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<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
From:
</label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Mrh1h6p83wIyJ6FWB992ZkdyjOTeR6OH3e16UWSuD7v2DxLMesM4tsJcRSBqKHm1">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Mrh1h6p83wIyJ6FWB992ZkdyjOTeR6OH3e16UWSuD7v2DxLMesM4tsJcRSBqKHm1">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Mrh1h6p83wIyJ6FWB992ZkdyjOTeR6OH3e16UWSuD7v2DxLMesM4tsJcRSBqKHm1">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Mrh1h6p83wIyJ6FWB992ZkdyjOTeR6OH3e16UWSuD7v2DxLMesM4tsJcRSBqKHm1">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Mrh1h6p83wIyJ6FWB992ZkdyjOTeR6OH3e16UWSuD7v2DxLMesM4tsJcRSBqKHm1">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="24614104">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
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<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI70372"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
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pmc
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target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=24614104&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=7802877"
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data-ga-category="full_text"
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Free PMC article
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<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/24614104/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/24614104/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="24614104" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F24614104%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Mrh1h6p83wIyJ6FWB992ZkdyjOTeR6OH3e16UWSuD7v2DxLMesM4tsJcRSBqKHm1"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
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<h1 class="heading-title">
Dominant β-catenin mutations cause intellectual disability with recognizable syndromic features
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Dominant β-catenin mutations cause intellectual disability with recognizable syndromic features
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<p>
The recent identification of multiple dominant mutations in the gene encoding β-catenin in both humans and mice has enabled exploration of the molecular and cellular basis of β-catenin function in cognitive impairment. In humans, β-catenin mutations that cause a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders have been identified. We identified de novo β-catenin mutations in patients with intellectual disability, carefully characterized their phenotypes, and were able to define a recognizable intellectual disability syndrome. In parallel, characterization of a chemically mutagenized mouse line that displays features similar to those of human patients with β-catenin mutations enabled us to investigate the consequences of β-catenin dysfunction through development and into adulthood. The mouse mutant, designated batface (Bfc), carries a Thr653Lys substitution in the C-terminal armadillo repeat of β-catenin and displayed a reduced affinity for membrane-associated cadherins. In association with this decreased cadherin interaction, we found that the mutation results in decreased intrahemispheric connections, with deficits in dendritic branching, long-term potentiation, and cognitive function. Our study provides in vivo evidence that dominant mutations in β-catenin underlie losses in its adhesion-related functions, which leads to severe consequences, including intellectual disability, childhood hypotonia, progressive spasticity of lower limbs, and abnormal craniofacial features in adults.
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<p> Figure 1. Craniofacial anomalies associated with β-catenin… </p>
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<p> Figure 1. Craniofacial anomalies associated with β-catenin mutations in humans and mice. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <b> A </b> )… </p></div>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
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Figure 1. Craniofacial anomalies associated with β-catenin mutations in humans and mice.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">(<b>A</b>) Patients 1 (at the age of 4 years), 2 (at the age of 29 years), 3
(at the age of 24 years and 51 years), and 4 (at the age of 14 years) with de novo
mutations in <i>CTNNB1</i> (p.Gln309*,
p.Ser425Thr<i>fs</i>*11, p.Arg515*, and p.Gly236Argfs*35, respectively).
Note the overlap in craniofacial features including microcephaly, a full tip of
the nose, and thin upper lip. Written informed consent was obtained to use the
medical data and photographs from legal representatives of the 4 patients.
(<b>B</b>) Broad-face phenotype characteristic of all
<i>Bfc/+</i> adults compared with a WT littermate control.
(<b>C</b>) Broad-face phenotype in <i>Bfc/+</i> is associated
with a short snout and broad skull as determined by x-ray scanner.
(<b>D</b>) Sequence analysis of <i>Ctnnb1</i> in
<i>Bfc/+</i> and WT DNA revealing a C-to-A transition at nucleotide
position 2245 in the <i>Bfc</i> mutant. This missense mutation results
in a Thr653Lys amino acid substitution. (<b>E</b>) Protein sequence
alignment of CTNNB1 in human, mouse, and other vertebrate species. The Thr653Lys
substitution lies within the highly conserved 12th armadillo repeat of the
protein. (<b>F</b>) Representative structure of CTNNB1 showing N- and
C-terminal domains and the Arm12 repeats. The approximate positions of 5 human
(Thr551Met from ref. 12) mutations and the
Thr653Lys mouse mutation are indicated.</div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 2. The Thr653Lys mutation disrupts the… </p>
</strong>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 2. The Thr653Lys mutation disrupts the murine β-catenincadherin complex. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <b> A </b> ) Western blot… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 2. The Thr653Lys mutation disrupts the murine β-catenincadherin complex.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">(<b>A</b>) Western blot of adult hippocampal whole-cell lysates
immunoprecipitated with antiN-cadherin. Typical N-cadherin and
β-catenin immunoreactive bands are shown. An Ig control lysate IP using
normal rabbit IgG is included. Black lines indicate noncontiguous regions.
(<b>B</b>) β-catenin immunoreactivity was normalized to
immunoprecipitated N-cadherin, revealing a 46% reduced interaction in mutant
hippocampal lysates (<i>n</i> = 7, **<i>P</i> &lt; 0.01).
(<b>C</b>) Western blot of lysates from HEK293 cells transfected with
N-cadherinEGFP and β-cateninV5/His and
immunoprecipitated with anti-EGFP. Control IPs were carried out from cells
transfected with only the WT β-cateninV5/His plasmid. White lines
indicate noncontiguous regions. (<b>D</b>) Recombinant β-catenin
immunoreactivity was normalized to immunoprecipitated recombinant N-cadherin,
confirming reduced interaction (40% reduction, <i>n</i> = 3,
*<i>P</i> = 0.03). (<b>E</b>) Close-up view of the interacting
residues in the WT complex. β-catenin is shown in green. T653 and Y654
(blue sticks) in β-catenin are both located on the surface of the ARM12
helix 3. E-cadherin (red) helix is shown with contacting residues D665 and L661.
D665 of E-cadherin forms the hydrogen bond with Y654. (<b>F</b>) Description
is the same as in <b>E</b>; however, the phosphorylated tyrosine (Y654-p)
residue is shown. (<b>G</b>) Close-up view of interacting residues in the
mutant form (T653K). K653 (blue sticks) is shown in the IntFOLD2 (35, 36)
model of the β-catenin armadillo domain (yellow). The mutant residue
extends to contact the E-cadherin backbone (red). (<b>H</b>) 3D-modeled
β-catenin with the K653 mutation superimposed on the crystal structure of
β-catenin, showing K653 with Y654-p vis-a-vis the
E-cadherininteracting residues: D665, L661, and I657.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
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itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-2"
role="button"
data-image-width="677"
data-image-height="1159"
data-image-alt="Figure 3"
data-pmc-id="PMC3973091"
data-figure-id="F3">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-2"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7759/3973091/9ac29b200bd8/JCI70372.f3.gif"
alt="Figure 3" />
</a>
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<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 3. MRI scans of <i> Bfc/+ </i> mice… </p>
</strong>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 3. MRI scans of <i> Bfc/+ </i> mice reveal major brain abnormalities. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> MRI scans of <i> Bfc/+… </i> </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 3. MRI scans of <i>Bfc/+</i> mice reveal major brain abnormalities.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">MRI scans of <i>Bfc/+</i> mice highlighted an altered cranial shape with
a larger left-right axis and a shorter longitudinal extension compared with
controls. The effect was apparent in horizontal (<b>A</b>) and sagital
(<b>B</b>) views of the brain. The olfactory bulbs and cerebellum
appeared to be significantly smaller in <i>Bfc/+</i> individuals
compared with control littermates. In 3 out of 10 <i>Bfc/+</i> subjects,
the corpus callosum appeared to be severely underdeveloped, lacking any
interhemispheric extension. This was apparent in anatomical T2-weighted images
(<b>C</b>) as well as in diffusion-weighted scans (<b>D</b> and
<b>E</b>). Diffusion tensor images (DTI) modulated by FA (<b>D</b>)
and DTI tractography corroborated the lack of interhemispheric connection of the
corpus callosum in all of the 3 subjects, showing abnormal callosal anatomy in
anatomical MRI images (<b>C</b>, <b>D</b>, and <b>E</b> show
data from representative <i>Bfc/+</i> and control subjects). Normal
interhemispheric tracts were observed in all the control subject images. Cereb,
cerebellum; Cpu, caudate putamen; Olf Bulb, olfactory bulbs; Hippoc, hippocampus;
Hypot, hypothalamus.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
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itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-3"
role="button"
data-image-width="775"
data-image-height="465"
data-image-alt="Figure 4"
data-pmc-id="PMC3973091"
data-figure-id="F4">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-3"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7759/3973091/99f3660f9db2/JCI70372.f4.gif"
alt="Figure 4" />
</a>
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<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 4. Behavioral phenotypes of <i> Bfc/+ </i> adult… </p>
</strong>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 4. Behavioral phenotypes of <i> Bfc/+ </i> adult mice. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <b> A </b> ) ASR in <i> Bfc/+ </i> (… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 4. Behavioral phenotypes of <i>Bfc/+</i> adult mice.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">(<b>A</b>) ASR in <i>Bfc/+</i> (<i>n</i> = 10) mice is
unaffected compared with that of controls (<i>n</i> = 10).
(<b>B</b>) Reduction in PPI is extremely robust, with significant
reductions seen in <i>Bfc/+</i> mice. (<b>C</b>) Rotarod
performance over 3 daily sessions is lower in <i>Bfc/+</i>
(<i>n</i> = 10) mice compared with controls (<i>n</i> =
10), although their performance has improved by the third day. (<b>D</b>)
Ultrasonic vocalizations are disrupted in <i>Bfc/+</i>
(<i>n</i> = 10) mice compared with littermate controls
(<i>n</i> = 10), with reductions in the total number of calls upon
separation and in the average call duration. (<b>E</b>) Call complexity is
also lower in mutants. with a significantly lower number of elements per call.
(<b>F</b>) Representative ultrasonic vocalizations for WT mice and
<i>Bfc/+</i> littermates. *<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05,
**<i>P</i> &lt; 0.01, Students <i>t</i> test.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
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data-label-slug="figure-5">
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itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-4"
role="button"
data-image-width="782"
data-image-height="884"
data-image-alt="Figure 5"
data-pmc-id="PMC3973091"
data-figure-id="F5">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-4"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7759/3973091/fe07370fb6b5/JCI70372.f5.gif"
alt="Figure 5" />
</a>
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<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 5. A number of parameters of… </p>
</strong>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 5. A number of parameters of learning and memory are deficient in <i> Bfc/+ </i> mice. </p>
</strong>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 5. A number of parameters of learning and memory are deficient in <i>Bfc/+</i> mice.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">WM test showing mean latencies to reach the escape platform are plotted for daily
sessions over 8 training days (<b>A</b>) and for probes (<b>B</b>) in
<i>Bfc/+</i> and littermate controls (<i>n</i> = 10).
Visible platform (VP) and hidden platform (HP) conditions are marked along the
training. Mean distances for regular training (<b>C</b>) and probe
(<b>D</b>) trials are plotted. In the fear conditioning test, freezing
time during habituation and training (<b>E</b>) and exposure to the context
and cue conditions (<b>F</b>) are presented for <i>Bfc/+</i> mice
(<i>n</i> = 8) and littermate controls (<i>n</i> = 8).
*<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05, ***<i>P</i> &lt; 0.001;
Students <i>t</i> test.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
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data-slide-index="5"
data-label-slug="figure-6">
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itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-5"
role="button"
data-image-width="753"
data-image-height="802"
data-image-alt="Figure 6"
data-pmc-id="PMC3973091"
data-figure-id="F6">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-5"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7759/3973091/b77f979f438a/JCI70372.f6.gif"
alt="Figure 6" />
</a>
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<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 6. <i> Bfc/+ </i> mice show deficits in… </p>
</strong>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 6. <i> Bfc/+ </i> mice show deficits in temporal cognition. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <b> A </b> ) The peak procedure… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 6. <i>Bfc/+</i> mice show deficits in temporal cognition.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">(<b>A</b>) The peak procedure task. Probes differ from normal trials, as the
light stimulus is not followed by any reward. (<b>B</b>) Mean nose pokes for
the rewarded time windows (RTWs) within each session are presented for normal
trials over 8 consecutive days and all probe trials. <i>Bfc/+</i> mice
(<i>n</i> = 12) do not increase nose poking within the RTW as +/+
mice do (<i>n</i> = 12). (<b>C</b>) Timing responses are collected
in a home-cage apparatus using separate mouse cohorts (<i>n</i> = 6).
Peak time and width (spread) decrease significantly between the first and last day
in <i>+/+</i>, but not in <i>Bfc/+</i> mice.
*<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05; **<i>P</i> &lt; 0.01. (<b>D</b>)
Peak distribution for the first (red) and last (blue) days for representative
<i>+/+</i> and <i>Bfc/+</i> mice. (<b>E</b>) Start
and stop times test anticipatory and perseverative behaviors. WT mice show a
progressive optimization (increasing the start time and decreasing the stop time)
in their responses, corresponding with reward delivery time. Interestingly,
<i>Bfc/+</i> mice do not modify stop time responses, indicating a
perseverative response within trials. (<b>F</b>) Timing is assessed for 2
intervals (short vs. long), and only correct responses are rewarded. Error rates
are calculated and plotted in 3-hour bins; the blue bar represents the dark phase
of the 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle. A comparison of behaviors during the dark
(active) and light (inactive) phases is shown for <i>Bfc/+</i> and
<i>+/+</i> mice (<b>G</b>). No phase differences in behavior
are evident in <i>Bfc/+</i> mice, while the error rate significantly
increases in WT animals in the light phase.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
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data-label-slug="figure-7">
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itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-6"
role="button"
data-image-width="766"
data-image-height="1059"
data-image-alt="Figure 7"
data-pmc-id="PMC3973091"
data-figure-id="F7">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-6"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 7. Morphological and functional deficits in… </p>
</strong>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 7. Morphological and functional deficits in <i> Bfc/+ </i> primary hippocampal neuronal cultures. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <b> A </b> )… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 7. Morphological and functional deficits in <i>Bfc/+</i> primary hippocampal neuronal cultures.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">(<b>A</b>) Representative images of primary cultures of +/+ and
<i>Bfc/+</i> hippocampal neurons after 8 days in culture. Scale bars
are as indicated. Primary processes are shown in green, secondary processes in
yellow. (<b>B</b>) Number of processes and neurite length are presented.
Processes are significantly less in <i>Bfc/+</i> neurons.
*<i>P</i> = 0.02, 2-tailed <i>t</i> test. (<b>C</b>)
Representative images of neuronal cultures transfected at 1 DIV with
β-catenin or control siRNA and fixed at 7 DIV. (<b>D</b>) siRNA
against β-catenin efficiently decreased mRNA expression, as assessed by
RT-qPCR (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.01), while neurite extension was significantly
reduced (*<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) in β-catenintransfected
neurons. (<b>E</b>) In vitro neuronal network set-up showing (left to right)
the high-density MEA chip, fluorescence image of the low density culture
<sub>3</sub>-tubulin green, NeuN red) showing the sparse network
distribution on a portion of the electrode array (black square), raw data traces
of spiking activity acquired from 3 different channels, raster plot of
approximately 400 active channels (i.e., firing rate &gt; 0.1 spike/s) showing
synchronous firing and sustained bursting activity.
(<b>F</b><b>I</b>) cumulative distributions of network
parameters (+/+ black, <i>n</i> = 4; <i>Bfc/+</i> red,
<i>n</i> = 6). Bold lines and shaded regions correspond to mean
± SEM. The <i>Bfc/+</i> cultures were more excitable, as
evidenced by the higher MFR (<b>F</b>) and MBR (<b>G</b>). Less
evident is the variation for the MBD (<b>H</b>). The functional connectivity
analysis based on cross-correlation shows that functional link length was also
higher in <i>Bfc/+</i> (<b>I</b>).</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
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itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-7"
role="button"
data-image-width="755"
data-image-height="730"
data-image-alt="Figure 8"
data-pmc-id="PMC3973091"
data-figure-id="F8">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-7"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 8. Morphological and functional synaptic deficits… </p>
</strong>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 8. Morphological and functional synaptic deficits in <i> Bfc/+ </i> adult hippocampus. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <b> A </b> ) Representative… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-7" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 8. Morphological and functional synaptic deficits in <i>Bfc/+</i> adult hippocampus.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">(<b>A</b>) Representative electron microscope images from WT and
heterozygous CA1 synapses; images show a section of a presynaptic axonal bouton
(ax) containing the cluster of SVs and mitochondria (M) and the dendrite of a
postsynaptic neuron (D); the postsynaptic density (PSD) is also visible
(arrowhead). Scale bar: 200 nm. (<b>B</b>) Quantification of membrane-docked
SV density (vesicles/μm) and PSD length (μm) was performed for 142
CA1 and 128 cortical <i>+/+</i> (<i>n</i> = 3) and 152 CA1 and
115 cortical <i>Bfc/+</i> (<i>n</i> = 3) excitatory
presynaptic terminals using ImageJ. (<b>C</b>) Experimental configuration
used to perform electrophysiological recordings in adult hippocampal slices.
(<b>D</b>) Slope of the fEPSP as a function of injected current recorded
in hippocampal slices from WT (black squares, <i>n</i> = 7 mice, 10
slices) and <i>Bfc/+</i> (white circles, <i>n</i> = 7 mice, 10
slices) animals. Representative traces are shown (inset). (<b>E</b>)
Paired-pulse ratio as a function of the interstimulus interval for WT
(<i>n</i> = 7 mice, 9 slices) and <i>Bfc/+</i>
(<i>n</i> = 7 mice, 9 slices) mice. Traces (inset) are normalized to
the first stimulus fEPSP amplitude. (<b>F</b> and <b>G</b>) Slope of
the fEPSP before and after tetanic (<b>F</b>) or θ-burst
(<b>G</b>) stimulation in WT (black squares) and <i>Bfc/+</i>
(white circles) slices. Values are normalized to the fEPSP slope value under
control conditions. (<b>F</b>) WT, <i>n</i> = 5 mice, 5 slices;
<i>Bfc/+</i>, <i>n</i> = 5 mice, 6 slices. (<b>G</b>)
WT, <i>n</i> = 4 mice, 5 slices; <i>Bfc/+</i>,
<i>n</i> = 5 mice, 6 slices. Traces (inset) are normalized to the
amplitude of the fEPSP under control conditions. **<i>P</i> &lt; 0.01,
***<i>P</i> &lt; 0.001.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
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<div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section">
<h2 class="title">
Substances
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