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|
||
data-ga-action="clipboard">
|
||
Clipboard <span class="amount-in-clipboard"></span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<span class="search-input-link user-guide-link" role="navigation" aria-label="User guide">
|
||
<a href="/help/"
|
||
data-ga-category="featured_link"
|
||
data-ga-action="user_guide">
|
||
User Guide
|
||
</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</form>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-page-header">
|
||
<div id="article-top-actions-bar" class="article-top-actions-bar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<div class="actions-container">
|
||
<div class="return-to-search">
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="multiple-results-actions " role="region" aria-label="save, email, send to">
|
||
<button id="save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="save-results save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button><button id="email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="email-results email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Email
|
||
</button><div class="more-actions dropdown-block"><button id="more-actions-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="trigger more-actions-trigger"
|
||
ref="linksrc=show_moreactions_btn"
|
||
aria-label="Send to"
|
||
aria-controls="more-actions-dropdown">Send to</button><div id="more-actions-dropdown" class="dropdown dropdown-container" hidden><div class="content"><ul class="more-actions-links"><li><a class="clipboard-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link "
|
||
href="#"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="clipboard"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Clipboard
|
||
</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link bibliography-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F17728447%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link collections-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F17728447%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li><li><a role="button" class="citation-manager-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link citation-manager-trigger-target" href="#">Citation manager</a></li></ul></div></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region">
|
||
<button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
|
||
title="Change format"
|
||
data-ga-category="display_options"
|
||
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog">
|
||
<span class="button-label">Display options</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
|
||
<div class="title">
|
||
Display options
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
|
||
<div class="format-container">
|
||
<span class="option-label">
|
||
Format
|
||
</span>
|
||
<select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="article-display-format">
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pubmed">PubMed</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="iFjwl3Q00qbaKXcJh88OoLvR5glqKQlSzs3BYTjmA1YEEoizUrLQST1vDk3CDrTc">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-panels-container" class="article-panels-container">
|
||
<div id="save-action-panel" class="save-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Save citation to file
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="save-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="iFjwl3Q00qbaKXcJh88OoLvR5glqKQlSzs3BYTjmA1YEEoizUrLQST1vDk3CDrTc">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option>
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="csv">CSV</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_save_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="email-action-panel"
|
||
class="email-action-panel action-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-recaptcha-script-url="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/enterprise.js?render=explicit&onload=onloadCaptchaCallback"
|
||
data-recaptcha-enabled="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Email citation
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="email-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="iFjwl3Q00qbaKXcJh88OoLvR5glqKQlSzs3BYTjmA1YEEoizUrLQST1vDk3CDrTc">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Subject:
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 17728447 - PubMed</span>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 17728447"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="3363b5773705c8c45f9564885a740b2c4c54f0af703fcb8f9fd8101cd471c232"/>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
To:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
From:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
|
||
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
|
||
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
|
||
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Send email
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="collections-action-panel"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to Collections
|
||
</h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="iFjwl3Q00qbaKXcJh88OoLvR5glqKQlSzs3BYTjmA1YEEoizUrLQST1vDk3CDrTc">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="controls-wrapper">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
|
||
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
|
||
</select>
|
||
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to My Bibliography
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
|
||
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="iFjwl3Q00qbaKXcJh88OoLvR5glqKQlSzs3BYTjmA1YEEoizUrLQST1vDk3CDrTc">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
|
||
<div class="choice-group">
|
||
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
|
||
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="mybib"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your saved search
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
|
||
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
|
||
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="iFjwl3Q00qbaKXcJh88OoLvR5glqKQlSzs3BYTjmA1YEEoizUrLQST1vDk3CDrTc">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of saved search:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="saved-search-name"
|
||
id="saved-search-name"
|
||
class="saved-search-name"
|
||
value=""
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Search terms:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
|
||
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
|
||
Would you like email updates of new search results?
|
||
</span>
|
||
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
|
||
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</fieldset>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Frequency:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
|
||
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
|
||
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
|
||
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
|
||
<option value="day">The first day</option>
|
||
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Report format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
|
||
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Send at most:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
|
||
<option value="1">1 item</option>
|
||
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10 items</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20 items</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50 items</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100 items</option>
|
||
<option value="200">200 items</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
|
||
Send even when there aren't any new results
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Optional text in email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
id="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Create a file for external citation management software
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="iFjwl3Q00qbaKXcJh88OoLvR5glqKQlSzs3BYTjmA1YEEoizUrLQST1vDk3CDrTc">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your RSS Feed
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
|
||
data-search-form-term-value="">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="iFjwl3Q00qbaKXcJh88OoLvR5glqKQlSzs3BYTjmA1YEEoizUrLQST1vDk3CDrTc">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of RSS Feed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
placeholder="Name"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="rss-name"
|
||
id="rss-name"
|
||
class="rss-name"
|
||
value=''
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Number of items displayed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
|
||
<option value="5">5</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10</option>
|
||
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Creating..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create RSS
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
|
||
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
|
||
<button
|
||
type="button"
|
||
disabled
|
||
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="rss"
|
||
data-ga-label="copy">
|
||
Copy
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="17728447">
|
||
<aside class="page-sidebar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
|
||
<div class="full-text-links">
|
||
<div class="full-view">
|
||
<h3 class="title">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="full-text-links-list">
|
||
<a class="link-item
|
||
|
||
dialog-focus"
|
||
href="http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17728447"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=3051&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=17728447&db=pubmed&nlmid=8102140"
|
||
title="See full text options at HighWire"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="HighWire"
|
||
data-ga-label="17728447"
|
||
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/http:--highwire.stanford.edu-icons-externalservices-pubmed-standard-jneuro_final_free.gif" alt="HighWire full text link"><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
HighWire
|
||
|
||
</span></a><a class="link-item
|
||
pmc
|
||
"
|
||
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/17728447/"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=17728447&db=pubmed&nlmid=8102140"
|
||
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="PMC"
|
||
data-ga-label="17728447"
|
||
><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
Free PMC article
|
||
|
||
</span></a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="short-view">
|
||
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="cite"
|
||
data-ga-label="open"
|
||
data-all-citations-url="/17728447/citations/"
|
||
data-citation-style="nlm"
|
||
data-pubmed-format-link="/17728447/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="17728447" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_button"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F17728447%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
|
||
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
|
||
class="dialog collections-dialog"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="iFjwl3Q00qbaKXcJh88OoLvR5glqKQlSzs3BYTjmA1YEEoizUrLQST1vDk3CDrTc"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label><input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button><button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger"
|
||
title="Open dialog with more actions to take"
|
||
ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button
|
||
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2007 Aug 29;27(35):9329-40.</span>
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TASK-3 two-pore domain potassium channels enable sustained high-frequency firing in cerebellar granule neurons
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TASK-3 two-pore domain potassium channels enable sustained high-frequency firing in cerebellar granule neurons
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The ability of neurons, such as cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), to fire action potentials (APs) at high frequencies during sustained depolarization is usually explained in relation to the functional properties of voltage-gated ion channels. Two-pore domain potassium (K(2P)) channels are considered to simply hyperpolarize the resting membrane potential (RMP) by increasing the potassium permeability of the membrane. However, we find that CGNs lacking the TASK-3 type K(2P) channel exhibit marked accommodation of action potential firing. The accommodation phenotype was not associated with any change in the functional properties of the underlying voltage-gated sodium channels, nor could it be explained by the more depolarized RMP that resulted from TASK-3 channel deletion. A functional rescue, involving the introduction of a nonlinear leak conductance with a dynamic current clamp, was able to restore wild-type firing properties to adult TASK-3 knock-out CGNs. Thus, in addition to the accepted role of TASK-3 channels in limiting neuronal excitability, by increasing the resting potassium conductance TASK-3 channels also increase excitability by supporting high-frequency firing once AP threshold is reached.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> TASK-3 KO mice exhibit a… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> TASK-3 KO mice exhibit a reduced potassium leak conductance. <i> In situ </i> hybridization data… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">TASK-3 KO mice exhibit a reduced potassium leak conductance. <i>In situ</i> hybridization data from adult wild-type (<b><i>A</i></b>, <b><i>C</i></b>) and TASK-3 KO (<b><i>B</i></b>, <b><i>D</i></b>) mouse brains comparing the distribution of TASK-3 (<b><i>A</i></b>, <b><i>B</i></b>) and TASK-1 mRNA (<b><i>C</i></b>, <b><i>D</i></b>). TASK-3 mRNA is absent from TASK-3 KO brains with no change in the expression of TASK-1 mRNA. Shown are neocortex (Cx), dentate gyrus (DG), caudate putamen (CPu), medial habenule (Hb), periglomerular (Pgl) and granule neurons (Obgr) of the olfactory bulb, reticular nucleus of the thalamus (RT), and CGNs. Scale bar, 2 mm. <b><i>E</i></b>, Comparison of mRNA levels between wild-type and TASK-3 KO cerebellum (real-time PCR) for seven K<sub>2P</sub> subunits and the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor α6 subunit. The only significant difference between the genotypes was the absence of TASK-3 mRNA (asterisk). A similar pattern was observed for real-time PCR data in the forebrain (data not shown). Error bars indicate SEM. <b><i>F</i></b>, A typical voltage-clamp recording illustrating the standing outward potassium current recorded at −20 mV in a wild-type adult CGN. The command voltage has been maintained at −20 mV for at least 1 min before the amplitude of the non-inactivating component of this leak conductance was measured. The voltage was then ramped down to −110 mV in 800 ms to construct the current–voltage plots shown. <b><i>G</i></b>, These graphs compare the average current–voltage relationships for 34 wild-type CGNs (black trace) and 16 TASK-3 KO CGNs (gray trace).</div>
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src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f058/6673138/b10d93b9fe68/zns0340737190002.gif"
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
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<p> Figure 2. </p>
|
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|
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Alterations in CGN excitability associated… </p></div>
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|
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
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<p> Figure 2. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
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|
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|
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|
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Alterations in CGN excitability associated with the TASK-3 KO. <b> <i> A </i> </b> , Voltage recordings… </p></div>
|
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
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Figure 2.
|
||
</strong>
|
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|
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|
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|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Alterations in CGN excitability associated with the TASK-3 KO. <b><i>A</i></b>, Voltage recordings from adult CGNs during current injection experiments comparing a wild type (black trace) and a TASK-3 KO (gray trace). The current injection protocol for both experiments is illustrated in the bottom trace. In the two examples illustrated, APs are elicited with a smaller current injection in the TASK-3 KO compared with the wild type. However, once AP threshold is passed, the TASK-3 KO CGN accommodates more profoundly than the wild-type CGN. At suprathreshold intensities, complete AP failure is observed by the end of a 300 ms current pulse in this TASK-3 KO CGN. In contrast, at the range of current injections examined, no such behavior was observed in the wild-type CGN. <b><i>B</i></b>, Subthreshold membrane voltage responses for wild-type and TASK-3 KO CGNs during current injection experiments. The left panel illustrates the voltage response during the experiments shown in <b><i>A</i></b>. The right panel plots the average response from 10 wild-type and 16 TASK-3 KO CGNs. <b><i>C</i></b>, AP frequency during current injections for the cells shown in <b><i>A</i></b> (left panel) and average responses across 10 wild-type and 16 TASK-3 KO CGNs (right panel). For the average responses, the current injection has been expressed relative to the threshold current value, and the AP frequency is normalized to the maximum response. Error bars indicate SEM.</div>
|
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
id="article-image-2"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f058/6673138/15aaee07ba3a/zns0340737190003.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 3." />
|
||
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|
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 3. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> AP accommodation at threshold and… </p></div>
|
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|
||
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|
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|
||
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|
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 3. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> AP accommodation at threshold and suprathreshold levels of current injection are altered in… </p></div>
|
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 3.
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">AP accommodation at threshold and suprathreshold levels of current injection are altered in the TASK-3 KO. <b><i>A</i></b>, At threshold current injections, the degree of AP accommodation is greater in TASK-3 KO CGNs compared with wild type. The peak amplitude of the first three APs is marked for the recordings from the two strains. Note that, in the chosen example, the TASK-3 KO has an RMP more hyperpolarized than the wild-type recording, but the threshold voltages were similar. <b><i>B</i></b>, Quantification of the reduction in AP height for the two strains at threshold depolarizations. The AP height has been normalized to first AP and averaged across 44 wild-type and 27 TASK-3 KO CGNs. Error bars indicate SEM. <b><i>C</i></b>, In this example, the wild-type CGN is capable of high-frequency AP firing during suprathreshold depolarization, but profound AP accommodation is apparent in the TASK-3 KO CGN. <b><i>D</i></b>, The accommodation index calculated at suprathreshold depolarizations is plotted against RMP for all wild-type (filled black circles), TASK-3 KO (filled red circles), and TASK-1 KO (open circles) recordings. Note the overlap in RMPs between genotypes and the large degree of accommodation that is only apparent in the TASK-3 KO recordings.</div>
|
||
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|
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|
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|
||
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|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC6673138"
|
||
data-figure-id="F4">
|
||
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|
||
id="article-image-3"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f058/6673138/9c3107565f15/zns0340737190004.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 4." />
|
||
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
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|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 4. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> AP accommodation in TASK-3 KO… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
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|
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 4. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> AP accommodation in TASK-3 KO CGNs is not attributable to the depolarized RMP… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
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|
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|
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|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 4.
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">AP accommodation in TASK-3 KO CGNs is not attributable to the depolarized RMP of TASK-3 KO CGNs. <b><i>A</i></b>, Example of voltage responses from an adult CGN recorded from a TASK-3 KO mouse that exhibits considerable AP accommodation at different imposed RMPs. <b><i>B</i></b>, Example of a wild-type CGN that only exhibits AP accommodation at depolarized potentials more positive than −50 mV. <b><i>C</i></b>, Quantification of the relationship between RMP and the normalized AP frequency in TASK-3 KO adult CGNs. At all imposed RMPs the output of the neurons declines at high stimulus intensities because of the accommodation phenotype. <b><i>D</i></b>, Quantification of the relationship between RMP and the normalized AP frequency in wild-type adult CGNs. AP accommodation only reduces the AP frequency at imposed RMPs more depolarized than −50 mV. Error bars indicate SEM.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
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|
||
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||
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||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
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|
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|
||
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|
||
data-figure-id="F5">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
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id="article-image-4"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f058/6673138/706ff6ae7cea/zns0340737190005.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 5." />
|
||
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||
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|
||
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||
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||
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|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 5. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> AP properties are altered in… </p></div>
|
||
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||
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|
||
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|
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|
||
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|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 5. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> AP properties are altered in CGNs recorded from the TASK-3 KO. <b> <i> A </i> </b> ,… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
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|
||
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|
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|
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
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|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 5.
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">AP properties are altered in CGNs recorded from the TASK-3 KO. <b><i>A</i></b>, Average AP waveforms constructed from recordings in a wild-type (black trace) and TASK-3 KO (gray trace) adult CGN. These two traces illustrate the reduction in AP overshoot, but unaltered AHP in recordings form TASK-3 KO adult CGNs. The first derivative for these two APs is shown in gray. <b><i>B</i></b>, Phase plane plots of the APs shown in <b><i>A</i></b>, illustrating the similar AP threshold in the two waveforms, but reduced rate of AP rise and fall corresponding to a slower AP upstroke and repolarization in the TASK-3 KO CGN (red trace). <b><i>C</i></b>, Plots of the calculated AP overshoot and AHP in the wild-type (black circles; <i>n</i> = 49) and TASK-3 KO (gray circles; <i>n</i> = 29) populations. <b><i>D</i></b>, A scatter plot of the AP threshold against AP width has been constructed for all wild type (black circles) and TASK-3 KO (gray circles) data. All-point histograms were then constructed from the AP width data, and the distributions for wild type and TASK-3 KO data were well described by a single Gaussian distribution (solid and gray lines, respectively). From these data, it is clear that the AP width in TASK-3 KO CGNs was broader than that found in the wild-type population. <b><i>E</i></b>, Plot of the maximum rate of rise against the maximum rate of fall calculated from the phase plane plots for wild-type (black circles) and TASK-3 KO (gray circles) APs. Linear regressions for these two populations are shown as solid black and red lines. The dashed line indicates the predicted linear regression if both rates exhibit similar distributions. <b><i>F</i></b>, Continuous voltage records from a wild-type (top trace) and TASK-3 KO CGN (bottom trace) illustrating the pattern of APs elicited at threshold depolarization. <b><i>G</i></b>, Scatter plot illustrating the change in AP width at the observed instantaneous frequencies calculated in wild-type (black) and TASK-3 KO (gray) CGNs. The solid lines are the result of linear regression in each population.</div>
|
||
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||
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||
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||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
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||
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||
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|
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|
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|
||
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|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f058/6673138/ff77b1775edf/zns0340737190006.jpg"
|
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|
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|
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
data-figure-id="F6">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 6. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Functional properties of voltage-gated channels… </p></div>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
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|
||
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|
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 6. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Functional properties of voltage-gated channels in adult CGNs. <b> <i> A </i> </b> , Current traces showing… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
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|
||
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|
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 6.
|
||
</strong>
|
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|
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|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Functional properties of voltage-gated channels in adult CGNs. <b><i>A</i></b>, Current traces showing the rising phase of a voltage-gated sodium conductance in response to a maximal activation elicited after a voltage step from −100 to 0 mV (gray lines) recorded from a wild-type (black trace) and a TASK-3 KO (gray trace) adult CGN. <b><i>B</i></b>, Plot of 10–90% rise times calculated from current traces of the type shown in <b><i>A</i></b> from wild-type (black circles; <i>n</i> = 6) and TASK-3 KO (gray circles; <i>n</i> = 6) adult CGNs. <b><i>C</i></b>, A series of voltage-step protocols (gray traces) were applied to examine the voltage dependence of sodium channel activation (Na<sub>T</sub>). A Boltzmann function was fitted to the peak conductance data for all cells examined to estimate both the <i>V</i><sub>0.5</sub> and rate of activation. <b><i>D</i></b>, Another series of voltage-step protocols (gray traces) examined the voltage dependence of activation for the sustained outward potassium currents (K<sub>V</sub>) recorded in the presence of 500 n<sc>m</sc> TTX, and once again a Boltzmann function was fitted to the conductance data to estimate the <i>V</i><sub>0.5</sub> and rate of inactivation. <b><i>E</i></b>, Another series of voltage-step protocols (gray traces) examined the voltage dependence of activation for the transient potassium currents (K<sub>A</sub>) recorded in the presence of 500 n<sc>m</sc> TTX and 1 m<sc>m</sc> TEA, and once again a Boltzmann function was fitted to the conductance data to estimate the <i>V</i><sub>0.5</sub> and rate of inactivation. <b><i>F</i></b>, Bar graph illustrating the relative contribution of the Na<sub>T</sub>, K<sub>V</sub>, K<sub>A</sub>, and K<sub>2P</sub> conductance in wild-type CGNs. The conductance of the voltage-gated currents was estimated at 0 mV using the Boltzmann functions in <b><i>A–C</i></b>. The K<sub>V</sub> component represented the TEA-sensitive component of the steady-state outward current, whereas the K<sub>2P</sub> component was estimated from the TEA-insensitive outward potassium currents shown in Figure 7. <b><i>G</i></b>, Same conventions as <b><i>D</i></b> but for TASK-3 KO CGNs. Note that the only component that has significantly changed is the K<sub>2P</sub>-like TEA-insensitive conductance reflecting the loss of TASK-3 channels.</div>
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<p> Figure 7. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Response of a TASK-3-mediated conductance… </p></div>
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<p> Figure 7. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Response of a TASK-3-mediated conductance to sustained AP firing. <b> <i> A </i> </b> , Whole-cell voltage-clamp… </p></div>
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Figure 7.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Response of a TASK-3-mediated conductance to sustained AP firing. <b><i>A</i></b>, Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were made from wild-type (black trace) and TASK-3 KO CGNs during which AP waveforms, recorded from a wild-type CGN, were used to control the command voltage of the patch-clamp amplifier. These recordings were also made in the presence of TTX, TEA, and 4-AP, and particular attention was paid to eliminating the resistive and capacitive errors associated with these recordings (see Materials and Methods). Current–voltage plots are shown for a wild-type (black) and TASK-3 KO (gray) CGN. Superimposed on this plot is the predicted GHK relationship for a 1 and 5 nS potassium conductance (dashed lines). <b><i>B</i></b>, Voltage-clamp recording from tsA-201 cells after recombinant expression of TASK-3. The command voltage of the patch-clamp amplifier was once again controlled by AP waveforms previously recorded from an adult wild-type CGN. It is apparent that a TASK-3-mediated conductance is elicited by these AP waveforms. Moreover, when the current–voltage relationship of this response is plotted, a clear hysteresis loop can be observed similar to that previously seen in wild-type CGNs (compare with <b><i>A</i></b>). However, this hysteresis loop was completely absent from untransfected cells (gray trace). The arrows indicate the rising and falling phase of the AP.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Rescue of AP accommodation by… </p></div>
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<p> Figure 8. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Rescue of AP accommodation by insertion of a nonlinear leak conductance in TASK-3… </p></div>
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Figure 8.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Rescue of AP accommodation by insertion of a nonlinear leak conductance in TASK-3 KO adult CGNs. <b><i>A</i></b>, Results from a dynamic current-clamp experiment performed on a TASK-3 KO adult CGN at threshold levels of depolarization in the presence and absence of a 5 nS GHK-type leak. Note that the RMP has hyperpolarized in the presence of a 5 nS nonlinear leak, and therefore, more current is required to reach threshold. <b><i>B</i></b>, Quantification of the AP height before and during injection of a 5 nS nonlinear leak in TASK-3 KO adult CGNs. The AP height has been normalized to the first AP in the burst. Error bars indicate SEM. <b><i>C</i></b>, Plot of the AP height and AP width in each experiment in which a 5 nS nonlinear leak has been inserted. The arrows link the estimated values in each experiment before and during insertion of the leak conductance. <b><i>D</i></b>, Results from a dynamic current-clamp experiment performed on a TASK-3 KO CGN that exhibited complete AP accommodation during a suprathreshold depolarization. In the presence of a 5 nS nonlinear leak conductance waveform, we restored the ability of this CGN to fire during sustained depolarization. The middle trace was performed with the dynamic current-clamp waveform implemented, whereas the two traces on either side were obtained immediately before and after the waveform was present. Note how the RMP hyperpolarizes in response to the nonlinear leak conductance. <b><i>E</i></b>, Illustration of how the recorded voltage (black trace; <i>V</i><sub>m</sub>) influences the injected current (gray trace; <i>I</i><sub>com</sub>) when the dynamic current-clamp waveform is implemented with a 5 nS GHK-type leak.</div>
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Akemann W, Knöpfel T. Interaction of Kv3 potassium channels and resurgent sodium current influences the rate of spontaneous firing of Purkinje neurons. J Neurosci. 2006;26:4602–4612.
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Aller MI, Veale E, Linden AM, Sandu C, Schwaninger M, Evans L, Korpi ER, Mathie A, Wisden W, Brickley SG. Modifying the subunit composition of TASK channels alters the modulation of a leak conductance in cerebellar granule neurons and is associated with impaired motor performance. J Neurosci. 2005;25:11455–11467.
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Berg AP, Bayliss DA. Striatal cholinergic interneurons express a receptor-insensitive homomeric TASK-3-like background K+ current. J Neurophysiol. 2007;97:1546–1552.
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Brew H, Forsythe ID. Two voltage-dependent K+ conductances with complementary functions in postsynaptic integration at a central auditory synapse. J Neurosci. 1995;15:8011–8022.
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"[pt]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"[pt]"
|
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="mesh-terms" class="mesh-terms keywords-section">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
MeSH terms
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Action Potentials / genetics"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Action Potentials / genetics
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Action Potentials / genetics"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Action+Potentials%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Action+Potentials%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Action Potentials/genetics"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Action Potentials / genetics">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Action+Potentials"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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data-ga-label="Action Potentials / genetics">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Action Potentials/genetics"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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data-ga-label=""Action Potentials/genetics"[MeSH]"
|
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Action Potentials / physiology*"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-1"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Action Potentials / physiology*
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-1"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Action Potentials / physiology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Action+Potentials%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Action+Potentials%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Action Potentials/physiology"[MAJR]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
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data-ga-label="Action Potentials / physiology*">
|
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Action+Potentials"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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data-ga-label="Action Potentials / physiology*">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Action Potentials/physiology"[MAJR]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Action Potentials/physiology"[MAJR]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Anesthetics, Local / pharmacology"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Anesthetics, Local / pharmacology
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Anesthetics, Local / pharmacology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Anesthetics%2C+Local%2Fpharmacology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Anesthetics%2C+Local%2Fpharmacology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Anesthetics, Local / pharmacology">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Anesthetics%2C+Local"
|
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-search-term=""Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Animals"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Animals
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Animals"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Animals"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-label="Animals">
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Animals"
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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role="button"
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data-search-term=""Animals"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Animals"[MeSH]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Cerebellum / cytology*"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-4"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Cerebellum / cytology*
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-4"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Cerebellum / cytology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Cerebellum%2Fcytology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Cerebellum%2Fcytology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Cerebellum/cytology"[MAJR]"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Cerebellum / cytology*">
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cerebellum"
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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role="button"
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data-search-term=""Cerebellum/cytology"[MAJR]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Cerebellum/cytology"[MAJR]"
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Dose-Response+Relationship%2C+Radiation%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Dose-Response+Relationship%2C+Radiation%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Dose-Response+Relationship%2C+Radiation"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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data-ga-label="Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation">
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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role="button"
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data-search-term=""Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation"[MeSH]"
|
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Electric Stimulation / methods"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Electric Stimulation / methods
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Electric Stimulation / methods"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Electric+Stimulation%2Fmethods%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Electric+Stimulation%2Fmethods%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Electric Stimulation/methods"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Electric Stimulation / methods">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Electric+Stimulation"
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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data-ga-label="Electric Stimulation / methods">
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Electric Stimulation/methods"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Electric Stimulation/methods"[MeSH]"
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword In Situ Hybridization / methods"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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In Situ Hybridization / methods
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword In Situ Hybridization / methods"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22In+Situ+Hybridization%2Fmethods%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22In+Situ+Hybridization%2Fmethods%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="In Situ Hybridization/methods"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="In Situ Hybridization / methods">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=In+Situ+Hybridization"
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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data-ga-label="In Situ Hybridization / methods">
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""In Situ Hybridization/methods"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""In Situ Hybridization/methods"[MeSH]"
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword In Vitro Techniques"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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In Vitro Techniques
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword In Vitro Techniques"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22In+Vitro+Techniques%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22In+Vitro+Techniques%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="In Vitro Techniques"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-label="In Vitro Techniques">
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=In+Vitro+Techniques"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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role="button"
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data-search-term=""In Vitro Techniques"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""In Vitro Techniques"[MeSH]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Ion Channel Gating / drug effects"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Ion Channel Gating / drug effects
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Ion Channel Gating / drug effects"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Ion+Channel+Gating%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Ion+Channel+Gating%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Ion Channel Gating/drug effects"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Ion Channel Gating / drug effects">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Ion+Channel+Gating"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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role="button"
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data-search-term=""Ion Channel Gating/drug effects"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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Potassium Channels / physiology*
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<div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section">
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<h2 class="title">
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Substances
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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Potassium Channel Blockers
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Potassium Channels
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Potassium Channels"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Potassium+Channels%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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TASK3 protein, mouse
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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Tetrodotoxin
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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Tetraethylammonium
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
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</div>
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|
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<div id="related-links" class="related-links">
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<h2 class="title">
|
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Related information
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</h2>
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<ul class="related-links-list"><li><a title="PubMed links associated with Books" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books?linkname=pubmed_books_refs&from_uid=17728447"
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Cited in Books
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</a></li><li><a title="Link to related Genes" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?linkname=pubmed_gene&from_uid=17728447"
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Gene
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