated candidate mutations with the use of Sanger sequencing and, for variants present at unequal read depths, subcloning followed by colony sequencing.
|
||
</p>
|
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<strong class="sub-title">
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Results:
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Validated, causal mutations were found in 27 persons (17%; range, 10 to 30% for each phenotype). Mutations were somatic in 8 of the 27 (30%), predominantly in persons with the double-cortex syndrome (in whom we found mutations in DCX and LIS1), persons with periventricular nodular heterotopia (FLNA), and persons with pachygyria (TUBB2B). Of the somatic mutations we detected, 5 (63%) were undetectable with the use of traditional Sanger sequencing but were validated through subcloning and subsequent sequencing of the subcloned DNA. We found potentially causal mutations in the candidate genes DYNC1H1, KIF5C, and other kinesin genes in persons with pachygyria.
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Conclusions:
|
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Targeted sequencing was found to be useful for detecting somatic mutations in patients with brain malformations. High-coverage sequencing panels provide an important complement to whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing in the evaluation of somatic mutations in neuropsychiatric disease. (Funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and others.).
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<p> Figure 1. Specificity Analysis of the Deep… </p>
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<strong class="figure-label">
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<p> Figure 1. Specificity Analysis of the Deep Targeted-Sequencing Technique </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Panel A shows the validation rate… </p></div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
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||
Figure 1. Specificity Analysis of the Deep Targeted-Sequencing Technique
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Panel A shows the validation rate versus the depth of sequence coverage for germline and mosaic variants that were and were not validated successfully. Variants detected at a depth of more than 100× (blue shaded area) were more likely to be validated. Panel B is an enlarged view of the pink shaded and unshaded areas in Panel A. Variants detected at a depth of less than 60× (pink shaded area) were less likely to be validated than those detected at a depth of greater than 60×. This was especially true of mosaic variants. Panel C shows the proportion of mosaic variants detected by next-generation sequencing (NGS), which was similar to that detected by subcloning. When Sanger sequenc- ing was used, the mosaic variants at allele frequencies below 17% (in Participants DC-4601, DC-4401, DC- 401, and DC-5103, all of whom had the double-cortex syndrome) were not detected, and mutations present at high allele frequencies (at approximately 35% in Participant PH-16001, who had periventricular nodular heterotopia, and approximately 23% in Participant PAC-902, who had pachygyria) resembled germline mutations. The mosaic variant in Participant DC-2101 was missed in the initial analysis and was detected as a small peak only on directed examination of the Sanger chromatogram.</div>
|
||
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||
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<p> Figure 2. Detection of Variants by Means… </p>
|
||
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|
||
|
||
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||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
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|
||
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 2. Detection of Variants by Means of NGS and Sanger Sequencing </p>
|
||
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The figure shows… </p></div>
|
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 2. Detection of Variants by Means of NGS and Sanger Sequencing
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">The figure shows NGS reads aligned with Sanger se- quencing chromatograms from bulk DNA amplifica- tion and after subcloning for Participant DC-5103 (Panel A) and Participant DC-4401 (Panel B); the vari- ants (circled nucleotides) were detected in a fraction of the reads but were missed when targeted Sanger sequencing was used. Subcloning detected the vari- ants in a proportion of clones, and the proportion of NGS reads was strongly correlated with the propor- tion of clones containing a mosaic read. NGS reads aligned with Sanger sequencing chromatograms from bulk DNA amplification of samples from Participant DC-2101 (Panel C) and Participant PAC-902 (Panel D) and their respective parents show that the mosaic variant (circled nucleotide) was detected as a smaller peak, as compared with the reference allele, on Sanger sequencing and arose de novo (i.e., it was absent from the parents). For the splicing mutation in Participant DC-2101, the prediction software did not enable a choice from among the potential splice-acceptor sites; therefore, no amino acid is depicted.</div>
|
||
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|
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|
||
<p> Figure 3. MRI Features of Brain Malformations… </p>
|
||
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
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|
||
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|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 3. MRI Features of Brain Malformations Associated with Germline and Mosaic Variants, and Positions… </p>
|
||
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|
||
|
||
|
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|
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|
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|
||
Figure 3. MRI Features of Brain Malformations Associated with Germline and Mosaic Variants, and Positions of Variants within the DYNC1H1 Protein
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Panel A shows axial and midline sagittal MRI scans of the head of a person without neurologic abnormalities; two persons with the double-cortex syndrome (white arrows), associated with germline variants in one (Participant DC-7502) and a mosaic variant in the other (Participant DC-4601); two participants with pachygyria (white arrows), associated with germline variants in one (Participant PAC-1101) and a mosaic variant in the other (Participant PAC-902); a person with polymicrogyria (white arrows) and megalencephaly associated with a germline variant (Participant PMG-14201); and a person with periventricular nodular heterotopia (white arrows) associated with germline variants (Participant PH-4802). In addition, the sagittal image in Participant PAC-902 shows dysgenesis of the corpus callo- sum (arrowhead) and hypoplastic cerebellar vermis (white arrow), and the sagittal image of Participant 14201 shows cerebellar tonsillar herniation (white arrow) due to mass effect from the enlarged cerebral hemispheres. In Panel B, axial and midline sagittal MRI scans in the four persons with de novo mutations in <i>DYNC1H1</i> show posterior-predominant pachygyria (white arrows in axial views in Partici- pants PAC-1601 and LIS-8201), thick, irregular cortex in the perisylvian region (white arrows in scans from Participants PMG-17401 and BFP-601), and a mildly dysmorphic corpus callosum (arrowheads in sagittal views in Participants LIS-8201, PMG-1704, and BFP-601). Panel C is a schematic representation of the DYNC1H1 protein, showing the positions of the alterations (black arrows) detected in our study.</div>
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||
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Somatic mutations in cerebral cortical malformations.
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<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
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<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Jamuar SS, Walsh CA.</span>
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<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Jamuar SS, et al.</span>
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<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov 20;371(21):2038. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1411784.</span>
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<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">N Engl J Med. 2014.</span>
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<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">25409382</span></span>
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Somatic mutations in cerebral cortical malformations.
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<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Morita H, Komuro I.</span>
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<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Morita H, et al.</span>
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<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov 20;371(21):2037. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1411784.</span>
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<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">N Engl J Med. 2014.</span>
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<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">25409383</span></span>
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Poduri A, Evrony GD, Cai X, Walsh CA. Somatic mutation, genomic variation, and neurological disease. Science. 2013;341:1237758.
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5"
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Magnetic Resonance Imaging"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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Malformations of Cortical Development / genetics*
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Mutation*
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</div>
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|
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<div id="related-links" class="related-links">
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<h2 class="title">
|
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Related information
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</h2>
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<ul class="related-links-list"><li><a title="PubMed links associated with Books" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books?linkname=pubmed_books_refs&from_uid=25140959"
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ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=25140959&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1">
|
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Cited in Books
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</a></li><li><a title="Clinical variations associated with publication" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar?linkname=pubmed_clinvar&from_uid=25140959"
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ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=25140959&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2">
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ClinVar
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</a></li><li><a title="Related information in MedGen" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen?linkname=pubmed_medgen&from_uid=25140959"
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ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=25140959&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3">
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MedGen
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</a></li><li><a title="Related records in MedGen based on citations in GeneReviews and Medical Genetics Summaries" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen?linkname=pubmed_medgen_bookshelf_cited&from_uid=25140959"
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ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=25140959&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4">
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MedGen (Bookshelf cited)
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</a></li><li><a title="OMIM (cited) Links" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim?linkname=pubmed_omim_cited&from_uid=25140959"
|
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ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=25140959&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5">
|
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OMIM (cited)
|
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</a></li><li><a title="PubMed to SNP links" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp?linkname=pubmed_snp&from_uid=25140959"
|
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ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=25140959&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=6">
|
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SNP
|
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</a></li></ul>
|
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</div>
|
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|
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|
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|
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<div id="grants" class="grants">
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<h2 class="title">
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Grants and funding
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