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<meta name="description" content="The evidence clearly supports the superiority of parenteral artesunate over quinine for the treatment of severe malaria in both adults and children and in different regions of the world."><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:22696354, PMC6532684, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005967.pub4, Meta-Analysis, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov&#x27;t, Review, Systematic Review, David Sinclair, Sarah Donegan, David G Lalloo, Adult, Antimalarials / administration &amp; dosage, Antimalarials / therapeutic use*, Artemisinins / administration &amp; dosage, Artemisinins / therapeutic use*, Artesunate, Child, Humans, Injections, Intramuscular, Injections, Intravenous, Malaria / drug therapy*, Malaria / mortality, Quinine / administration &amp; dosage, Quinine / therapeutic use*, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="Artesunate versus quinine for treating severe malaria - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22696354/"><meta property="og:description" content="The evidence clearly supports the superiority of parenteral artesunate over quinine for the treatment of severe malaria in both adults and children and in different regions of the world."><meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:site_name" content="PubMed"><meta name="twitter:domain" content="pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:title" content="Artesunate versus quinine for treating severe malaria - PubMed"><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22696354/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="The evidence clearly supports the superiority of parenteral artesunate over quinine for the treatment of severe malaria in both adults and children and in different regions of the world."><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">
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<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="1BNIENB0KPjarT2ycMx74eoo2REvinsYioxNhD4mkq6Elk8oP5a9ymU2AVmHbY0i">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="1BNIENB0KPjarT2ycMx74eoo2REvinsYioxNhD4mkq6Elk8oP5a9ymU2AVmHbY0i">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="1BNIENB0KPjarT2ycMx74eoo2REvinsYioxNhD4mkq6Elk8oP5a9ymU2AVmHbY0i">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="1BNIENB0KPjarT2ycMx74eoo2REvinsYioxNhD4mkq6Elk8oP5a9ymU2AVmHbY0i">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="1BNIENB0KPjarT2ycMx74eoo2REvinsYioxNhD4mkq6Elk8oP5a9ymU2AVmHbY0i">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="22696354">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005967.pub4"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3058&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=22696354&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=100909747"
title="See full text options at Wiley"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Wiley"
data-ga-label="22696354"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/http:--media.wiley.com-assets-7331-42-Cochrane_Library_Logo_RGB_120x30.jpg" alt="Wiley full text link"><span class="text">
Wiley
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/22696354/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=22696354&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=100909747"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="22696354"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/22696354/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/22696354/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="22696354" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F22696354%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="1BNIENB0KPjarT2ycMx74eoo2REvinsYioxNhD4mkq6Elk8oP5a9ymU2AVmHbY0i"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
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Artesunate versus quinine for treating severe malaria
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Background:
</strong>
Severe malaria results in over a million deaths every year, most of them in children aged under five years and living in sub-Saharan Africa. This review examines whether treatment with artesunate, instead of the standard treatment quinine, would result in fewer deaths and better treatment outcomes.
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To compare artesunate with quinine for treating severe malaria.
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We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, ISI Web of Science, the metaRegister of Controlled trials (mRCT), conference proceedings, and reference lists of articles to November 2010.
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Selection criteria:
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Randomized controlled trials comparing intravenous, intramuscular, or rectal artesunate with intravenous or intramuscular quinine for treating adults and children with severe malaria who are unable to take medication by mouth.
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Data collection and analysis:
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Two authors independently assessed the eligibility and risk of bias of trials, and extracted and analysed data. The primary outcome was all-cause death. Dichotomous outcomes were summarized using risk ratios (RR) and continuous outcomes by mean differences (MD). Where appropriate, we combined data in meta-analyses.
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Main results:
</strong>
Eight trials enrolling 1664 adults and 5765 children are included in this review.Treatment with artesunate significantly reduced the risk of death both in adults (RR 0.61, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.50 to 0.75; 1664 participants, five trials) and children (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.90; 5765 participants, four trials)In children, treatment with artesunate increased the incidence of neurological sequelae at the time of hospital discharge. The majority of these sequelae were transient and no significant difference between treatments was seen at later follow up.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Authors&#x27; conclusions:
</strong>
The evidence clearly supports the superiority of parenteral artesunate over quinine for the treatment of severe malaria in both adults and children and in different regions of the world.
</p>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest">
<h2 class="title">
Conflict of interest statement
</h2>
<div class="statement">
<p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">Dr David Lalloo was part of the data and safety monitoring committee for the two Dondorp trials. This committee is independent, does not run or gain anything from the trial, and has a main role of protecting participants.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figures" id="figures">
<h2 class="title">
Figures
</h2>
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<p> 1 </p>
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<p> 1 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for… </p></div>
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1
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.</div>
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-1"
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<p> 2 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Forest plot of comparison: 1 Artesunate… </p></div>
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</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 2 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Forest plot of comparison: 1 Artesunate vs quinine, outcome: 1.1 Death: participant age [Relative… </p></div>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
2
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Forest plot of comparison: 1 Artesunate vs quinine, outcome: 1.1 Death: participant age [Relative effect].</div>
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id="article-image-2"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Forest plot of comparison: 1 Artesunate… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Forest plot of comparison: 1 Artesunate vs quinine, outcome: 1.9 Neurological sequelae at discharge. </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
3
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Forest plot of comparison: 1 Artesunate vs quinine, outcome: 1.9 Neurological sequelae at discharge.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
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data-figure-id="CD005967-fig-0004">
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id="article-image-3"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fb62/6532684/3d24a95c8bb3/nCD005967-AFig-FIG04.gif"
alt="4" />
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Forest plot of comparison: 1 Artesunate… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Forest plot of comparison: 1 Artesunate vs quinine, outcome: 1.15 Hypoglycaemia episodes: by age… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
4
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Forest plot of comparison: 1 Artesunate vs quinine, outcome: 1.15 Hypoglycaemia episodes: by age of participants.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
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itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="4"
data-label-slug="11">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fb62/6532684/eff026304fd5/nCD005967-CMP-001-01.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-4"
role="button"
data-image-width="566"
data-image-height="308"
data-image-alt="1.1"
data-pmc-id="PMC6532684"
data-figure-id="CD005967-fig-0005">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-4"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fb62/6532684/7a9d3b9d37c2/nCD005967-CMP-001-01.gif"
alt="1.1" />
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<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1.1. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine,… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1.1. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 1 Death: participant age. </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
1.1. Analysis
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 1 Death: participant age.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="5"
data-label-slug="12">
<a class="figure-link"
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itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-5"
role="button"
data-image-width="566"
data-image-height="349"
data-image-alt="1.2"
data-pmc-id="PMC6532684"
data-figure-id="CD005967-fig-0006">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-5"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fb62/6532684/c54aa8e839dd/nCD005967-CMP-001-02.gif"
alt="1.2" />
</a>
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<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1.2. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine,… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1.2. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 2 Death: time since admission to hospital… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
1.2. Analysis
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 2 Death: time since admission to hospital [sensitivity analysis].</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item tail"
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data-slide-index="6"
data-label-slug="13">
<a class="figure-link"
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itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-6"
role="button"
data-image-width="566"
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data-image-alt="1.3"
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data-figure-id="CD005967-fig-0007">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-6"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fb62/6532684/ff913e029227/nCD005967-CMP-001-03.gif"
alt="1.3" />
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1.3. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine,… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1.3. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 3 Death: intravenous vs intramuscular artesunate [sensitivity… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
1.3. Analysis
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 3 Death: intravenous vs intramuscular artesunate [sensitivity analysis].</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item tail"
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itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-7"
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data-image-width="566"
data-image-height="248"
data-image-alt="1.4"
data-pmc-id="PMC6532684"
data-figure-id="CD005967-fig-0008">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-7"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fb62/6532684/fbef4e163c2b/nCD005967-CMP-001-04.gif"
alt="1.4" />
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1.4. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine,… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1.4. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 4 Neurological sequelae at discharge. </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-7" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
1.4. Analysis
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 4 Neurological sequelae at discharge.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item tail"
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data-label-slug="15">
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aria-describedby="figure-caption-8"
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data-image-height="212"
data-image-alt="1.5"
data-pmc-id="PMC6532684"
data-figure-id="CD005967-fig-0009">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-8"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fb62/6532684/3f04f6193ed7/nCD005967-CMP-001-05.gif"
alt="1.5" />
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<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1.5. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine,… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1.5. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 5 Neurological sequelae at day 28. </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-8" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
1.5. Analysis
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 5 Neurological sequelae at day 28.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item tail"
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="9"
data-label-slug="16">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fb62/6532684/b6ada483df75/nCD005967-CMP-001-06.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-9"
role="button"
data-image-width="566"
data-image-height="157"
data-image-alt="1.6"
data-pmc-id="PMC6532684"
data-figure-id="CD005967-fig-0010">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-9"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fb62/6532684/1d2e3583cac4/nCD005967-CMP-001-06.gif"
alt="1.6" />
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<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1.6. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine,… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1.6. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 6 Coma recovery time (hours). </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-9" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
1.6. Analysis
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 6 Coma recovery time (hours).</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item tail"
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="10"
data-label-slug="17">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fb62/6532684/db0775802034/nCD005967-CMP-001-07.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-10"
role="button"
data-image-width="566"
data-image-height="119"
data-image-alt="1.7"
data-pmc-id="PMC6532684"
data-figure-id="CD005967-fig-0011">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-10"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fb62/6532684/d6ef729a2e80/nCD005967-CMP-001-07.gif"
alt="1.7" />
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<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1.7. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine,… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1.7. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 7 Time to hospital discharge (days). </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-10" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
1.7. Analysis
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 7 Time to hospital discharge (days).</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item tail"
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="11"
data-label-slug="18">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fb62/6532684/c4c4dc10a3a4/nCD005967-CMP-001-08.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-11"
role="button"
data-image-width="566"
data-image-height="207"
data-image-alt="1.8"
data-pmc-id="PMC6532684"
data-figure-id="CD005967-fig-0012">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-11"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/fb62/6532684/ed62d5d198ea/nCD005967-CMP-001-08.gif"
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<p> 1.8. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine,… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
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<p> 1.8. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 8 Fever clearance time (hours). </p></div>
</div>
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1.8. Analysis
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 8 Fever clearance time (hours).</div>
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
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<p> 1.9. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine,… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
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<p> 1.9. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 9 Parasite clearance time (hours). </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-12" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
1.9. Analysis
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 9 Parasite clearance time (hours).</div>
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-13"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> 1.10. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine,… </p></div>
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</div>
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<p> 1.10. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 10 Hypoglycaemia episodes: by age of participants. </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-13" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
1.10. Analysis
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 10 Hypoglycaemia episodes: by age of participants.</div>
</figcaption>
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data-label-slug="111">
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<p> 1.11. Analysis </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine,… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
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<p> 1.11. Analysis </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 11 Hypoglycaemia episodes: by method of monitoring. </p></div>
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1.11. Analysis
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Comparison 1 Artesunate vs quinine, Outcome 11 Hypoglycaemia episodes: by method of monitoring.</div>
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Manual blood exchange transfusion does not significantly contribute to parasite clearance in artesunate-treated individuals with imported severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
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<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Kreeftmeijer-Vegter AR, Melo Mde M, de Vries PJ, Koelewijn R, van Hellemond JJ, van Genderen PJ.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Kreeftmeijer-Vegter AR, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Malar J. 2013 Mar 27;12:115. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-115.</span>
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<h2 class="title">
References
</h2>
<div id='top-references-list' class="references-lists-container">
<div class="refs-list">
<h4 class="refs-list-title">References to studies included in this review</h4>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Anh 1989 {unpublished data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-2" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Anh TK. Efficacy of qinghaosu in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. World Health Organization report [M20/181/38].
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Anh TK, Kim NV, Bich NN, Huong <a class="external-link-urlize" href="http://N.ng" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">N.ng</a>, Phuong N.V, et al. Randomized comparative study of artesunate intravenously and quinine in loading dose IV on severe and complicated malaria. Unpublished report.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Anh 1995 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-3" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Anh TK. Standard dose quinine &amp; IV artesunate in treatment of severe and complicated falciparum malaria [WHO/Geneva/TDCRC/CRH]. Malaria Symposium &amp; Workshop, Vungtau 1992.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Anh TK, Binh TQ, Kim NV, et al. Comparative study of intravenous artesunate followed by oral mefloquine versus intravenous quinine in the treatment of severe and complicated malaria in Viet Nam. Unpublished report 1995.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Anh TK, Binh TQ, Kim NV, et al. Comparative study of intravenous artesunate followed by oral mefloquine versus intravenous quinine in the treatment of severe and complicated malaria in Vietnam. Symposium on Tropical Medicine, Sanya, China. Institute Guangzhou University of TCM, 1995; Vol. 12:8‐9.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Cao 1997 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-4" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Cao XT, Bethell DB, Pham TP, Ta TT, Tran TN, Nguyen TT, et al. Comparison of artemisinin suppositories, intramuscular artesunate and intravenous quinine for the treatment of severe childhood malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1997;91(3):335‐42.
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href="/9231212/"
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</ol>
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<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Dondorp 2005 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-5" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Dondorp A, Nosten F, Stepniewska K, Day N, White N. Artesunate versus quinine for treatment of severe falciparum malaria: a randomised trial. Lancet 2005;366(9487):717‐25.
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="/16125588/"
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PubMed
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</ol>
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<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Dondorp 2010 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-6" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Dondorp AM, Fanello CI, Hendriksen IC, Gomes E, Seni A, Chhaganlal KD, et al. Artesunate versus quinine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria in African children (AQUAMAT): an open‐label, randomised trial. Lancet 2010;376(9753):1647‐57.
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3033534/"
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PubMed
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<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Eltahir 2010 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-7" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Eltahir HG, Omer AA, Mohamed AA, Adam I. Comparison of artesunate and quinine in the treatment of Sudanese children with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2010;104(10):684‐6.
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<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Hien 1992 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-8" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Hien TT, Arnold K, Vinh H, Cuong BM, Phu NH, Chau TT, et al. Comparison of artemisinin suppositories with intravenous artesunate and intravenous quinine in the treatment of cerebral malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1992;86(6):582‐3.
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="/1287904/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="1287904"
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PubMed
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</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Vinh H, Arnold K, Cuong B, Phu N, Chau T, Hao N. Treatment of cerebral malaria comparing artemisinin suppositories with intravenous artesunate and intravenous quinine. XIIIth International Congress for Tropical Medicine and Malaria; Pattaya, Thailand. 1992:9.
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class="reference-link"
href="/1287904/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
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<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Newton 2003 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-9" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Newton PN, Angus BJ, Chierakul W, Dondorp A, Ruangveerayuth R, Silamut K, et al. Randomized comparison of artesunate and quinine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2003;37(1):7‐16.
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class="reference-link"
href="/12830403/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
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PubMed
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</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h4 class="refs-list-title">References to studies excluded from this review</h4>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Aguwa 2010 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-11" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Aguwa CN, Ukwe CV, Adibe MO. A comparative study of quinine and artemether in the treatment of severe malaria in Nigerian children [Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research]. 2010 9;1:11‐17.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Awad 2003 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-12" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Awad MI, Alkadru AM, Behrens RH, Baraka OZ, Eltayeb IB. Descriptive study on the efficacy and safety of artesunate suppository in combination with other antimalarials in the treatment of severe malaria in Sudan. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2003;68(2):153‐8.
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class="reference-link"
href="/12641404/"
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data-ga-category="reference"
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Barnes 2004 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-13" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Barnes KI, Mwenechanya J, Tembo M, McIlleron H, Folb PI, Ribeiro I, et al. Efficacy of rectal artesunate compared with parenteral quinine in initial treatment of moderately severe malaria in African children and adults: a randomised study. Lancet 2004;363(9421):1598‐605.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/15145633/"
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data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="15145633"
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PubMed
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</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Bounyasong 2001 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-14" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Bounyasong S. Randomized trial of artesunate and mefloquine in comparison with quinine sulfate to treat P. falciparum malaria pregnant women. Journal of Medical Association of Thailand 2001;84(9):1288‐99.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/11800303/"
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data-ga-category="reference"
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Haroon 2005 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-15" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Haroon N, Amichandwala K, Solu M. Comparative efficacy of quinine and artesunate in the treatment of severe malaria: A randomized controlled trial. JK Science 2005;7(1):32‐5.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Krudsood 2003 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-16" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Krudsood S, Wilairatana P, Vannaphan S, Treeprasertsuk S, Silachamroon U, Phomrattanaprapin W, et al. Clinical experience with intravenous quinine, intramuscular artemether and intravenous artesunate for the treatment of severe malaria in Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2003;34(1):54‐61.
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3114420/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC3114420"
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PMC
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-
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Li 1990 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-17" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Li G, Guo X, Fu L. A randomised comparative study of artesunate versus quinine dihydrochloride in the treatment of falciparum malaria. Clinical Trials on Qinghaosu and its Derivatives; Guangzhou, China. 1990; Vol. 1:50‐8.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">McGready 2001a {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-18" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
McGready R, Cho T, Samuel, Villegas L, Brockman A, Vugt M, et al. Randomized comparison of quinine‐clindamycin versus artesunate in the treatment of falciparum malaria in pregnancy. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2001;95(6):651‐6.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/11816439/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="11816439"
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">McGready 2001b {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-19" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
McGready R, Cho T, Keo NK, Thwai KL, Villegas L, Looareesuwan S, et al. Artemisinin antimalarials in pregnancy: a prospective treatment study of 539 episodes of multidrug‐resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001;33(12):2009‐16.
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="/11712093/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="11712093"
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Mohanty 2004 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-20" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Mohanty AK, Rath BK, Mohanty R, Samal AK, Mishra K. Randomized control trial of quinine and artesunate in complicated malaria. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2004;71(4):291‐5.
-
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href="/15107507/"
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</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Newton 2001 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-21" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Newton PN, Chierakul W, Ruangveerayuth R, Silamut K, Teerapong P, Krudsood S, et al. A comparison of artesunate alone with combined artesunate and quinine in the parenteral treatment of acute falciparum malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2001;95(5):519‐23.
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class="reference-link"
href="/11706665/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Osanuga 2009 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-22" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Osonuga OA, Osonuga IO. Parasitaemia changes in the course of treatment of severe malaria patients with artemether and quinine (A preliminary study). Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 2009;2(4):319‐323.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Phu 2010 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-23" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Phu NH, Tuan PQ, Day N, Mai NT, Chau TT, Chuong LV, et al. Randomized controlled trial of artesunate or artemether in Vietnamese adults with severe falciparum malaria. Malaria 2010;9(97):doi: 10.1186/1475‐2875‐9‐97.
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href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2873528/"
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
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</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Pukrittayakamee 2004 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-24" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Pukrittayakamee S, Chotivanich K, Chantra A, Clemens R, Looareesuwan S, White NJ. Activities of artesunate and primaquine against asexual‐ and sexual‐stage parasites in falciparum malaria. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2004;48(4):1329‐34.
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<a
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href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC375327/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
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PMC
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<a
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data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="15047537"
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Win 1992 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-25" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Win K, Than M, Thwe Y. Comparison of combinations of parenteral artemisinin derivatives plus oral mefloquine with intravenous quinine plus oral tetracycline for treating cerebral malaria. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1992;70(6):777‐82.
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2393408/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
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PMC
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<a
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Zhao 2001 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-26" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Zhao J. Artesunate for 321 patients with falciparum malaria in the Republic of Mali. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies 2001;20(4):275‐7.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h4 class="refs-list-title">Additional references</h4>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Adjuik 2004</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-28" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Adjuik M, Babiker A, Garner P, Olliaro P, Taylor W, White N, International Artemisinin Study Group. Artesunate combinations for treatment of malaria: meta‐analysis. Lancet 2004;363(9402):9‐17.
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<a
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href="/14723987/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="14723987"
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Afolabi 2004</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-29" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">Ribeiro 1998</h5>
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Ribeiro IR, Olliaro P. Safety of artemisinin and its derivatives. A review of published and unpublished clinical trials. Medecine Tropicale 1998;58 Suppl 3:50‐3.
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">ter Kuile 1993</h5>
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ter Kuile F, White NJ, Holloway P, Pasvol G, Krishna S. Plasmodium falciparum: in vitro studies of the pharmacodynamic properties of drugs used for the treatment of severe malaria. Experimental Parasitology 1993;76(1):85‐95.
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">Toovey 2004</h5>
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Toovey S, Jamieson A. Audiometric changes associated with the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria with co‐artemether. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2004;98(5):261‐7.
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">van Der Torn 1996</h5>
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Torn M, Thuma PE, Mabeza GF, Biemba G, Moyo VM, McLaren CE, et al. Loading dose of quinine in African children with cerebral malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1998;92(3):325‐31.
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">White 1983</h5>
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White NJ, Warrell DA, Chanthavanich P, Looareesuwan S, Warrell MJ, Krishna S, et al. Severe hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in falciparum malaria. New England Journal of Medicine 1983;309(2):61‐6.
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">White 1983b</h5>
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White NJ, Looareesawan S, Warrell DA, Warrell MJ, Chanthavanich P, Bunnag D, et al. Quinine Loading Dose in Severe Malaria. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1983;32:1‐5.
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WHO. Severe and complicated malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2000;94(suppl 1):1‐90.
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<div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section">
<h2 class="title">
Substances
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