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<meta name="description" content="Inactivating germ-line mutations of LKB1 lead to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). We have generated mice heterozygous for a targeted inactivating allele of Lkb1 and found that they develop severe gastrointestinal polyposis. In all cases, the polyps arising in the Lkb1+/- mice were found to be hamartoma …"><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:12218179, PMC129444, doi:10.1073/pnas.192301399, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov&#x27;t, Derrick J Rossi, Antti Ylikorkala, Tomi P Makela, AMP-Activated Protein Kinases, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Animals, Carrier Proteins*, Cyclooxygenase 2, Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors, Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / pharmacology, Disease Models, Animal, Endothelial Growth Factors / metabolism, Enzyme Induction, Genes, Tumor Suppressor, Heterozygote, Humans, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Isoenzymes / biosynthesis*, Lymphokines / metabolism, Membrane Proteins, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome / drug therapy, Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome / enzymology*, Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome / genetics*, Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome / pathology, Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / biosynthesis*, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / deficiency, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / genetics, Signal Transduction, Up-Regulation, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in a mouse model of Peutz-Jeghers polyposis - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12218179/"><meta property="og:description" content="Inactivating germ-line mutations of LKB1 lead to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). We have generated mice heterozygous for a targeted inactivating allele of Lkb1 and found that they develop severe gastrointestinal polyposis. In all cases, the polyps arising in the Lkb1+/- mice were found to be hamartoma …"><meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:site_name" content="PubMed"><meta name="twitter:domain" content="pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:title" content="Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in a mouse model of Peutz-Jeghers polyposis - PubMed"><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12218179/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="Inactivating germ-line mutations of LKB1 lead to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). We have generated mice heterozygous for a targeted inactivating allele of Lkb1 and found that they develop severe gastrointestinal polyposis. In all cases, the polyps arising in the Lkb1+/- mice were found to be hamartoma …"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">
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<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
From:
</label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="LaASbGftxyDITJJXTLGSkNtYvBJPgyDW2XkXOwIP79qcNaPNw4jUOVZC3Fr199bg">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="LaASbGftxyDITJJXTLGSkNtYvBJPgyDW2XkXOwIP79qcNaPNw4jUOVZC3Fr199bg">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="LaASbGftxyDITJJXTLGSkNtYvBJPgyDW2XkXOwIP79qcNaPNw4jUOVZC3Fr199bg">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="LaASbGftxyDITJJXTLGSkNtYvBJPgyDW2XkXOwIP79qcNaPNw4jUOVZC3Fr199bg">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="LaASbGftxyDITJJXTLGSkNtYvBJPgyDW2XkXOwIP79qcNaPNw4jUOVZC3Fr199bg">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<aside class="page-sidebar">
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<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.192301399?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&amp;rfr_dat=cr_pub 0pubmed"
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Atypon
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pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/12218179/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=12218179&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=7505876"
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data-ga-category="full_text"
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<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/12218179/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/12218179/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="12218179" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F12218179%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="LaASbGftxyDITJJXTLGSkNtYvBJPgyDW2XkXOwIP79qcNaPNw4jUOVZC3Fr199bg"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
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Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in a mouse model of Peutz-Jeghers polyposis
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Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in a mouse model of Peutz-Jeghers polyposis
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Inactivating germ-line mutations of LKB1 lead to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). We have generated mice heterozygous for a targeted inactivating allele of Lkb1 and found that they develop severe gastrointestinal polyposis. In all cases, the polyps arising in the Lkb1+/- mice were found to be hamartomas that were histologically indistinguishable from polyps resected from PJS patients, indicating that Lkb1+/- mice model human PJS polyposis. No evidence for inactivation of the remaining wild-type Lkb1 allele in Lkb1+/- -associated polyps was observed. Moreover, polyps and other tissues in heterozygote animals exhibited reduced Lkb1 levels and activity, indicating that Lkb1 was haploinsufficient for tumor suppression. Analysis of the molecular mechanisms characterizing Lkb1+/- polyposis revealed that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was highly up-regulated in murine polyps concomitantly with activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (Erk1/2). Subsequent examination of a large series of human PJS polyps revealed that COX-2 was also highly up-regulated in the majority of these polyps. These findings thereby identify COX-2 as a potential target for chemoprevention in PJS patients.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Increased mortality and polyposis modeling… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Increased mortality and polyposis modeling PJS in <i> Lkb1 </i> <sup> +/ </sup> mice. ( <i> A </i> )… </p></div>
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Fig 1.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Increased mortality and polyposis modeling PJS in <i>Lkb1</i><sup>+/</sup> mice. (<i>A</i>) Survival curve of 48 wt (blue points) and 84 <i>Lkb1</i><sup>+/</sup> mice (red points) with points representing animals that died or were killed because of ill health. (<i>B</i>) Stomach, duodenum, and proximal jejunum of <i>Lkb1</i><sup>+/</sup> and <i>Lkb1</i><sup>+/+</sup> littermate. (<i>C</i>) Representative gastric stomach of an <i>Lkb1</i><sup>+/</sup> animal showing multiple small polyps (arrows) and large pyloric junction polyps (arrowheads). (<i>D</i>) Hematoxylin/eosin staining of a cross-section of glandular stomach from a <i>Lkb1</i><sup>+/</sup> mouse showing three small hamartomatous polyps. Note the smooth muscle core that is contiguous with the muscularis mucosa (arrows). (<i>E</i>) Higher magnification of the boxed region in <i>D</i>. (<i>F</i> and <i>G</i>) Hematoxylin/eosin staining of a murine polyp (<i>F</i>) and human PJS patient polyp (<i>G</i>). (<i>H</i> and <i>I</i>) Herovici's staining of a murine polyp (<i>H</i>) and a human PJS patient polyp (<i>I</i>) with smooth muscle nuclei indicated with arrows (compare to <i>H</i>). (Bars in <i>D</i>, <i>F</i>, and <i>G</i> = 0.8 mm; bars in <i>E</i>, <i>H</i>, and <i>I</i> = 40 μm.)</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Lkb1 is haploinsufficient for tumor… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Lkb1 is haploinsufficient for tumor suppression. ( <i> A </i> ) PCR genotyping of <i> Lkb1… </i> </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Lkb1 is haploinsufficient for tumor suppression. (<i>A</i>) PCR genotyping of <i>Lkb1</i> from DNAs extracted from five polyps (P1P5), one control <i>Lkb1</i><sup>+/</sup> tail (C1), and yolk sacs dissected from wt (+/+), heterozygous (+/), and Lkb1 null (/) E9.5 embryos (<i>Left</i>), and of laser-microdissected epithelial (Ep1Ep3) or stromal (St) cells from polyps of multiple <i>Lkb1</i><sup>+/</sup> animals (<i>Right</i>). A 330-bp wt band and a 260-bp mutant band are indicated. (<i>B</i> and <i>C</i>) Lkb1 <i>in situ</i> hybridization showing brightfield (<i>B</i>) and darkfield (<i>C</i>) images of a polyp and adjacent unaffected gastric epithelia from a <i>Lkb1</i><sup>+/</sup> animal. (<i>D</i> and <i>E</i>) Higher magnification of the brightfield (<i>D</i>) and darkfield (<i>E</i>) images of boxed regions shown in <i>B</i> and <i>C</i> demonstrating <i>Lkb1</i> mRNA expression both in epithelial [Ep] and stromal [St] cell types. (<i>F</i>) Western blotting analysis of lysates from wt (+/+) or <i>Lkb1</i> heterozygous (+/) MEF cultures or <i>Lkb1</i> null whole embryos (/) immunoblotted for Lkb1 (α-Lkb1) and actin (α-actin), and kinase assay showing Lkb1 autocatalytic activity with quantitation (Quant.). (<i>G</i>) Western blotting analysis of lysates from two independently isolated wt (+/+) stomachs (S1 and S2), and <i>Lkb1</i> heterozygous (+/) unaffected stomach (S) and three individual polyps (P1P3) with α-Lkb1 (<i>Upper</i>), and Lkb1 kinase assay with quantitation (Quant.) (<i>Lower</i>). (Bar = 0.7 mm.)</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Characterization of <i> Lkb1 </i> <sup> +/ </sup> polyposis.… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Characterization of <i> Lkb1 </i> <sup> +/ </sup> polyposis. ( <i> A </i> ) Western blot analysis of lysates… </p></div>
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Fig 3.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Characterization of <i>Lkb1</i><sup>+/</sup> polyposis. (<i>A</i>) Western blot analysis of lysates from two independent wt (+/+) stomachs (S1 and S2), <i>Lkb1</i> heterozygous (+/) unaffected stomach (S), and three individual polyps (P1P3) with Abs specific for PTEN, phospho-Akt (Ser-473), phospho-GSK-3α/3β (Ser-21/Ser-9), and β-catenin. (<i>B</i>) Immunostaining of β-catenin (<i>Left</i>) and VEGF (<i>Right</i>) of polyp from Lkb1<sup>+/</sup> animals at ×400 magnification. (<i>Inset</i>) Adjacent unaffected gastric mucosa immunostained for VEGF at ×200 magnification. The blood vessel (<i>Right</i>) is marked by an asterisk (*).</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> COX-2 induction in murine Lkb1… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> COX-2 induction in murine Lkb1 <sup> +/ </sup> and PJS polyposis. ( <i> A </i> ) Western… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">COX-2 induction in murine Lkb1<sup>+/</sup> and PJS polyposis. (<i>A</i>) Western blot analysis of lysates from two independent wt (+/+) stomachs (S1 and S2), <i>Lkb1</i> heterozygous (+/) unaffected stomach (S), and three individual polyps (P1P3) with Abs specific for COX-2, activated p38 MAPK (pp38 MAPK), p38 MAPK (p38 MAPK), activated Erk1 kinase (pErk1), Erk1 kinase (Erk1), activated Erk2 kinase (pErk2), and Erk2 kinase (Erk2). (<i>B</i>) COX-2 immunostaining of a small intestinal polyp from patient PJ8 showing epithelial cytoplasmic localization (<i>Left</i>) with high magnification (<i>Inset</i>), and a serial section after Ab preadsorption with a COX-2 peptide (<i>Right</i>).</div>
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