nih-gov/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24022476/index.html

7458 lines
No EOL
222 KiB
HTML
Raw Permalink Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" >
<head itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" >
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<!-- Mobile properties -->
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="True">
<meta name="MobileOptimized" content="320">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.google-analytics.com">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/CACHE/css/output.5ecf62baa0fa.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/CACHE/css/output.452c70ce66f7.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/CACHE/css/output.7bf600913d6e.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/CACHE/css/output.0bfa59184c7a.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/CACHE/css/output.b576742ffc3e.css" type="text/css">
<title>Search strategies to identify diagnostic accuracy studies in MEDLINE and EMBASE - PubMed</title>
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/uswds/dist/fonts/merriweather-bold-webfont.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin />
<!-- Favicons -->
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/ico" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.ico" />
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.png" />
<!-- 192x192, as recommended for Android
http://updates.html5rocks.com/2014/11/Support-for-theme-color-in-Chrome-39-for-Android
-->
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-192.png" />
<!-- 57x57 (precomposed) for iPhone 3GS, pre-2011 iPod Touch and older Android devices -->
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png">
<!-- 72x72 (precomposed) for 1st generation iPad, iPad 2 and iPad mini -->
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-72.png">
<!-- 114x114 (precomposed) for iPhone 4, 4S, 5 and post-2011 iPod Touch -->
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-114.png">
<!-- 144x144 (precomposed) for iPad 3rd and 4th generation -->
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-144.png">
<!-- For Pinger + Google Optimize integration (NS-820) -->
<meta name="ncbi_sg_optimize_id" content="">
<!-- Mobile browser address bar color -->
<meta name="theme-color" content="#20558a">
<!-- Preserve the Referrer when going from HTTPS to HTTP -->
<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin">
<meta name="ncbi_pinger_gtm_track" content="true"/>
<!-- Logging params: Pinger defaults -->
<meta name="ncbi_app" content="pubmed" />
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="pubmed" />
<meta name="ncbi_phid" content="05C200019701E9B500003263E95E9CC5.1.m_6" />
<meta name="ncbi_pinger_stat_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/stat" />
<meta name="log_category" content="literature" />
<meta name="ncbi_cost_center" content="pubmed" />
<!-- Logging params: Pinger custom -->
<meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="abstract" />
<meta name="log_op" content="retrieve" />
<meta name="uid" content="24022476" />
<meta name="ncbi_uid" content="24022476" />
<meta name="log_displayeduids" content="24022476" />
<meta name="log_source_db" content="pubmed,pmc" />
<meta name="log_icons_present" content="true" />
<meta name="ncbi_search_id" content="B6u-_iDtw0w7t6AmmNcIpQ:cee3d011e0a5a136346234c77b7ba81e" />
<meta name="ncbi_adj_nav_search_id" content="7F8ATlBW2V-CYVDOiWQVYQ:cee3d011e0a5a136346234c77b7ba81e" />
<!-- Social meta tags for unfurling urls -->
<meta name="description" content="None of the current methodological filters designed to identify reports of primary DTA studies in MEDLINE or EMBASE combine sufficiently high sensitivity, required for systematic reviews, with a reasonable degree of precision. This finding supports the current recommendation in the Cochrane Handbook …"><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:24022476, PMC7390022, doi:10.1002/14651858.MR000022.pub3, Review, Systematic Review, Rebecca Beynon, Mariska M G Leeflang, Julie M Glanville, Databases, Bibliographic, Diagnosis*, Information Storage and Retrieval / methods*, Information Storage and Retrieval / standards, MEDLINE, Reference Standards, Review Literature as Topic, Search Engine, Sensitivity and Specificity, Subject Headings*, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="Search strategies to identify diagnostic accuracy studies in MEDLINE and EMBASE - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24022476/"><meta property="og:description" content="None of the current methodological filters designed to identify reports of primary DTA studies in MEDLINE or EMBASE combine sufficiently high sensitivity, required for systematic reviews, with a reasonable degree of precision. This finding supports the current recommendation in the Cochrane Handbook …"><meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:site_name" content="PubMed"><meta name="twitter:domain" content="pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:title" content="Search strategies to identify diagnostic accuracy studies in MEDLINE and EMBASE - PubMed"><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24022476/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="None of the current methodological filters designed to identify reports of primary DTA studies in MEDLINE or EMBASE combine sufficiently high sensitivity, required for systematic reviews, with a reasonable degree of precision. This finding supports the current recommendation in the Cochrane Handbook …"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">
<!-- OpenSearch XML -->
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/opensearch.xml" title="PubMed search">
<!-- Disables severely broken elements when no JS -->
<noscript>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/core/no-script.css">
</noscript>
<meta name="citation_title" content="Search strategies to identify diagnostic accuracy studies in MEDLINE and EMBASE">
<meta name="citation_authors" content="Beynon R;Leeflang MM;McDonald S;Eisinga A;Mitchell RL;Whiting P;Glanville JM;">
<meta name="citation_date" content="09/11/2013">
<meta name="citation_publisher" content="Cochrane Database Syst Rev">
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="The Cochrane database of systematic reviews">
<meta name="citation_pmid" content="24022476">
<meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24022476/">
<meta name="citation_volume" content="2013">
<meta name="citation_issue" content="9">
<meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1002/14651858.MR000022.pub3">
<meta name="citation_issn" content="1469-493X">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24022476/" />
</head>
<body >
<noscript>
<div class="no-script-banner" id="no-script-banner">
<div class="warning-message">
<div class="warning-message-text">
This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features!
</div>
</div>
</div>
</noscript>
<div class="no-session-banner" id="no-session-banner" hidden>
<div class="warning-message">
<div class="warning-message-text">
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable.
</div>
<button class="close-banner-button"
title="Close Clipboard and Search History not available warning banner"
ref="linksrc=close_no_session_banner"
aria-controls="no-session-banner"
aria-label="Close Clipboard and Search History not available warning banner"
aria-expanded="true">
</button>
</div>
</div>
<a class="usa-skipnav" href="#article-details">
Skip to main page content
</a>
<!-- ========== BEGIN HEADER ========== -->
<section class="usa-banner">
<div class="usa-accordion">
<header class="usa-banner-header">
<div class="usa-grid usa-banner-inner">
<img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png" alt="U.S. flag" />
<p>An official website of the United States government</p>
<button
class="usa-accordion-button usa-banner-button"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="gov-banner-top"
>
<span class="usa-banner-button-text">Here's how you know</span>
</button>
</div>
</header>
<div
class="usa-banner-content usa-grid usa-accordion-content"
id="gov-banner-top"
>
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-gov usa-width-one-half">
<img
class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img"
src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg"
alt="Dot gov"
/>
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
<p>
<strong>The .gov means its official.</strong>
<br />
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before
sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal
government site.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-ssl usa-width-one-half">
<img
class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img"
src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg"
alt="Https"
/>
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
<p>
<strong>The site is secure.</strong>
<br />
The <strong>https://</strong> ensures that you are connecting to the
official website and that any information you provide is encrypted
and transmitted securely.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
<header class="ncbi-header" role="banner" data-section="Header">
<div class="usa-grid">
<div class="usa-width-one-whole">
<div class="ncbi-header__logo">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" class="logo" aria-label="NCBI Logo" data-ga-action="click_image" data-ga-label="NIH NLM Logo">
<img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg" alt="NIH NLM Logo" />
</a>
</div>
<div class="ncbi-header__account">
<a id="account_login" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-button header-button" style="display:none" data-ga-action="open_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu">Log in</a>
<button id="account_info" class="header-button" style="display:none"
aria-controls="account_popup">
<span class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="username desktop-only" aria-hidden="true" id="uname_short"></span>
<span class="sr-only">Show account info</span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="ncbi-popup-anchor">
<div class="ncbi-popup account-popup" id="account_popup" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="ncbi-popup-head">
<button class="ncbi-close-button" data-ga-action="close_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu"><span class="fa fa-times"></span><span class="usa-sr-only">Close</span></button>
<h4>Account</h4>
</div>
<div class="account-user-info">
Logged in as:<br/>
<b><span class="username" id="uname_long">username</span></b>
</div>
<div class="account-links">
<ul class="usa-unstyled-list">
<li><a id="account_myncbi" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_myncbi">Dashboard</a></li>
<li><a id="account_pubs" href="/myncbi/collections/bibliography/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_pubs">Publications</a></li>
<li><a id="account_settings" href="/account/settings/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_settings">Account settings</a></li>
<li><a id="account_logout" href="/account/signout/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_logout">Log out</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div role="navigation" aria-label="access keys">
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_0" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="0" tabindex="-1">Access keys</a>
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="1" tabindex="-1">NCBI Homepage</a>
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_2" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url usa-sr-only" accesskey="2" tabindex="-1">MyNCBI Homepage</a>
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_3" href="#maincontent" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="3" tabindex="-1">Main Content</a>
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_4" href="#" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="4" tabindex="-1">Main Navigation</a>
</div>
<section data-section="Alerts">
<div class="ncbi-alerts-placeholder"></div>
</section>
<!-- ========== END HEADER ========== -->
<a id="maincontent" aria-label="Main page content below" role="navigation"></a>
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="RF5HmSDY2BpAyfRaXMmUhREjz9c5TAlK8sPMZI6kCcc4sGX0A5ZWLZaX7dUhMbT4">
<form action="/" method="get" autocomplete="off" class="usa-search usa-search-big search-form content-page-layout" id="search-form" role="search">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<a class="pubmed-logo"
aria-label="Pubmed Logo"
href="/"
data-ga-category="featured_link"
data-ga-action="pubmed_logo">
<img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg" alt="pubmed logo" />
</a>
<a href="#" class="search-input-trigger" data-alt-title="Hide search bar" title="Show search bar" aria-label="Show search bar">
</a>
<div role="search" class="search-input">
<div class="form-field ">
<label class="usa-sr-only" for="id_term">
Search:
</label>
<input
type="search"
name="term"
data-skip-ie-scroll-to-top=""
data-replace-term-with-exact=""
data-exact-query=""
placeholder=""
class="term-input"
required="required"
id="id_term"/><a href="#" class="clear-btn" aria-label="Clear search input" title="Clear search input" role="button" data-pinger-ignore></a><button type="submit" class="search-btn" aria-label="Search" disabled data-pinger-ignore><span class="usa-search-submit-text">Search</span></button>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Create alert and Create RSS are buttons that look like links -->
<!-- Better for them to look like buttons but no space -->
<div class="search-links-wrapper content-page-layout">
<div class="search-links">
<a href="/advanced/"
class="search-input-link adv-search-link"
data-ga-category="featured_link"
data-ga-action="adv_search">Advanced</a>
<a href="/clipboard/"
class="search-input-link clipboard-link hidden"
data-ga-category="featured_link"
data-ga-action="clipboard">
Clipboard <span class="amount-in-clipboard"></span>
</a>
</div>
<span class="search-input-link user-guide-link" role="navigation" aria-label="User guide">
<a href="/help/"
data-ga-category="featured_link"
data-ga-action="user_guide">
User Guide
</a>
</span>
</div>
</div>
</form>
<div id="article-page-header">
<div id="article-top-actions-bar" class="article-top-actions-bar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="actions-container">
<div class="return-to-search">
</div>
<div class="multiple-results-actions " role="region" aria-label="save, email, send to">
<button id="save-results-panel-trigger"
type="button"
class="save-results save-results-panel-trigger"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="save"
data-ga-label="open">
Save
</button><button id="email-results-panel-trigger"
type="button"
class="email-results email-results-panel-trigger"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="open">
Email
</button><div class="more-actions dropdown-block"><button id="more-actions-trigger"
type="button"
class="trigger more-actions-trigger"
ref="linksrc=show_moreactions_btn"
aria-label="Send to"
aria-controls="more-actions-dropdown">Send to</button><div id="more-actions-dropdown" class="dropdown dropdown-container" hidden><div class="content"><ul class="more-actions-links"><li><a class="clipboard-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link "
href="#"
role="button"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="clipboard"
data-ga-label="send">
Clipboard
</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link bibliography-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F24022476%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link collections-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F24022476%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li><li><a role="button" class="citation-manager-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link citation-manager-trigger-target" href="#">Citation manager</a></li></ul></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
data-default-format-value="abstract"
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region">
<button
class="trigger usa-button"
title="Change format"
data-ga-category="display_options"
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog">
<span class="button-label">Display options</span>
</button>
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
<div class="title">
Display options
</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="format-container">
<span class="option-label">
Format
</span>
<select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="article-display-format">
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="pubmed">PubMed</option>
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="RF5HmSDY2BpAyfRaXMmUhREjz9c5TAlK8sPMZI6kCcc4sGX0A5ZWLZaX7dUhMbT4">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="article-panels-container" class="article-panels-container">
<div id="save-action-panel" class="save-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Save citation to file
</h2>
<form id="save-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="RF5HmSDY2BpAyfRaXMmUhREjz9c5TAlK8sPMZI6kCcc4sGX0A5ZWLZaX7dUhMbT4">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector">
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option>
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="csv">CSV</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="save"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_save_panel"
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="save"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="email-action-panel"
class="email-action-panel action-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-recaptcha-script-url="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/enterprise.js?render=explicit&onload=onloadCaptchaCallback"
data-recaptcha-enabled="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Email citation
</h2>
<form id="email-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/send-email/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/send-email/"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post"
method="post"
>
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="RF5HmSDY2BpAyfRaXMmUhREjz9c5TAlK8sPMZI6kCcc4sGX0A5ZWLZaX7dUhMbT4">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<span class="action-panel-label">
Subject:
</span>
<span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 24022476 - PubMed</span>
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 24022476"/>
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="8ccdd733b5dbad0670007032030b926896215ee6bfcee163fe19c7131021f40e"/>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
To:
</label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
From:
</label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="RF5HmSDY2BpAyfRaXMmUhREjz9c5TAlK8sPMZI6kCcc4sGX0A5ZWLZaX7dUhMbT4">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="RF5HmSDY2BpAyfRaXMmUhREjz9c5TAlK8sPMZI6kCcc4sGX0A5ZWLZaX7dUhMbT4">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="RF5HmSDY2BpAyfRaXMmUhREjz9c5TAlK8sPMZI6kCcc4sGX0A5ZWLZaX7dUhMbT4">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="RF5HmSDY2BpAyfRaXMmUhREjz9c5TAlK8sPMZI6kCcc4sGX0A5ZWLZaX7dUhMbT4">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="RF5HmSDY2BpAyfRaXMmUhREjz9c5TAlK8sPMZI6kCcc4sGX0A5ZWLZaX7dUhMbT4">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="24022476">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000022.pub3"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3058&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=24022476&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=100909747"
title="See full text options at Wiley"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Wiley"
data-ga-label="24022476"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/http:--media.wiley.com-assets-7331-42-Cochrane_Library_Logo_RGB_120x30.jpg" alt="Wiley full text link"><span class="text">
Wiley
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/24022476/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=24022476&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=100909747"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="24022476"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/24022476/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/24022476/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="24022476" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F24022476%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="RF5HmSDY2BpAyfRaXMmUhREjz9c5TAlK8sPMZI6kCcc4sGX0A5ZWLZaX7dUhMbT4"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button><button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger"
title="Open dialog with more actions to take"
ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
data-default-format-value="abstract"
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button
class="trigger usa-button"
title="Change format"
data-ga-category="display_options"
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title">
Display options
</div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label">
Format
</span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="sidebar-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="social-sharing">
<h3 class="title">
Share
</h3>
<ul class="social-sharing-links usa-unstyled-list">
<li>
<a href="http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Search%20strategies%20to%20identify%20diagnostic%20accuracy%20studies%20in%20MEDLINE%20and%20EMBASE%20https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24022476/"
class="share-link share-link-twitter"
rel="noreferrer noopener"
target="Pubmed-Social-Media-Share-Popup"
title="Share article on Twitter"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="social"
data-ga-label="twitter"></a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24022476/"
class="share-link share-link-facebook"
rel="noreferrer noopener"
target="Pubmed-Social-Media-Share-Popup"
title="Share article on Facebook"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="social"
data-ga-label="fb"></a>
</li>
<li>
<div class="share-permalink">
<button class="trigger"
title="Show article permalink"
ref="linksrc=show_permalink_btn">
</button>
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
<div class="title">
Permalink
</div>
<div class="content">
<input type="text"
class="permalink-text"
value="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24022476/"
aria-label="Article permalink"/><button class="permalink-copy-button usa-button-primary"
title="Copy article permalink"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="link"
data-ga-label="copy_link"><span class="button-title">Copy</span></button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<nav class="page-navigator" role="navigation" aria-label="Page navigation">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Page navigation
</h3>
<ul class="items-list">
<li class="heading ">
<a href="#heading"
aria-label="navigate to Title &amp; authors section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="heading">
Title &amp; authors
</a>
</li>
<li class="abstract ">
<a href="#abstract"
aria-label="navigate to Abstract section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="abstract">
Abstract
</a>
</li>
<li class="conflict-of-interest ">
<a href="#conflict-of-interest"
aria-label="navigate to Conflict of interest statement section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="conflict-of-interest">
Conflict of interest statement
</a>
</li>
<li class="figures ">
<a href="#figures"
aria-label="navigate to Figures section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="figures">
Figures
</a>
</li>
<li class="linked-updated-article current">
<a href="#linked-updated-article"
aria-label="navigate to Update of section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="linked-updated-article">
Update of
</a>
</li>
<li class="similar ">
<a href="#similar"
aria-label="navigate to Similar articles section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="similar">
Similar articles
</a>
</li>
<li class="citedby ">
<a href="#citedby"
aria-label="navigate to Cited by section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="citedby">
Cited by
</a>
</li>
<li class="references ">
<a href="#references"
aria-label="navigate to References section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="references">
References
</a>
</li>
<li class="publication-types ">
<a href="#publication-types"
aria-label="navigate to Publication types section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="publication-types">
Publication types
</a>
</li>
<li class="mesh-terms ">
<a href="#mesh-terms"
aria-label="navigate to MeSH terms section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="mesh-terms">
MeSH terms
</a>
</li>
<li class="related-links ">
<a href="#related-links"
aria-label="navigate to Related information section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="related-links">
Related information
</a>
</li>
<li class="grants ">
<a href="#grants"
aria-label="navigate to Grants and funding section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="grants">
Grants and funding
</a>
</li>
<li class="linkout ">
<a href="#linkout"
aria-label="navigate to LinkOut - more resources section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="linkout">
LinkOut - more resources
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<select class="short-view" autocomplete="off" title="navigate to selected section" aria-label="Navigate to page section">
<option value="heading">Title &amp; authors</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="conflict-of-interest">Conflict of interest statement</option>
<option value="figures">Figures</option>
<option value="linked-updated-article">Update of</option>
<option value="similar">Similar articles</option>
<option value="citedby">Cited by</option>
<option value="references">References</option>
<option value="publication-types">Publication types</option>
<option value="mesh-terms">MeSH terms</option>
<option value="related-links">Related information</option>
<option value="grants">Grants and funding</option>
<option value="linkout">LinkOut - more resources</option>
</select>
</nav>
</div>
</aside>
<main class="article-details" id="article-details">
<!-- "Filters applied" shows only when page is redirected from search -->
<!-- because search found one result -->
<header class="heading" id="heading">
<div class="full-view" id="full-view-heading">
<div class="article-citation">
<div class="publication-type" >Review</div>
<div class="article-source">
<div class="journal-actions dropdown-block"><button id="full-view-journal-trigger"
class="journal-actions-trigger trigger"
ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn"
title="The Cochrane database of systematic reviews"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="full-view-journal"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal The Cochrane database of systematic reviews"
data-pinger-ignore>
Cochrane Database Syst Rev
</button><div id="full-view-journal"
class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal The Cochrane database of systematic reviews"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Cochrane+Database+Syst+Rev%22%5Bjour%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Cochrane+Database+Syst+Rev%22%5Bjour%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&amp;journal_abbrev=Cochrane Database Syst Rev"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="journal_link"
data-ga-label="Cochrane Database Syst Rev">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link"
ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Cochrane+Database+Syst+Rev%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D"
data-ga-category="search_catalog"
data-ga-action="journal_link"
data-ga-label="Cochrane Database Syst Rev">
Search in NLM Catalog
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term='"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"[jour]'
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label='"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"[jour]'
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2013 Sep 11;2013(9):MR000022.</span>
</div>
<span class="citation-doi">
doi: 10.1002/14651858.MR000022.pub3.
</span>
</div>
<h1 class="heading-title">
Search strategies to identify diagnostic accuracy studies in MEDLINE and EMBASE
</h1>
<div class="inline-authors">
<div class="authors">
<div class="authors-list">
<span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Beynon+R&amp;cauthor_id=24022476"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Rebecca Beynon">Rebecca Beynon</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="School of Social and Community Medicine, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, UK, BS8 2PS." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
1
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Leeflang+MM&amp;cauthor_id=24022476"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Mariska M G Leeflang">Mariska M G Leeflang</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=McDonald+S&amp;cauthor_id=24022476"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Steve McDonald">Steve McDonald</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Eisinga+A&amp;cauthor_id=24022476"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Anne Eisinga">Anne Eisinga</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Mitchell+RL&amp;cauthor_id=24022476"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Ruth L Mitchell">Ruth L Mitchell</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Whiting+P&amp;cauthor_id=24022476"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Penny Whiting">Penny Whiting</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Glanville+JM&amp;cauthor_id=24022476"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Julie M Glanville">Julie M Glanville</a></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-article-details">
Affiliations
<button
class="more-details"
id="toggle-authors"
data-alt-text="Collapse"
aria-controls="expanded-authors"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore
data-fetch-url="/24022476/long-authors/"
data-id-prefix="">
<span class="title">
Expand
</span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="extended-article-details" id="expanded-authors" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="expanded-authors" id="full-view-expanded-authors">
<div class="affiliations">
<h3 class="title">
Affiliation
</h3>
<ul class="item-list">
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-1"
id="full-view-affiliation-1"
><sup class="key">1</sup> School of Social and Community Medicine, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, UK, BS8 2PS.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers">
<li>
<span class="identifier pubmed">
<span class="id-label">
PMID:
</span>
<strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">24022476</strong>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="identifier pmc">
<span class="id-label">
PMCID:
</span>
<a class="id-link"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=article_id_link&amp;article_id=PMC7390022&amp;id_type=PMC"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7390022/"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMCID"
>
PMC7390022
</a>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="identifier doi">
<span class="id-label">
DOI:
</span>
<a class="id-link"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=article_id_link&amp;article_id=10.1002/14651858.MR000022.pub3&amp;id_type=DOI"
href="https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.mr000022.pub3"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="DOI"
>
10.1002/14651858.MR000022.pub3
</a>
</span>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden>
Item in Clipboard
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view" id="short-view-heading">
<div class="publication-type" >Review</div>
<h1 class="heading-title">
Search strategies to identify diagnostic accuracy studies in MEDLINE and EMBASE
</h1>
<div class="short-citation">
<span class="authors-list">
<span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Rebecca Beynon</span><span class="citation-separator">&nbsp;et al.</span></span>
</span>
<span class="citation-journal">
Cochrane Database Syst Rev<span class="citation-separator">.</span>
</span>
<span class="date">
<time class="citation-year" datetime="2013">2013</time><span class="citation-separator">.</span>
</span>
</div>
<div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings">
<button class="more-article-details"
id="toggle-article-details"
data-alt-text="Hide details"
ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details"
aria-controls="full-article-details"
aria-expanded="false"
data-fetch-url="/24022476/long-authors/"
data-id-prefix="">
<span class="title">Show details</span>
</button>
<div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
data-default-format-value="abstract"
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region">
<button
class="trigger usa-button"
title="Change format"
data-ga-category="display_options"
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog">
<span class="button-label">Display options</span>
</button>
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
<div class="title">
Display options
</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="format-container">
<span class="option-label">
Format
</span>
<select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="mobile-display-format">
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="pubmed">PubMed</option>
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="extended-article-details" id="full-article-details" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="article-citation">
<div class="article-source">
<div class="journal-actions dropdown-block"><button id="short-view-journal-trigger"
class="journal-actions-trigger trigger"
ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn"
title="The Cochrane database of systematic reviews"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="short-view-journal"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal The Cochrane database of systematic reviews"
data-pinger-ignore>
Cochrane Database Syst Rev
</button><div id="short-view-journal"
class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal The Cochrane database of systematic reviews"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Cochrane+Database+Syst+Rev%22%5Bjour%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Cochrane+Database+Syst+Rev%22%5Bjour%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&amp;journal_abbrev=Cochrane Database Syst Rev"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="journal_link"
data-ga-label="Cochrane Database Syst Rev">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link"
ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Cochrane+Database+Syst+Rev%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D"
data-ga-category="search_catalog"
data-ga-action="journal_link"
data-ga-label="Cochrane Database Syst Rev">
Search in NLM Catalog
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term='"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"[jour]'
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label='"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"[jour]'
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2013 Sep 11;2013(9):MR000022.</span>
</div>
<span class="citation-doi">
doi: 10.1002/14651858.MR000022.pub3.
</span>
</div>
<div class="expanded-authors" id="short-view-expanded-authors">
<div class="authors">
<h3 class="title">
Authors
</h3>
<div class="authors-list">
<span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Beynon+R&amp;cauthor_id=24022476"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Rebecca Beynon">Rebecca Beynon</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="School of Social and Community Medicine, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, UK, BS8 2PS." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
1
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Leeflang+MM&amp;cauthor_id=24022476"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Mariska M G Leeflang">Mariska M G Leeflang</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=McDonald+S&amp;cauthor_id=24022476"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Steve McDonald">Steve McDonald</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Eisinga+A&amp;cauthor_id=24022476"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Anne Eisinga">Anne Eisinga</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Mitchell+RL&amp;cauthor_id=24022476"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Ruth L Mitchell">Ruth L Mitchell</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Whiting+P&amp;cauthor_id=24022476"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Penny Whiting">Penny Whiting</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Glanville+JM&amp;cauthor_id=24022476"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Julie M Glanville">Julie M Glanville</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="affiliations">
<h3 class="title">
Affiliation
</h3>
<ul class="item-list">
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1"
id="short-view-affiliation-1"
><sup class="key">1</sup> School of Social and Community Medicine, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, UK, BS8 2PS.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers">
<li>
<span class="identifier pubmed">
<span class="id-label">
PMID:
</span>
<strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">24022476</strong>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="identifier pmc">
<span class="id-label">
PMCID:
</span>
<a class="id-link"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=article_id_link&amp;article_id=PMC7390022&amp;id_type=PMC"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7390022/"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMCID"
>
PMC7390022
</a>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="identifier doi">
<span class="id-label">
DOI:
</span>
<a class="id-link"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=article_id_link&amp;article_id=10.1002/14651858.MR000022.pub3&amp;id_type=DOI"
href="https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.mr000022.pub3"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="DOI"
>
10.1002/14651858.MR000022.pub3
</a>
</span>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden>
Item in Clipboard
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger"
title="Open dialog with full text links"
ref="linksrc=full_text_links">
Full text links
</button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/24022476/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/24022476/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger"
title="Open dialog with more actions to take"
ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
data-default-format-value="abstract"
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button
class="trigger usa-button"
title="Change format"
data-ga-category="display_options"
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title">
Display options
</div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label">
Format
</span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="abstract" id="abstract">
<h2 class="title">
Abstract
</h2>
<div class="abstract-content selected"
id="eng-abstract">
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Background:
</strong>
A systematic and extensive search for as many eligible studies as possible is essential in any systematic review. When searching for diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) studies in bibliographic databases, it is recommended that terms for disease (target condition) are combined with terms for the diagnostic test (index test). Researchers have developed methodological filters to try to increase the precision of these searches. These consist of text words and database indexing terms and would be added to the target condition and index test searches.Efficiently identifying reports of DTA studies presents challenges because the methods are often not well reported in their titles and abstracts, suitable indexing terms may not be available and relevant indexing terms do not seem to be consistently assigned. A consequence of using search filters to identify records for diagnostic reviews is that relevant studies might be missed, while the number of irrelevant studies that need to be assessed may not be reduced. The current guidance for Cochrane DTA reviews recommends against the addition of a methodological search filter to target condition and index test search, as the only search approach.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Objectives:
</strong>
To systematically review empirical studies that report the development or evaluation, or both, of methodological search filters designed to retrieve DTA studies in MEDLINE and EMBASE.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Search methods:
</strong>
We searched MEDLINE (1950 to week 1 November 2012); EMBASE (1980 to 2012 Week 48); the Cochrane Methodology Register (Issue 3, 2012); ISI Web of Science (11 January 2013); PsycINFO (13 March 2013); Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA) (31 May 2010); and Library, Information Science &amp; Technology Abstracts (LISTA) (13 March 2013). We undertook citation searches on Web of Science, checked the reference lists of relevant studies, and searched the Search Filters Resource website of the InterTASC Information Specialists' Sub-Group (ISSG).
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Selection criteria:
</strong>
Studies reporting the development or evaluation, or both, of a MEDLINE or EMBASE search filter aimed at retrieving DTA studies, which reported a measure of the filter's performance were eligible.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Data collection and analysis:
</strong>
The main outcome was a measure of filter performance, such as sensitivity or precision. We extracted data on the identification of the reference set (including the gold standard and, if used, the non-gold standard records), how the reference set was used and any limitations, the identification and combination of the search terms in the filters, internal and external validity testing, the number of filters evaluated, the date the study was conducted, the date the searches were completed, and the databases and search interfaces used. Where 2 x 2 data were available on filter performance, we used these to calculate sensitivity, specificity, precision and Number Needed to Read (NNR), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We compared the performance of a filter as reported by the original development study and any subsequent studies that evaluated the same filter.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Main results:
</strong>
Ninteen studies were included, reporting on 57 MEDLINE filters and 13 EMBASE filters. Thirty MEDLINE and four EMBASE filters were tested in an evaluation study where the performance of one or more filters was tested against one or more gold standards. The reported outcome measures varied. Some studies reported specificity as well as sensitivity if a reference set containing non-gold standard records in addition to gold standard records was used. In some cases, the original development study did not report any performance data on the filters. Original performance from the development study was not available for 17 filters that were subsequently tested in evaluation studies. All 19 studies reported the sensitivity of the filters that they developed or evaluated, nine studies reported the specificities and 14 studies reported the precision.No filter which had original performance data from its development study, and was subsequently tested in an evaluation study, had what we defined a priori as acceptable sensitivity (&gt; 90%) and precision (&gt; 10%). In studies that developed MEDLINE filters that were evaluated in another study (n = 13), the sensitivity ranged from 55% to 100% (median 86%) and specificity from 73% to 98% (median 95%). Estimates of performance were lower in eight studies that evaluated the same 13 MEDLINE filters, with sensitivities ranging from 14% to 100% (median 73%) and specificities ranging from 15% to 96% (median 81%). Precision ranged from 1.1% to 40% (median 9.5%) in studies that developed MEDLINE filters and from 0.2% to 16.7% (median 4%) in studies that evaluated these filters. A similar range of specificities and precision were reported amongst the evaluation studies for MEDLINE filters without an original performance measure. Sensitivities ranged from 31% to 100% (median 71%), specificity ranged from 13% to 90% (median 55.5%) and precision from 1.0% to 11.0% (median 3.35%).For the EMBASE filters, the original sensitivities reported in two development studies ranged from 74% to 100% (median 90%) for three filters, and precision ranged from 1.2% to 17.6% (median 3.7%). Evaluation studies of these filters had sensitivities from 72% to 97% (median 86%) and precision from 1.2% to 9% (median 3.7%). The performance of EMBASE search filters in development and evaluation studies were more alike than the performance of MEDLINE filters in development and evaluation studies. None of the EMBASE filters in either type of study had a sensitivity above 90% and precision above 10%.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Authors&#x27; conclusions:
</strong>
None of the current methodological filters designed to identify reports of primary DTA studies in MEDLINE or EMBASE combine sufficiently high sensitivity, required for systematic reviews, with a reasonable degree of precision. This finding supports the current recommendation in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy that the combination of methodological filter search terms with terms for the index test and target condition should not be used as the only approach when conducting formal searches to inform systematic reviews of DTA.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer">
<a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources"
data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" data-ga-label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a>
</p>
<div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest">
<h2 class="title">
Conflict of interest statement
</h2>
<div class="statement">
<p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">Julie Glanville, together with colleagues from the InterTASC Information Specialist Subgroup, developed the Search Filter Appraisal Checklist that is used in this review for the methodological assessment of the included studies and has published search filters. Julie Glanville, Mariska Leeflang, Ruth Mitchell, Rebecca Beynon and Penny Whiting have published performance evaluations of search filters.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figures" id="figures">
<h2 class="title">
Figures
</h2>
<div class="figures-list" id="slides-container"
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery">
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="0"
data-label-slug="1">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1e4a/7390022/a7740309ed74/nMR000022-AFig-FIG01.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-0"
role="button"
data-image-width="640"
data-image-height="480"
data-image-alt="1"
data-pmc-id="PMC7390022"
data-figure-id="MR000022-fig-0001">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-0"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1e4a/7390022/902321681ed1/nMR000022-AFig-FIG01.gif"
alt="1" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="640">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="480">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Study selection process. </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Study selection process. </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
1
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Study selection process.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="1"
data-label-slug="2">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1e4a/7390022/169a55485185/nMR000022-AFig-FIG02.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-1"
role="button"
data-image-width="597"
data-image-height="603"
data-image-alt="2"
data-pmc-id="PMC7390022"
data-figure-id="MR000022-fig-0002">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-1"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1e4a/7390022/f7b720572365/nMR000022-AFig-FIG02.gif"
alt="2" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="597">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="603">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 2 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ROC plot of sensitivity and specificity… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 2 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ROC plot of sensitivity and specificity of MEDLINE search filters from development and evaluation… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
2
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">ROC plot of sensitivity and specificity of MEDLINE search filters from development and evaluation studies.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="2"
data-label-slug="3">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1e4a/7390022/d4df87f13dbd/nMR000022-AFig-FIG03.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-2"
role="button"
data-image-width="629"
data-image-height="571"
data-image-alt="3"
data-pmc-id="PMC7390022"
data-figure-id="MR000022-fig-0003">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-2"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1e4a/7390022/d8c2f71a7093/nMR000022-AFig-FIG03.gif"
alt="3" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="629">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="571">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ROC plot of sensitivity and precision… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ROC plot of sensitivity and precision of MEDLINE search filters from development and evaluation… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
3
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">ROC plot of sensitivity and precision of MEDLINE search filters from development and evaluation studies.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="3"
data-label-slug="4">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1e4a/7390022/ddb75fc3a74d/nMR000022-AFig-FIG04.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-3"
role="button"
data-image-width="640"
data-image-height="480"
data-image-alt="4"
data-pmc-id="PMC7390022"
data-figure-id="MR000022-fig-0004">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-3"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1e4a/7390022/59f1ca3e8704/nMR000022-AFig-FIG04.gif"
alt="4" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="640">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="480">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ROC plot of sensitivity and precision… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ROC plot of sensitivity and precision of EMBASE search filters from development and evaluation… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
4
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">ROC plot of sensitivity and precision of EMBASE search filters from development and evaluation studies.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<!-- Root element of PhotoSwipe. Must have class pswp. -->
<div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"
data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">
<!-- Background of PhotoSwipe.
It's a separate element as animating opacity is faster than rgba(). -->
<div class="pswp__bg"></div>
<!-- Slides wrapper with overflow:hidden. -->
<div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">
<!-- Container that holds slides.
PhotoSwipe keeps only 3 of them in the DOM to save memory.
Don't modify these 3 pswp__item elements, data is added later on. -->
<div class="pswp__container">
<div class="pswp__item"></div>
<div class="pswp__item"></div>
<div class="pswp__item"></div>
</div>
<!-- Default (PhotoSwipeUI_Default) interface on top of sliding area. Can be changed. -->
<div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden">
<div class="pswp__top-bar">
<!-- Controls are self-explanatory. Order can be changed. -->
<div class="pswp__counter"></div>
<button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button>
<button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button>
<button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button>
<button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>
<!-- Preloader demo http://codepen.io/dimsemenov/pen/yyBWoR -->
<!-- element will get class pswp__preloader--active when preloader is running -->
<div class="pswp__preloader">
<div class="pswp__preloader__icn">
<div class="pswp__preloader__cut">
<div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap">
<div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div>
</div>
<button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)">
</button>
<button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)">
</button>
<div class="pswp__caption">
<div class="pswp__caption__center"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-dialog-caption">
<div class="figure-caption-link-container">
<a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-center"
data-expand-title="click to show full caption"
data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption">
</div>
<button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn"
aria-label="show full caption"
data-expand-text="show full caption"
data-collapse-text="hide full caption">
<!-- Dynamic text -->
</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="linked-articles" id="linked-updated-article">
<h2 class="title">
Update of
</h2>
<ul class="item-list usa-unstyled-list">
<li class="raw-citation">doi: 10.1002/14651858.MR000022.pub2</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="similar-articles" id="similar">
<h2 class="title">
Similar articles
</h2>
<ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list">
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/30860595/"
ref="article_id=30860595&amp;linksrc=similar_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="similar_article"
data-ga-action="30860595"
data-ga-label="">
Search strategies to identify observational studies in MEDLINE and Embase.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Li L, Smith HE, Atun R, Tudor Car L.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Li L, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 12;3(3):MR000041. doi: 10.1002/14651858.MR000041.pub2.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">30860595</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/37681507/"
ref="article_id=37681507&amp;linksrc=similar_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="similar_article"
data-ga-action="37681507"
data-ga-label="">
Search strategies (filters) to identify systematic reviews in MEDLINE and Embase.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Escobar Liquitay CM, Garegnani L, Garrote V, Solà I, Franco JV.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Escobar Liquitay CM, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Sep 8;9(9):MR000054. doi: 10.1002/14651858.MR000054.pub2.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">37681507</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
<span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Review.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/29188764/"
ref="article_id=29188764&amp;linksrc=similar_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=3"
data-ga-category="similar_article"
data-ga-action="29188764"
data-ga-label="">
Assessing the performance of methodological search filters to improve the efficiency of evidence information retrieval: five literature reviews and a qualitative study.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Lefebvre C, Glanville J, Beale S, Boachie C, Duffy S, Fraser C, Harbour J, McCool R, Smith L.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Lefebvre C, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Health Technol Assess. 2017 Nov;21(69):1-148. doi: 10.3310/hta21690.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Health Technol Assess. 2017.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">29188764</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/28328043/"
ref="article_id=28328043&amp;linksrc=similar_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=4"
data-ga-category="similar_article"
data-ga-action="28328043"
data-ga-label="">
CSF tau and the CSF tau/ABeta ratio for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Ritchie C, Smailagic N, Noel-Storr AH, Ukoumunne O, Ladds EC, Martin S.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Ritchie C, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 22;3(3):CD010803. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010803.pub2.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">28328043</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
<span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Review.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/30314471/"
ref="article_id=30314471&amp;linksrc=similar_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=5"
data-ga-category="similar_article"
data-ga-action="30314471"
data-ga-label="">
Development and validation of a search filter to identify equity-focused studies: reducing the number needed to screen.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Prady SL, Uphoff EP, Power M, Golder S.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Prady SL, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018 Oct 12;18(1):106. doi: 10.1186/s12874-018-0567-x.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">30314471</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="actions-bar">
<a
class="show-all-linked-articles"
data-href="/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=24022476"
data-ga-category="similar_article"
data-ga-action="show_all"
>
See all similar articles
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="citedby-articles" id="citedby">
<h2 class="title">
Cited by
</h2>
<ul class="articles-list" id="citedby-articles-list">
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/30215846/"
ref="article_id=30215846&amp;linksrc=citedby_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="cited_by"
data-ga-action="30215846"
data-ga-label="">
Ensuring quality as the basis of evidence synthesis: leveraging information specialists' knowledge, skills, and expertise.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Metzendorf MI, Featherstone RM.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Metzendorf MI, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Sep 13;4(9):ED000125. doi: 10.1002/14651858.ED000125.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">30215846</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
<span class="no-abstract spaced-citation-item citation-part">No abstract available.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/30640979/"
ref="article_id=30640979&amp;linksrc=citedby_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="cited_by"
data-ga-action="30640979"
data-ga-label="">
C-reactive protein for diagnosing late-onset infection in newborn infants.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Brown JVE, Meader N, Cleminson J, McGuire W.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Brown JVE, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 14;1(1):CD012126. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012126.pub2.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">30640979</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/31005925/"
ref="article_id=31005925&amp;linksrc=citedby_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=3"
data-ga-category="cited_by"
data-ga-action="31005925"
data-ga-label="">
The utility of diagnostic selective nerve root blocks in the management of patients with lumbar radiculopathy: a systematic review.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Beynon R, Elwenspoek MMC, Sheppard A, Higgins JN, Kolias AG, Laing RJ, Whiting P, Hollingworth W.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Beynon R, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">BMJ Open. 2019 Apr 20;9(4):e025790. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025790.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">BMJ Open. 2019.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">31005925</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/32532314/"
ref="article_id=32532314&amp;linksrc=citedby_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=4"
data-ga-category="cited_by"
data-ga-action="32532314"
data-ga-label="">
Maternal inflammatory markers for chorioamnionitis in preterm prelabour rupture of membranes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Etyang AK, Omuse G, Mukaindo AM, Temmerman M.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Etyang AK, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Syst Rev. 2020 Jun 12;9(1):141. doi: 10.1186/s13643-020-01389-4.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Syst Rev. 2020.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">32532314</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/31831919/"
ref="article_id=31831919&amp;linksrc=citedby_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=5"
data-ga-category="cited_by"
data-ga-action="31831919"
data-ga-label="">
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence and complications of paraphenylenediamine-containing hair dye poisoning in developing countries.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Bhagavathula AS, Bandari DK, Khan M, Shehab A.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Bhagavathula AS, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Indian J Pharmacol. 2019 Sep-Oct;51(5):302-315. doi: 10.4103/ijp.IJP_246_17. Epub 2019 Nov 26.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Indian J Pharmacol. 2019.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">31831919</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="actions-bar">
<a
class="show-all-linked-articles"
data-href="/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed_citedin&from_uid=24022476"
data-ga-category="cited_by"
data-ga-action="show_all"
>
See all "Cited by" articles
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="references" id="references">
<h2 class="title">
References
</h2>
<div id='top-references-list' class="references-lists-container">
<div class="refs-list">
<h4 class="refs-list-title">References to studies included in this review</h4>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Astin 2008 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-2" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Astin MP, Brazzelli MG, Fraser CM, Counsell CE, Needham G, Grimshaw JM. Developing a sensitive search strategy in MEDLINE to retrieve studies on assessment of the diagnostic performance of imaging techniques. Radiology 2008;247(2):36573. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/18372447/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="18372447"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Bachmann 2002 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-3" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Bachmann LM, Coray R, Estermann P, Ter Riet G. Identifying diagnostic studies in MEDLINE: reducing the number needed to read. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2002;9(6):6538. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC349381/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC349381"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/12386115/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="12386115"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Bachmann 2003 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-4" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Bachmann LM. Identifying diagnostic accuracy studies in EMBASE. Journal of the Medical Library Association 2003;91(3):3416. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC164397/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC164397"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/12883560/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="12883560"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Berg 2005 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-5" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Berg A, Fleischer S, Behrens J. Development of two search strategies for literature in MEDLINEPubMed: nursing diagnoses in the context of evidencebased nursing. International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classifications 2005;16(2):2632. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/16045550/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="16045550"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Deville 2000 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-6" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Deville WL, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM. Publications on diagnostic test evaluation in family medicine journals: an optimal search strategy. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2000;53(1):659. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/10693905/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="10693905"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Deville 2002 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-7" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Deville WL, Bossuyt PM, Vet HC, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM, Assendelft WJ. Systematic reviews in practice. X. Searching, selecting and the methodological assessment of diagnostic evaluation research [De praktijk van systematische reviews. X. Zoeken, selecteren en methodologisch beoordelen van diagnostisch evaluatieonderzoek]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2002;146(48):22814. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/12497754/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="12497754"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Doust 2005 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-8" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Doust JA, Pietrzak E, Sanders S, Glasziou PP. Identifying studies for systematic reviews of diagnostic tests was difficult due to the poor sensitivity and precision of methodologic filters and the lack of information in the abstract. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2005;58(5):4449. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/15845330/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="15845330"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Haynes 1994 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-9" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Haynes RB, Wilczynski, McKibbon KA, Walker CJ, Sinclair JC. Developing optimal search strategies for detecting clinically sound studies in MEDLINE. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 1994;1(6):44758. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC116228/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC116228"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/7850570/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="7850570"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Wilczynski NL, Walker CJ, McKibbon KA, Haynes RB. Assessment of methodologic search filters in MEDLINE. Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care 1993:6015.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2850647/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC2850647"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/8130545/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="8130545"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Wilczynski NL, Walker CJ, McKibbon KA, Haynes RB. Quantitative comparison of preexplosions and subheadings with methodologic search terms in MEDLINE. Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care 1994:9059.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2247768/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC2247768"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/7950055/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="7950055"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Haynes 2004 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-10" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Haynes RB, Wilczynski NL. Optimal search strategies for retrieving scientifically strong studies of diagnosis from Medline: analytical survey. BMJ 2004;328(7447):1040. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC403841/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC403841"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/15073027/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="15073027"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Kassai 2006 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-11" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Kassai B, Sonie S, Shah NR, Boissel JP. Literature search parameters marginally improved the pooled estimate accuracy for ultrasound in detecting deep venous thrombosis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2006;59(7):7104. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2670362/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC2670362"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/16765274/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="16765274"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Kastner 2009 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-12" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Kastner M, Wilczynski NL, McKibbon AK, Garg AX, Haynes RB. Diagnostic test systematic reviews: bibliographic search filters ("Clinical Queries") for diagnostic accuracy studies perform well. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2009;62(9):97481. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2737707/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC2737707"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/19230607/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="19230607"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Leeflang 2006 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-13" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Leeflang MM, Scholten RJ, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, Bossuyt PM. Use of methodological search filters to identify diagnostic accuracy studies can lead to the omission of relevant studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2006;59(3):23440. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/16488353/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="16488353"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Mitchell 2005 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-14" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Mitchell RL, Rinaldi F, Craig JC. Performance of published search strategies for studies of diagnostic test accuracy (SDTAs) in MEDLINE and EMBASE. XIII Cochrane Colloquium; 2226 Melbourne, Australia. 2005.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">NoelStorr 2011 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-15" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
NoelStorr A. The development of a methodological filter for studies of diagnostic accuracy in dementia. IXX Cochrane Colloquium, 1922 October Madrid, Spain. 2011.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Ritchie 2007 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-16" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Ritchie G, Glanville J, Lefebvre C. Do published search filters to identify diagnostic test accuracy studies perform adequately?. Health Information and Libraries Journal 2007;24(3):18892. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/17714173/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="17714173"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">van der Weijden 1997 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-17" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Weijden T, IJzermans CJ, Dinant GJ, Duijn NP, Vet R, Buntinx F. Identifying relevant diagnostic studies in MEDLINE. The diagnostic value of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and dipstick as an example. Family Practice 1997;14(3):2048. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/9201493/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="9201493"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Vincent 2003 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-18" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Vincent S, Greenley S, Beaven O. Clinical Evidence diagnosis: developing a sensitive search strategy to retrieve diagnostic studies on deep vein thrombosis: a pragmatic approach. Health Information and Libraries Journal 2003;20(3):1509. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/12919278/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="12919278"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Whiting 2010 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-19" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Whiting P, Westwood M, Beynon R, Burke M, Sterne JA, Glanville J. Inclusion of methodological filters in searches for diagnostic test accuracy studies misses relevant studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2010;64(6):6027. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/21075596/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="21075596"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Wilczynski 2005 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-20" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB, Hedges Team. EMBASE search strategies for identifying methodologically sound diagnostic studies for use by clinicians and researchers. BMC Medicine 2005;3:7. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1079845/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC1079845"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/15796772/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="15796772"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h4 class="refs-list-title">Additional references</h4>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Bossuyt 2003</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-22" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Glasziou PP, Irwig LM, et al. The STARD statement for reporting studies of diagnostic accuracy: explanation and elaboration. Clinical Chemistry 2003;49(1):718. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/12507954/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="12507954"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">CASP 2002</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-23" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Search Filters. <a class="external-link-urlize" href="http://www.phru.nhs.uk/casp/search_filters.htm" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">http://www.phru.nhs.uk/casp/search_filters.htm</a> (No longer available) 2006.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Deeks 2010</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-24" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Deeks JJ, Bossuyt PM, Gatsonis C (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Version 1.0. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2010. Available from <a class="external-link-urlize" href="http://srdta.cochrane.org" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">http://srdta.cochrane.org</a> (accessed 25 April 2013).
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">DeVet 2008</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-25" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Vet HCW, Eisinga A, Riphagen II, Aertgeerts B, Pewsner D, Mitchell R. Chapter 7: Searching for studies. In: Deeks JJ, Bossuyt PM, Gatsonis C (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Version 0.4 [updated September 2008]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008. Available from <a class="external-link-urlize" href="http://srdta.cochrane.org" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">http://srdta.cochrane.org</a> (accessed 25 April 2013).
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Deville 2002a</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-26" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Deville WL, Buntinx F, Bouter LM, Montori VM, Vet HC, Windt DA. Conducting systematic reviews of diagnostic studies: didactic guidelines. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2002;2:9.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC117243/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC117243"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/12097142/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="12097142"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">FalckYtter 2004</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-27" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
FalckYtter YT, Motschall E. New search filter for diagnostic studies: Ovid and PubMed versions not the same [2004]. available at <a class="external-link-urlize" href="http://www.bmj.com/content/328/7447/1040?tab=responses" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">http://www.bmj.com/content/328/7447/1040?tab=responses</a> (accessed 25 April 2013).
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Fielding 2002</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-28" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Fielding AM, Powell A. Using Medline to achieve an evidencebased approach to diagnostic clinical biochemistry. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 2002;39(Pt 4):34550. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/12117438/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="12117438"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Glanville 2008</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-29" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Glanville J, Bayliss S, Booth A, Dundar Y, Fleeman ND, Foster L, et al. on behalf of the InterTASC Information Specialists' Subgroup. So many filters, so little time: the development of a search filter appraisal checklist. Journal of the Medical Library Association 2008;96(4):35661. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2568852/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC2568852"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/18974813/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="18974813"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Haynes 2005</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-30" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Haynes RB, McKibbon KA, Wilczynski NL, Walter SD, Werre SR, Hedges Team. Optimal search strategies for retrieving scientifically strong studies of treatment from Medline: analytical survey. BMJ 2005;330(7501):117984. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC558012/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC558012"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/15894554/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="15894554"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Haynes 2005a</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-31" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Haynes RB, Kastner M, Wilczynski NL, Hedges Team. Developing optimal search strategies for detecting clinically sound and relevant causation studies in EMBASE. BMC Medical Information and Decision Making 2005;5:8. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1087487/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC1087487"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/15784134/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="15784134"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Horsley 2011</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-32" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Horsley T, Dingwall O, Sampson M. Checking reference lists to find additional studies for systematic reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000026.pub2]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.mr000026.pub2"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="10.1002/14651858.MR000026.pub2"
>
DOI
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7388740/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC7388740"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/21833989/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=3"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="21833989"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">InterTASC 2011</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-33" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
InterTASC Information Specialists' SubGroup (ISSG). The InterTASC Information Specialists' SubGroup Search Filter Resource: diagnostic studies. Available at <a class="external-link-urlize" href="http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/intertasc/diag.htm" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/intertasc/diag.htm</a>. York: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, (accessed 25th April 2013).
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Lefebvre 2011</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-34" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J. Chapter 6: Searching for studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from http://www.cochrane<a class="external-link-urlize" href="http://handbook.org" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">handbook.org</a> (accessed 25 April 2013).
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">NLM 2005</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-35" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
US National Library of Medicine. Clinical Queries using Research Methodology Filters [updated Jan 2005]. Available from <a class="external-link-urlize" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3827/#pubmedhelp.Clinical_Queries_Filters" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3827/#pubmedhelp.Clinical_Queries_F...</a> (accessed 25 April 2013).
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">North Thames 2002</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-36" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
North Thames. Diagnostic procedures. <a class="external-link-urlize" href="http://www.londonlinks.ac.uk/evidence_strategies/ovid_filters.htm#diagnostic" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">http://www.londonlinks.ac.uk/evidence_strategies/ovid_filters.htm#diagno...</a>. (No longer available).
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Ovid 2010</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-37" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Wolfer Kluer Health. Clinical queries in Ovid. available at: <a class="external-link-urlize" href="http://ovidsupport.custhelp.com/cgibin/ovidsupport.cfg/php/enduser/std_adp.php?p_faqid=1599&amp;;p_created=1087487498&amp;p_sid=B86UCj8j&amp;p_accessibility=0&amp;p_redirect=&amp;p_lva=&amp;p_sp=cF9zcmNoPTEmcF9zb3J0X2J5PSZwX2dyaWRzb3J0PSZwX3Jvd19jbnQ9MTUsMTUmcF9wcm9kcz0wJnBfY2F0cz0wJnBfcHY9JnBfY3Y9JnBfc2VhcmNoX3R5cGU9YW5zd2Vycy5zZWFyY2hfbmwmcF9wYWdlPTEmcF9zZWFyY2hfdGV4dD1jbGluaWNhbCBxdWVyaWVz&amp;p_li=&amp;p_topview=1" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">http://ovidsupport.custhelp.com/cgibin/ovidsupport.cfg/php/enduser/std_...</a> First published 2004; updated 2010.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">OvidSP 2013</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-38" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Wolters Kluwer Health. MEDLINE® 2013 Database Guide. available at <a class="external-link-urlize" href="http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp3.8.1a/ovidweb.cgi?&amp;S=BLIMFPMFDFDDHIFFNCOKFBFBJDCBAA00&amp;Database+Field+Guide=37" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp3.8.1a/ovidweb.cgi?&amp;S=BLIMFPMFDFDDHIFFNCOKF...</a> [2012] (accessed 25 April 2013).
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">OvidSP 2013a</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-39" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Wolters Kluwer Health. Embase: Excerpta Medica Database Guide. <a class="external-link-urlize" href="http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp3.8.1a/ovidweb.cgi?&amp;S=BLIMFPMFDFDDHIFFNCOKFBFBJDCBAA00&amp;Database+Field+Guide=10" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp3.8.1a/ovidweb.cgi?&amp;S=BLIMFPMFDFDDHIFFNCOKF...</a> [2012] (accessed 25 April 2013).
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Shipley Miner 2002</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-40" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Shipley MC. Evidence based filters for Ovid MEDLINE. <a class="external-link-urlize" href="http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/hslt/miner/digital_library/tip_sheets/OVID_eb_filters.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/hslt/miner/digital_library/tip_sheets/OVID...</a>. Rochester: Edward G Miner Library, University of Rochester.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">University of Rochester 2002</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-41" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Miner Library Reference Librarians. Evidence based filters for Ovid MEDLINE. Miner Library, University of Rochester 2002.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Whiting 2008</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-42" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Whiting P, Westwood M, Burke M, Sterne J, Harbord R, Glanville J. Can diagnostic filters offer similar sensitivity and a reduced number needed to read compared to searches based on index test and target condition? [abstract]. Methods for Evaluating Medical Tests. Symposium. 2008 Jul 2425.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Whiting 2011</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-43" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Whiting P, Westwood M, Beynon R, Burke M, Sterne JA, Glanville J. Inclusion of methodological filters in searches for diagnostic accuracy studies misses relevant studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64(6):6027. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/21075596/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="21075596"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Wilczynski 1995</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-44" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Wilczynski NL, Walker CJ, McKibbon KA, Haynes RB. Reasons for the loss of sensitivity and specificity of methodologic MeSH terms and textwords in MEDLINE. Proceedings the Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care 1995:43640. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2579130/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC2579130"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/8563319/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="8563319"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Wilczynski 2003</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-45" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB, Hedges Team. Developing optimal search strategies for detecting clinically sound causation studies in MEDLINE. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings/AMIA Symposium 2003:71923. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1480286/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC1480286"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/14728267/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="14728267"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Wilczynski 2004</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-46" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB, Hedges Team. Developing optimal search strategies for detecting clinically sound prognostic studies in MEDLINE: an analytic survey. BMC Medicine 2004;2(1):23. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC441418/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC441418"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/15189561/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="15189561"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Wilczynski 2005a</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-47" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB. Optimal search strategies for detecting clinically sound prognostic studies in EMBASE: an analytic survey. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2005;12(4):4815. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1174893/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC1174893"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/15802476/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="15802476"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Wilczynski 2007</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-48" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB. Indexing of diagnosis accuracy studies in MEDLINE and EMBASE. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings/AMIA Symposium 2007:8015. [MEDLINE: ]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2813664/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC2813664"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/18693947/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="18693947"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="publication-types" class="publication-types keywords-section">
<h2 class="title">
Publication types
</h2>
<ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Review"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-publication-types-0"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Review
</button><div id="keyword-actions-publication-types-0"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Review"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Review%22%5Bpt%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Review%22%5Bpt%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;keyword=&quot;Review&quot;[pt]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="pub_type"
data-ga-label="Review">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Review"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="pub_type_link"
data-ga-label="Review">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Review&quot;[pt]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Review&quot;[pt]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Systematic Review"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-publication-types-1"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Systematic Review
</button><div id="keyword-actions-publication-types-1"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Systematic Review"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Systematic+Review%22%5Bpt%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Systematic+Review%22%5Bpt%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;keyword=&quot;Systematic Review&quot;[pt]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="pub_type"
data-ga-label="Systematic Review">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Systematic+Review"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="pub_type_link"
data-ga-label="Systematic Review">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Systematic Review&quot;[pt]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Systematic Review&quot;[pt]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
</div>
<div id="mesh-terms" class="mesh-terms keywords-section">
<h2 class="title">
MeSH terms
</h2>
<ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Databases, Bibliographic"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Databases, Bibliographic
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Databases, Bibliographic"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Databases%2C+Bibliographic%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Databases%2C+Bibliographic%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Databases, Bibliographic&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Databases, Bibliographic">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Databases%2C+Bibliographic"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Databases, Bibliographic">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Databases, Bibliographic&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Databases, Bibliographic&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Diagnosis*"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-1"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Diagnosis*
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-1"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Diagnosis*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Diagnosis%22%5BMAJR%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Diagnosis%22%5BMAJR%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Diagnosis&quot;[MAJR]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Diagnosis*">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Diagnosis"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Diagnosis*">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Diagnosis&quot;[MAJR]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Diagnosis&quot;[MAJR]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Information Storage and Retrieval / methods*"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-2"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Information Storage and Retrieval / methods*
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-2"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Information Storage and Retrieval / methods*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Information+Storage+and+Retrieval%2Fmethods%22%5BMAJR%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Information+Storage+and+Retrieval%2Fmethods%22%5BMAJR%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Information Storage and Retrieval/methods&quot;[MAJR]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Information Storage and Retrieval / methods*">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Information+Storage+and+Retrieval"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Information Storage and Retrieval / methods*">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Information Storage and Retrieval/methods&quot;[MAJR]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Information Storage and Retrieval/methods&quot;[MAJR]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Information Storage and Retrieval / standards"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Information Storage and Retrieval / standards
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Information Storage and Retrieval / standards"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Information+Storage+and+Retrieval%2Fstandards%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Information+Storage+and+Retrieval%2Fstandards%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Information Storage and Retrieval/standards&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Information Storage and Retrieval / standards">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Information+Storage+and+Retrieval"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Information Storage and Retrieval / standards">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Information Storage and Retrieval/standards&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Information Storage and Retrieval/standards&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword MEDLINE"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
MEDLINE
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword MEDLINE"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22MEDLINE%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22MEDLINE%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;MEDLINE&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="MEDLINE">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=MEDLINE"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="MEDLINE">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;MEDLINE&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;MEDLINE&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Reference Standards"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Reference Standards
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Reference Standards"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Reference+Standards%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Reference+Standards%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Reference Standards&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Reference Standards">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Reference+Standards"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Reference Standards">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Reference Standards&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Reference Standards&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Review Literature as Topic"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Review Literature as Topic
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Review Literature as Topic"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Review+Literature+as+Topic%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Review+Literature+as+Topic%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Review Literature as Topic&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Review Literature as Topic">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Review+Literature+as+Topic"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Review Literature as Topic">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Review Literature as Topic&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Review Literature as Topic&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Search Engine"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Search Engine
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Search Engine"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Search+Engine%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Search+Engine%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Search Engine&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Search Engine">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Search+Engine"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Search Engine">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Search Engine&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Search Engine&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Sensitivity and Specificity"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Sensitivity and Specificity
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Sensitivity and Specificity"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Sensitivity+and+Specificity%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Sensitivity+and+Specificity%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Sensitivity and Specificity&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Sensitivity and Specificity">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Sensitivity+and+Specificity"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Sensitivity and Specificity">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Sensitivity and Specificity&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Sensitivity and Specificity&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Subject Headings*"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-9"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Subject Headings*
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-9"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Subject Headings*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Subject+Headings%22%5BMAJR%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Subject+Headings%22%5BMAJR%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Subject Headings&quot;[MAJR]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Subject Headings*">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Subject+Headings"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Subject Headings*">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Subject Headings&quot;[MAJR]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Subject Headings&quot;[MAJR]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
</div>
<div id="related-links" class="related-links">
<h2 class="title">
Related information
</h2>
<ul class="related-links-list"><li><a title="PubMed links associated with Books" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books?linkname=pubmed_books_refs&amp;from_uid=24022476"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=24022476&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1">
Cited in Books
</a></li></ul>
</div>
<div id="grants" class="grants">
<h2 class="title">
Grants and funding
</h2>
<div class="grants-list"><ul id="grants-head-list"><li class="grant-item"><a
title="All articles for grant G0801405/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom"
href="/?term=G0801405%2FMRC_%2FMedical+Research+Council%2FUnited+Kingdom%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=grant_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="grant"
data-ga-label="G0801405"
>
G0801405/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
</a></li></ul></div>
</div>
<div id="linkout" class="linkout">
<h2 class="title">
LinkOut - more resources
</h2>
<ul class="linkout-list"><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Full Text Sources</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a
href="https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/24022476"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=6082&uid=24022476&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=100909747"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Full Text Sources"
data-ga-label="Europe PubMed Central"
>
Europe PubMed Central
</a></li><li><a
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/24022476/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=3494&uid=24022476&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=100909747"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Full Text Sources"
data-ga-label="PubMed Central"
>
PubMed Central
</a></li><li><a
href="https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000022.pub3"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=3058&uid=24022476&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=100909747"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Full Text Sources"
data-ga-label="Wiley"
>
Wiley
</a></li></ul></li><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Other Literature Sources</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a
href="https://scite.ai/reports/24022476"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=10307&uid=24022476&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=100909747"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Other Literature Sources"
data-ga-label="scite Smart Citations"
>
scite Smart Citations
</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div>
</main>
<div class="overlay" role="dialog" aria-label="Full Text Links Dialog">
<div id="full-text-links-dialog" class="dialog full-text-links-dialog">
<strong class="title">Full text links</strong>
<button class="close-overlay" tabindex="3">[x]</button>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000022.pub3"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3058&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=24022476&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=100909747"
title="See full text options at Wiley"
tabindex="1"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Wiley"
data-ga-label="24022476"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/http:--media.wiley.com-assets-7331-42-Cochrane_Library_Logo_RGB_120x30.jpg" alt="Wiley full text link"><span class="text">
Wiley
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/24022476/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=24022476&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=100909747"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
tabindex="2"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="24022476"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="overlay" role="dialog" aria-label="Citation Dialog">
<div class="dialog citation-dialog">
<button class="close-overlay" tabindex="1">[x]</button>
<div class="title">Cite</div>
<div class="citation-text-block">
<div class="citation-text"></div>
<div class="citation-actions">
<button
class="copy-button dialog-focus"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="copy"
tabindex="2">
Copy
</button>
<form method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="RF5HmSDY2BpAyfRaXMmUhREjz9c5TAlK8sPMZI6kCcc4sGX0A5ZWLZaX7dUhMbT4">
<button type="submit"
class="export-button"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="download"
title="Download a file for external citation management software"
tabindex="3">
<span class="download-title">Download .nbib</span>
<span class="download-title-mobile">.nbib</span>
</button>
</form>
<div class="citation-style-selector-wrapper">
<label class="selector-label">Format:</label>
<select aria-label="Format" class="citation-style-selector" tabindex="4">
<option data-style-url-name="ama"
value="AMA"
>
AMA
</option>
<option data-style-url-name="apa"
value="APA"
>
APA
</option>
<option data-style-url-name="mla"
value="MLA"
>
MLA
</option>
<option data-style-url-name="nlm"
value="NLM"
selected="selected">
NLM
</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="overlay" role="dialog" aria-label="More Actions Dialog">
<div id="more-actions-dialog" class="dialog more-actions-dialog">
<strong class="title">Send To</strong>
<ul class="more-actions-links">
<li><a id="clipboard-trigger" role="button" class="submit-button clipboard-trigger clipboard-trigger-target dialog-focus link-item " href="#">Clipboard</a></li>
<li><a class="email-trigger link-item" role="button" href="#">Email</a></li>
<li><a class="save-trigger link-item" role="button" href="#">Save</a></li>
<li><a class="link-item" role="button" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F24022476%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a class="link-item" role="button" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F24022476%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li>
<li><a class="citation-manager-trigger link-item" role="button" href="#">Citation Manager</a></li>
</ul>
<button class="close-overlay">[x]</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="ncbi-footer">
<div class="literature-footer" role="complementary" title="Links to NCBI Literature Resources">
<div class="usa-grid">
<p class="literature-footer-text">NCBI Literature Resources</p>
<p class="literature-footer-text">
<a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/">MeSH</a>
<a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="pmc_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/">PMC</a>
<a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="bookshelf_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books">Bookshelf</a>
<a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" href="/disclaimer/">Disclaimer</a>
</p>
<p class="literature-footer-text attribution-statement">The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.</p>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ========== BEGIN FOOTER ========== -->
<footer>
<section class="icon-section">
<div id="icon-section-header" class="icon-section_header">Follow NCBI</div>
<div class="grid-container container">
<div class="icon-section_container">
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_twitter" href="https://twitter.com/ncbi" aria-label="Twitter">
<svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 37" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title>Twitter</title>
<g id="twitterx1008">
<path id="path1008"
d="M6.06736 7L16.8778 20.8991L6.00001 32.2H10.2L18.6 23.1L25.668 32.2H34L22.8 17.5L31.9 7H28.4L20.7 15.4L14.401 7H6.06898H6.06736ZM9.66753 8.73423H12.9327L29.7327 30.4658H26.5697L9.66753 8.73423Z"
fill="#5B616B"/>
</g>
</svg>
</a>
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/ncbi.nlm" aria-label="Facebook"><svg
data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
<title>Facebook</title>
<path class="cls-11"
d="M210.5,115.12H171.74V97.82c0-8.14,5.39-10,9.19-10h27.14V52l-39.32-.12c-35.66,0-42.42,26.68-42.42,43.77v19.48H99.09v36.32h27.24v109h45.41v-109h35Z">
</path>
</svg></a>
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_linkedin"
href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ncbinlm"
aria-label="LinkedIn"><svg data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
<title>LinkedIn</title>
<path class="cls-11"
d="M101.64,243.37H57.79v-114h43.85Zm-22-131.54h-.26c-13.25,0-21.82-10.36-21.82-21.76,0-11.65,8.84-21.15,22.33-21.15S101.7,78.72,102,90.38C102,101.77,93.4,111.83,79.63,111.83Zm100.93,52.61A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,163,182v61.39H119.18s.51-105.23,0-114H163v13a54.33,54.33,0,0,1,34.54-12.66c26,0,44.39,18.8,44.39,55.29v58.35H198.1V182A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,180.56,164.44Z">
</path>
</svg></a>
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_github" href="https://github.com/ncbi" aria-label="GitHub"><svg
data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
<defs>
<style>
.cls-11,
.cls-12 {
fill: #737373;
}
.cls-11 {
fill-rule: evenodd;
}
</style>
</defs>
<title>GitHub</title>
<path class="cls-11"
d="M151.36,47.28a105.76,105.76,0,0,0-33.43,206.1c5.28,1,7.22-2.3,7.22-5.09,0-2.52-.09-10.85-.14-19.69-29.42,6.4-35.63-12.48-35.63-12.48-4.81-12.22-11.74-15.47-11.74-15.47-9.59-6.56.73-6.43.73-6.43,10.61.75,16.21,10.9,16.21,10.9,9.43,16.17,24.73,11.49,30.77,8.79,1-6.83,3.69-11.5,6.71-14.14C108.57,197.1,83.88,188,83.88,147.51a40.92,40.92,0,0,1,10.9-28.39c-1.1-2.66-4.72-13.42,1-28,0,0,8.88-2.84,29.09,10.84a100.26,100.26,0,0,1,53,0C198,88.3,206.9,91.14,206.9,91.14c5.76,14.56,2.14,25.32,1,28a40.87,40.87,0,0,1,10.89,28.39c0,40.62-24.74,49.56-48.29,52.18,3.79,3.28,7.17,9.71,7.17,19.58,0,14.15-.12,25.54-.12,29,0,2.82,1.9,6.11,7.26,5.07A105.76,105.76,0,0,0,151.36,47.28Z">
</path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M85.66,199.12c-.23.52-1.06.68-1.81.32s-1.2-1.06-.95-1.59,1.06-.69,1.82-.33,1.21,1.07.94,1.6Zm-1.3-1">
</path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M90,203.89c-.51.47-1.49.25-2.16-.49a1.61,1.61,0,0,1-.31-2.19c.52-.47,1.47-.25,2.17.49s.82,1.72.3,2.19Zm-1-1.08">
</path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M94.12,210c-.65.46-1.71,0-2.37-.91s-.64-2.07,0-2.52,1.7,0,2.36.89.65,2.08,0,2.54Zm0,0"></path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M99.83,215.87c-.58.64-1.82.47-2.72-.41s-1.18-2.06-.6-2.7,1.83-.46,2.74.41,1.2,2.07.58,2.7Zm0,0">
</path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M107.71,219.29c-.26.82-1.45,1.2-2.64.85s-2-1.34-1.74-2.17,1.44-1.23,2.65-.85,2,1.32,1.73,2.17Zm0,0">
</path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M116.36,219.92c0,.87-1,1.59-2.24,1.61s-2.29-.68-2.3-1.54,1-1.59,2.26-1.61,2.28.67,2.28,1.54Zm0,0">
</path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M124.42,218.55c.15.85-.73,1.72-2,1.95s-2.37-.3-2.52-1.14.73-1.75,2-2,2.37.29,2.53,1.16Zm0,0"></path>
</svg></a>
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_blog" href="https://ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" aria-label="Blog">
<svg id="Layer_1" data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><defs><style>.cls-1{fill:#737373;}</style></defs><path class="cls-1" d="M14,30a4,4,0,1,1-4-4,4,4,0,0,1,4,4Zm11,3A19,19,0,0,0,7.05,15a1,1,0,0,0-1,1v3a1,1,0,0,0,.93,1A14,14,0,0,1,20,33.07,1,1,0,0,0,21,34h3a1,1,0,0,0,1-1Zm9,0A28,28,0,0,0,7,6,1,1,0,0,0,6,7v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1A23,23,0,0,1,29,33a1,1,0,0,0,1,1h3A1,1,0,0,0,34,33Z"/></svg>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="container-fluid bg-primary">
<div class="container pt-5">
<div class="row mt-3">
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
<p><a class="text-white" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html">Connect with NLM</a></p>
<ul class="list-inline social_media">
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH" aria-label="Twitter"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
<svg width="35" height="35" viewBox="0 0 38 35" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title>Twitter</title>
<g id="twitterx1009" clip-path="url(#clip0_65276_3946)">
<path id="Vector" d="M17.5006 34.6565C26.9761 34.6565 34.6575 26.9751 34.6575 17.4996C34.6575 8.02416 26.9761 0.342773 17.5006 0.342773C8.02514 0.342773 0.34375 8.02416 0.34375 17.4996C0.34375 26.9751 8.02514 34.6565 17.5006 34.6565Z" fill="#205493" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-miterlimit="10"></path>
<path id="path1009" d="M8.54811 8.5L16.2698 18.4279L8.50001 26.5H11.5L17.5 20L22.5486 26.5H28.5L20.5 16L27 8.5H24.5L19 14.5L14.5007 8.5H8.54927H8.54811ZM11.1197 9.73873H13.4519L25.4519 25.2613H23.1926L11.1197 9.73873Z" fill="white"></path>
</g>
<defs>
<clipPath id="clip0_65276_3946">
<rect width="38" height="38" fill="white"></rect>
</clipPath>
</defs>
</svg></a>
</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine"
aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
<svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px"
y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
<style type="text/css">
.st10 {
fill: #FFFFFF;
}
.st110 {
fill: none;
stroke: #FFFFFF;
stroke-width: 8;
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
}
</style>
<title>SM-Facebook</title>
<g>
<g>
<path class="st10" d="M159,99.1h-24V88.4c0-5,3.3-6.2,5.7-6.2h16.8V60l-24.4-0.1c-22.1,0-26.2,16.5-26.2,27.1v12.1H90v22.5h16.9
v67.5H135v-67.5h21.7L159,99.1z"></path>
</g>
</g>
<circle class="st110" cx="123.6" cy="123.2" r="108.2"></circle>
</svg>
</a></li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH" aria-label="Youtube"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249"
style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
<title>SM-Youtube</title>
<style type="text/css">
.st4 {
fill: none;
stroke: #FFFFFF;
stroke-width: 8;
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
}
.st5 {
fill: #FFFFFF;
}
</style>
<circle class="st4" cx="124.2" cy="123.4" r="108.2"></circle>
<g transform="translate(0,-952.36218)">
<path class="st5"
d="M88.4,1037.4c-10.4,0-18.7,8.3-18.7,18.7v40.1c0,10.4,8.3,18.7,18.7,18.7h72.1c10.4,0,18.7-8.3,18.7-18.7
v-40.1c0-10.4-8.3-18.7-18.7-18.7H88.4z M115.2,1058.8l29.4,17.4l-29.4,17.4V1058.8z"></path>
</g>
</svg></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
<p class="address_footer text-white">National Library of Medicine<br>
<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323"
class="text-white" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">8600 Rockville Pike<br>
Bethesda, MD 20894</a></p>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
<p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" class="text-white">Web Policies</a><br>
<a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office"
class="text-white">FOIA</a><br>
<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="text-white" id="vdp">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></p>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
<p><a class="supportLink text-white" href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/">Help</a><br>
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html" class="text-white">Accessibility</a><br>
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html" class="text-white">Careers</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12 centered-lg">
<nav class="bottom-links">
<ul class="mt-3">
<li>
<a class="text-white" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="text-white"
href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a>
</li>
<li>
<a
class="text-white" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</footer>
<!-- ========== END FOOTER ========== -->
<!-- javascript to inject NWDS meta tags. Note: value of nwds_version is updated by "npm version" command -->
<script type="text/javascript">
var nwds_version = "1.2.3";
var meta_nwds_ver = document.createElement('meta');
meta_nwds_ver.name = 'ncbi_nwds_ver';
meta_nwds_ver.content = nwds_version;
document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(meta_nwds_ver);
var meta_nwds = document.createElement('meta');
meta_nwds.name = 'ncbi_nwds';
meta_nwds.content = 'yes';
document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(meta_nwds);
var alertsUrl = "/core/alerts/alerts.js";
if (typeof ncbiBaseUrl !== 'undefined') {
alertsUrl = ncbiBaseUrl + alertsUrl;
}
</script>
</div>
<!-- jQuery with plugins -->
<script src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/CACHE/js/output.293fbf76aa18.js"></script>
<!-- Project base scripts -->
<script src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/CACHE/js/output.550e9c8906a2.js"></script>
<script>
ncbi.awesome.basePage.init({
userInfo: {
isLoggedIn: false,
username: "",
loginUrl: "https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F24022476%2F",
logoutUrl: "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24022476/"
},
baseUrl: 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov',
noSessionCookieName: "pm-ns",
searchIdCookieName: "pm-sid",
adjNavSearchIdCookieName: "pm-adjnav-sid",
searchFormSubmittedCookieName: "pm-sfs",
isOnSearchPageCookieName: "pm-iosp",
backToSearchCookieName: "pm-btsl",
clinicalSeeAllCookieName: "pm-csa",
jsCookieDomain: "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
userShareRequestFailed: "",
noSharedSettings: "myncbi_no_shared_settings",
noSharedAccount: "myncbi_no_shared_account"
});
</script>
<script type="module">
import dismissableNCBIAlert from "https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/core/dismissable-ncbi-alert.js";
jQuery.getScript("https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/alerts/alerts.js", function () {
galert(['body > *:last-child']);
dismissableNCBIAlert();
}).fail(function() {
});
</script>
<script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/pinger/pinger.js"> </script>
<script src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/CACHE/js/output.bf6785e60568.js"></script>
<script>
ncbi.awesome.articlePage.init({
baseSuggestionsUrl: "/suggestions/",
mathJaxUrl: "https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/mathjax/unpacked/MathJax.js?config=MML_CHTML",
clipboardAPIRoot: "/ajax/clipboard/",
clipboardNextPageUrl: "/clipboard-next-page/",
searchIdCookieName: "pm-sid",
searchFormSubmittedCookieName: "pm-sfs",
backToSearchCookieName: "pm-btsl",
jsCookieDomain: "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
longTermPrefix: "longquery",
adjNavURLPath: "/24022476/adj-nav/",
adjNavSearchIdCookieName: "pm-adjnav-sid",
articlePageUrl: "/24022476/",
markJSUrl: "https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/mark.js/dist/jquery.mark.js",
termHighlightColor: "",
highlightedTokens: "",
citeFormatPreferenceCookieName: "pm-cf"
});
</script>
</body>
</html>