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data-ga-action="clipboard">
|
||
Clipboard <span class="amount-in-clipboard"></span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<span class="search-input-link user-guide-link" role="navigation" aria-label="User guide">
|
||
<a href="/help/"
|
||
data-ga-category="featured_link"
|
||
data-ga-action="user_guide">
|
||
User Guide
|
||
</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</form>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-page-header">
|
||
<div id="article-top-actions-bar" class="article-top-actions-bar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<div class="actions-container">
|
||
<div class="return-to-search">
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="multiple-results-actions " role="region" aria-label="save, email, send to">
|
||
<button id="save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="save-results save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button><button id="email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="email-results email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Email
|
||
</button><div class="more-actions dropdown-block"><button id="more-actions-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="trigger more-actions-trigger"
|
||
ref="linksrc=show_moreactions_btn"
|
||
aria-label="Send to"
|
||
aria-controls="more-actions-dropdown">Send to</button><div id="more-actions-dropdown" class="dropdown dropdown-container" hidden><div class="content"><ul class="more-actions-links"><li><a class="clipboard-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link "
|
||
href="#"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="clipboard"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Clipboard
|
||
</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link bibliography-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F11245683%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link collections-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F11245683%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li><li><a role="button" class="citation-manager-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link citation-manager-trigger-target" href="#">Citation manager</a></li></ul></div></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region">
|
||
<button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
|
||
title="Change format"
|
||
data-ga-category="display_options"
|
||
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog">
|
||
<span class="button-label">Display options</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
|
||
<div class="title">
|
||
Display options
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
|
||
<div class="format-container">
|
||
<span class="option-label">
|
||
Format
|
||
</span>
|
||
<select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="article-display-format">
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pubmed">PubMed</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="4qTum1YDykwNIc6gpdume8cpFIgkyXF7ldDzZRrZ8VjhCDc62w7oIgI3dMYwrydr">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-panels-container" class="article-panels-container">
|
||
<div id="save-action-panel" class="save-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Save citation to file
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="save-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="4qTum1YDykwNIc6gpdume8cpFIgkyXF7ldDzZRrZ8VjhCDc62w7oIgI3dMYwrydr">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option>
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="csv">CSV</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_save_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="email-action-panel"
|
||
class="email-action-panel action-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-recaptcha-script-url="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/enterprise.js?render=explicit&onload=onloadCaptchaCallback"
|
||
data-recaptcha-enabled="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Email citation
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="email-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="4qTum1YDykwNIc6gpdume8cpFIgkyXF7ldDzZRrZ8VjhCDc62w7oIgI3dMYwrydr">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Subject:
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 11245683 - PubMed</span>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 11245683"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="edbafb0e60c4dbb0ddcd29ee116e3de0a59f2e190c5ae4f42dd8cd6b671da7a7"/>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
To:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
From:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
|
||
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
|
||
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
|
||
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Send email
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="collections-action-panel"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to Collections
|
||
</h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="4qTum1YDykwNIc6gpdume8cpFIgkyXF7ldDzZRrZ8VjhCDc62w7oIgI3dMYwrydr">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="controls-wrapper">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
|
||
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
|
||
</select>
|
||
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to My Bibliography
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
|
||
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="4qTum1YDykwNIc6gpdume8cpFIgkyXF7ldDzZRrZ8VjhCDc62w7oIgI3dMYwrydr">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
|
||
<div class="choice-group">
|
||
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
|
||
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="mybib"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your saved search
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
|
||
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
|
||
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="4qTum1YDykwNIc6gpdume8cpFIgkyXF7ldDzZRrZ8VjhCDc62w7oIgI3dMYwrydr">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of saved search:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="saved-search-name"
|
||
id="saved-search-name"
|
||
class="saved-search-name"
|
||
value=""
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Search terms:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
|
||
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
|
||
Would you like email updates of new search results?
|
||
</span>
|
||
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
|
||
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</fieldset>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Frequency:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
|
||
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
|
||
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
|
||
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
|
||
<option value="day">The first day</option>
|
||
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Report format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
|
||
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Send at most:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
|
||
<option value="1">1 item</option>
|
||
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10 items</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20 items</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50 items</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100 items</option>
|
||
<option value="200">200 items</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
|
||
Send even when there aren't any new results
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Optional text in email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
id="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Create a file for external citation management software
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="4qTum1YDykwNIc6gpdume8cpFIgkyXF7ldDzZRrZ8VjhCDc62w7oIgI3dMYwrydr">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your RSS Feed
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
|
||
data-search-form-term-value="">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="4qTum1YDykwNIc6gpdume8cpFIgkyXF7ldDzZRrZ8VjhCDc62w7oIgI3dMYwrydr">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of RSS Feed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
placeholder="Name"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="rss-name"
|
||
id="rss-name"
|
||
class="rss-name"
|
||
value=''
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Number of items displayed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
|
||
<option value="5">5</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10</option>
|
||
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Creating..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create RSS
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
|
||
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
|
||
<button
|
||
type="button"
|
||
disabled
|
||
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="rss"
|
||
data-ga-label="copy">
|
||
Copy
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="11245683">
|
||
<aside class="page-sidebar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
|
||
<div class="full-text-links">
|
||
<div class="full-view">
|
||
<h3 class="title">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="full-text-links-list">
|
||
<a class="link-item
|
||
|
||
dialog-focus"
|
||
href="http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11245683"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=3051&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=11245683&db=pubmed&nlmid=8102140"
|
||
title="See full text options at HighWire"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="HighWire"
|
||
data-ga-label="11245683"
|
||
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/http:--highwire.stanford.edu-icons-externalservices-pubmed-standard-jneuro_final_free.gif" alt="HighWire full text link"><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
HighWire
|
||
|
||
</span></a><a class="link-item
|
||
pmc
|
||
"
|
||
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/11245683/"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=11245683&db=pubmed&nlmid=8102140"
|
||
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="PMC"
|
||
data-ga-label="11245683"
|
||
><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
Free PMC article
|
||
|
||
</span></a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="short-view">
|
||
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="cite"
|
||
data-ga-label="open"
|
||
data-all-citations-url="/11245683/citations/"
|
||
data-citation-style="nlm"
|
||
data-pubmed-format-link="/11245683/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="11245683" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_button"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F11245683%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
|
||
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
|
||
class="dialog collections-dialog"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="4qTum1YDykwNIc6gpdume8cpFIgkyXF7ldDzZRrZ8VjhCDc62w7oIgI3dMYwrydr"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label><input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button><button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger"
|
||
title="Open dialog with more actions to take"
|
||
ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2001 Mar 15;21(6):1983-2000.</span>
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Cell-specific expression of connexins and evidence of restricted gap junctional coupling between glial cells and between neurons
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Cell-specific expression of connexins and evidence of restricted gap junctional coupling between glial cells and between neurons
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The transmembrane connexin proteins of gap junctions link extracellularly to form channels for cell-to-cell exchange of ions and small molecules. Two primary hypotheses of gap junction coupling in the CNS are the following: (1) generalized coupling occurs between neurons and glia, with some connexins expressed in both neurons and glia, and (2) intercellular junctional coupling is restricted to specific coupling partners, with different connexins expressed in each cell type. There is consensus that gap junctions link neurons to neurons and astrocytes to oligodendrocytes, ependymocytes, and other astrocytes. However, unresolved are the existence and degree to which gap junctions occur between oligodendrocytes, between oligodendrocytes and neurons, and between astrocytes and neurons. Using light microscopic immunocytochemistry and freeze-fracture replica immunogold labeling of adult rat CNS, we investigated whether four of the best-characterized CNS connexins are each present in one or more cell types, whether oligodendrocytes also share gap junctions with other oligodendrocytes or with neurons, and whether astrocytes share gap junctions with neurons. Connexin32 (Cx32) was found only in gap junctions of oligodendrocyte plasma membranes, Cx30 and Cx43 were found only in astrocyte membranes, and Cx36 was only in neurons. Oligodendrocytes shared intercellular gap junctions only with astrocytes, with each oligodendrocyte isolated from other oligodendrocytes except via astrocyte intermediaries. Finally, neurons shared gap junctions only with other neurons and not with glial cells. Thus, the different cell types of the CNS express different connexins, which define separate pathways for neuronal versus glial gap junctional communication.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Western blots showing connexin detection in the CNS with the various anti-connexin antibodies used for LM immunofluorescence and FRIL. <i>A</i>, Blots of whole-brain homogenate probed with polyclonal (<i>lane 1</i>) and monoclonal (<i>lane 2</i>) anti-Cx30 antibodies. The <i>top two intense bands</i> detected by the monoclonal antibody may correspond to Cx30 dimer and trimer forms. <i>B</i>, Blots of whole-brain homogenate probed with polyclonal (<i>lane 1</i>) and monoclonal (<i>lane 2</i>) anti-Cx43 antibodies.<i>C</i>, Blots of liver and spinal cord homogenates probed with anti-Cx32 antibodies. <i>Lanes 1, 2</i>, Monoclonal 7C7;<i>lane 3</i>, Zymed monoclonal 2C2; <i>lane 4</i>, Sigma polyclonal; <i>lane 5</i>, Chemicon polyclonal;<i>lane 6</i>, Zymed polyclonal. Each of the antibodies detects the monomer form of Cx32 and to varying degrees its dimer form. The Sigma and Chemicon antibodies detect a lower molecular weight band of uncertain identity. <i>Numbers</i> on the <i>left</i> of each blot correspond to molecular weight markers.</div>
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Fig. 2. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Photomicrographs showing patterns of immunolabeling obtained with various anti-connexin antibodies used in double-immunofluorescence… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
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|
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|
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|
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Fig. 2.
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Photomicrographs showing patterns of immunolabeling obtained with various anti-connexin antibodies used in double-immunofluorescence and FRIL studies. <i>A</i>, Low magnification of immunoperoxidase labeling (<i>arrows</i>) with a monoclonal anti-Cx30 antibody. The section shows dense punctate labeling in the globus pallidus (<i>GP</i>) and weaker labeling in the striatum (<i>St</i>). <i>B</i>, Cerebral cortex showing a high concentration of punctate immunofluorescence with anti-Cx43 antibody 18A. <i>Dark ovals</i> represent unstained neuronal cell bodies. <i>C</i>, Cx32 labeling of myelinated fibers (<i>arrows</i>) as well as oligodendrocyte cell bodies (<i>arrowheads</i>; cells barely discernable at this magnification) using antibody 7C7. <i>D, E</i>, Higher magnifications showing Cx32-positive puncta with antibody 7C7 along the surface of oligodendrocytes in the cerebral cortex (<i>D</i>; <i>arrows</i>) and ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus (<i>E</i>; <i>arrows</i>). <i>F</i>, Through-focus confocal micrograph of Cx32-immunopositive puncta distributed on an oligodendrocyte soma (<i>arrows</i>) and its processes (<i>arrowheads</i>). <i>G</i>, Double immunofluorescence of the oligodendrocyte marker CNPase (<i>G1</i>, <i>green</i>) and Cx32 (<i>G2</i>,<i>red</i>) in the same field of cerebral cortex. CNPase-positive cells are also immunopositive for Cx32 as seen by the<i>overlay</i> of images (<i>G3</i>,<i>yellow</i>). <i>H</i>, Higher magnification double-immunofluorescence confocal micrographs showing a CNPase-positive oligodendrocyte in cerebral cortex (<i>H1</i>) decorated with numerous Cx32-immunopositive puncta (<i>red puncta</i> in <i>H2</i> and <i>red</i> and<i>yellow puncta</i> in the <i>overlay</i> of images in<i>H3</i>). Scale bars: <i>A</i>, 200 μm; <i>B, C</i>, 50 μm; <i>D, E, G</i>, 20 μm; <i>F, H</i>, 5 μm.</div>
|
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|
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|
||
data-image-alt="Fig. 3."
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC1804287"
|
||
data-figure-id="F3">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-2"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b455/6762612/cf017317c568/ns0615065003.gif"
|
||
alt="Fig. 3." />
|
||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Fig. 3. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Confocal microscope images showing double-immunofluorescence… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Fig. 3. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Confocal microscope images showing double-immunofluorescence labeling for connexins in various brain regions. <i> A1–A3… </i> </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
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|
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|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Fig. 3.
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Confocal microscope images showing double-immunofluorescence labeling for connexins in various brain regions. <i>A1–A3</i>, Labeling for Cx30 (<i>A1</i>) and Cx43 (<i>A2</i>) in the subthalamic nucleus with the<i>overlay</i> (<i>A3</i>) showing colocalization in<i>yellow</i>. <i>B–D</i>, Labeling for Cx43 (<i>green</i> in <i>B1, C1, D1</i>) and Cx32 (<i>red</i> in <i>B2, C2, D2</i>) with the<i>overlay</i> showing colocalization (<i>yellow</i> in <i>B3, C3, D3</i>) of immunofluorescent puncta surrounding an oligodendrocyte (<i>OL</i>,<i>arrow</i>) in the cerebral cortex (<i>B</i>), the ventral lateral thalamic nucleus (<i>C</i>), and the lateral hypothalamus (<i>D</i>). Scale bars, 5 μm.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
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||
<figure class="figure-item "
|
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|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b455/6762612/f047fceaaf1c/ns0615065004.jpg"
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||
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|
||
data-image-alt="Fig. 4."
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC1804287"
|
||
data-figure-id="F4">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-3"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b455/6762612/91b508ccc800/ns0615065004.gif"
|
||
alt="Fig. 4." />
|
||
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|
||
|
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<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="300">
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|
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|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Fig. 4. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Diagrammatic representation of FRIL showing… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Fig. 4. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Diagrammatic representation of FRIL showing relationships between visualized freeze–fracture faces and the location… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Fig. 4.
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Diagrammatic representation of FRIL showing relationships between visualized freeze–fracture faces and the location of immunogold-labeled connexins. <i>A</i>, A gap junction between two cells is shown where the fracture plane (<i>blue dashed line</i>) skips from the membrane bilayer of one cell to that of the other cell but always separates apposed connexons at the point of contact in the extracellular space. <i>B, C</i>, Where the membrane of the upper cell is fractured, the external leaflet (E-face) remains attached to the tissue fragment that contains the lower cell. The E-face pits delineate the sites from which the connexons were removed. <i>Curved arrow</i> indicates separation and removal of upper fragment. <i>Pt arrow</i> indicates direction of platinum shadowing. <i>D–F</i>, Where the fracture plane splits the membrane of the lower cell, the external leaflet is removed, exposing connexons as intramembrane particles in the protoplasmic leaflet (P-face). In all cases, regardless of whether the E-face of the upper cell or the P-face of the lower cell is replicated, only the connexons of the lower cell remain for potential labeling by FRIL.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item "
|
||
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|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
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href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b455/6762612/f4d5fb65364b/ns0615065005.jpg"
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|
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|
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|
||
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|
||
data-image-alt="Fig. 5."
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC1804287"
|
||
data-figure-id="F5">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-4"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b455/6762612/d14b1072c349/ns0615065005.gif"
|
||
alt="Fig. 5." />
|
||
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|
||
|
||
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|
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||
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Fig. 5. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Stereoscopic images of Cx32 labeling… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Fig. 5. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Stereoscopic images of Cx32 labeling of gap junctions in oligodendrocyte plasma membranes in… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Fig. 5.
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Stereoscopic images of Cx32 labeling of gap junctions in oligodendrocyte plasma membranes in the cerebellum, with explanatory diagrams. <i>A</i>, Oligodendrocyte cell body with a broad expanse of plasma membrane P-face (<i>P</i>) enclosing the cross-fractured cytoplasm (<i>asterisk</i>).<i>Arrows</i> point to two Cx32-labeled gap junctions in the oligodendrocyte P-face (<i>white arrows</i>) and one unlabeled gap junction in the nearby astrocyte P-face (<i>black arrow</i>). An additional gap junction with ∼280 connexons was labeled by 12 gold beads (<i>boxed area</i>; enlarged in <i>B</i>). On the<i>right</i> of each stereo pair is an interpretive<i>drawing</i>, in which each cell type is delineated by different <i>shading</i> and a stylized complement of IMPs or pits in each membrane fracture face is shown. <i>B</i>, Cx32-labeled gap junction linking a confirmed astrocyte finger that was fractured from its P-face (<i>As P</i>), through its cytoplasm (<i>asterisk</i>), to its E-face (<i>As E</i>). Air drying of the labeled replicas resulted in collapse of the labels to the underside of the replica. <i>Ol P</i>, oligodendrocyte P-face. <i>C</i>, Cx32-labeled gap junction consisting of 1280 connexons that was labeled by 30 gold beads (<i>black dots</i>). A nearby gap junction consisting of <40 IMPs was unlabeled. The reciprocal patch (<i>arrow</i>) and paucity of IMPs are characteristic of oligodendrocyte P-faces. <i>D</i>, Cx32-labeled gap junction (enlarged in <i>inset</i>) in the P-face of the outer layer of myelin, directly adjacent to the outer tongue (<i>OT</i>). The outer tongue of myelin terminates at a tight junction consisting of several rows of P-face furrows (<i>arrow</i>) and IMP ridges. Three gold beads were bound to the oligodendrocyte side of the gap junction. In all FRIL images (in this and subsequent figures), scale bars are 0.1 μm unless otherwise indicated.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
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|
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|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b455/6762612/47ea4dc03e8c/ns0615065006.jpg"
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
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|
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src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b455/6762612/dcb373837327/ns0615065006.gif"
|
||
alt="Fig. 6." />
|
||
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Fig. 6. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Stereoscopic images of astrocyte gap… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Fig. 6. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Stereoscopic images of astrocyte gap junctions in the suprachiasmatic nucleus after labeling for… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
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|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Fig. 6.
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Stereoscopic images of astrocyte gap junctions in the suprachiasmatic nucleus after labeling for Cx43 and AQP4 (<i>A</i>), in the supraoptic nucleus after labeling for Cx30 (<i>B</i>), in the supraoptic nucleus after double labeling for Cx43 and Cx30 (<i>C</i>), and in the paraventricular nucleus after triple labeling for Cx30, Cx32, and Cx43 (<i>D</i>). <i>A</i>, Two astrocyte-to-astrocyte gap junctions labeled for Cx43 (20 nm beads;<i>large arrows</i>) beneath their E-faces (<i>E</i>) and P-faces (<i>P</i>). Square arrays in P-faces were labeled for AQP4 (10 nm gold beads; <i>small arrow</i> and <i>inset</i>). <i>B</i>, Astrocyte-to-astrocyte gap junction labeled for Cx30 (10 nm gold).<i>C</i>, A gap junction linking two astrocyte processes after double labeling for Cx30 (10 nm gold beads) and Cx43 (20 nm gold beads). Astrocytes were positively identified by the presence of AQP4 square arrays in both P-faces (<i>white arrows</i>) and E-faces (<i>black arrows</i>), as well as by the high density of IMPs on both P- and E-faces. <i>D</i>, Two astrocyte gap junctions triple-labeled for Cx30 (20 nm gold), Cx43 (30–40 nm gold), and Cx32 (10 nm gold; none present). Cx32 was not detected in astrocyte-to-astrocyte gap junctions but was detected in astrocyte-to-oligodendrocyte gap junctions (Fig. 5).</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item tail"
|
||
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|
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|
||
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|
||
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|
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href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b455/6762612/4c36e0a352b9/ns0615065007.jpg"
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|
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
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|
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src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b455/6762612/477c9129104f/ns0615065007.gif"
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
||
|
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|
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|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Fig. 7. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Stereoscopic images of paired oligodendrocytes… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
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|
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Fig. 7. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Stereoscopic images of paired oligodendrocytes linked by tight junctions in the suprachiasmatic nucleus… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
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|
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
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Fig. 7.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Stereoscopic images of paired oligodendrocytes linked by tight junctions in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (<i>A–E</i>) after labeling for Cx43 and AQP4 and in the inferior olive (<i>F</i>) after double labeling for Cx43 (10 nm gold) and Cx36 (20 nm gold; none present in any oligodendrocyte gap junction). <i>A</i>, Low-magnification image of the large expanse of oligodendrocyte concave plasma membrane E-face contacting the cell body of a second oligodendrocyte, which has cross-fractured cytoplasm (<i>asterisk</i>).<i>Boxes</i> delineate areas of tight junctions (<i>B</i>) and 2 of the 12 Cx43-labeled gap junctions seen in this oligodendrocyte E-face (<i>C</i>).<i>B</i>, Higher magnification image of the region linked by tight junctions. No gap junctions were within the sealed compartments enclosed by tight junction strands, but gap junctions were numerous in the nearby plasma membrane. <i>C</i>, Higher magnification image of two Cx43-labeled gap junctions whose connexons were in the plasma membrane of the oligodendrocyte coupling partner (<i>boxed areas D, E</i>, shown at higher magnification). <i>D, E</i>, Gap junctions labeled for Cx43 by 10 nm gold. “Reciprocal patches” of IMPs (<i>arrows</i>) were present in the margins of both gap junctions. Cx36 labeling (20 nm gold) was not present in any oligodendrocyte coupling partner. <i>F</i>, Tight junction strands linking two oligodendrocytes, with nearby gap junctions in the oligodendrocyte coupling partner labeled for Cx43.</div>
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<p> Fig. 8. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Identification of astrocytes as oligodendrocyte… </p></div>
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<p> Fig. 8. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Identification of astrocytes as oligodendrocyte coupling partners in suprachiasmatic nucleus ( <i> A, B… </i> </p></div>
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Fig. 8.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Identification of astrocytes as oligodendrocyte coupling partners in suprachiasmatic nucleus (<i>A, B</i>) and spinal cord (<i>C</i>). <i>A</i>, Stereoscopic image of an oligodendrocyte linked to the same astrocyte by one unlabeled gap junction (<i>top left box</i>, enlarged in<i>top right inset</i>) and by one Cx43-labeled gap junction (20 nm gold; <i>bottom left box</i>, enlarged in <i>bottom right inset</i>). The coupled astrocyte contained a small bundle of GFAP filaments in the cross-fractured cytoplasm (<i>asterisk</i>), and a square array was labeled for AQP4 (10 nm gold beads; <i>white arrow</i>). In oligodendrocyte E-faces, reciprocal patches (<i>black arrow</i>) contain both IMPs and pits. <i>B</i>, Stereoscopic image of one Cx43-labeled gap junction and one unlabeled mixed gap junction/reciprocal patch (<i>arrow</i>) in an oligodendrocyte E-face. GFAP filaments are in the cross-fractured cytoplasm (<i>asterisk</i>).<i>C</i>, Stereoscopic image of a gap junction in a spinal cord oligodendrocyte E-face in a sample that was double-labeled for Cx32 (10 nm gold; none present) and Cx30 (20 nm gold). Only Cx30 labeling was present in the plasma membrane of the oligodendrocyte coupling partner. Gap junctions often abut or intermingle with reciprocal patches (<i>arrow</i>).</div>
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<p> Fig. 9. </p>
|
||
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|
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Oligodendrocyte-to-astrocyte gap junctions in myelin… </p></div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
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<p> Fig. 9. </p>
|
||
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|
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|
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|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Oligodendrocyte-to-astrocyte gap junctions in myelin from suprachiasmatic nucleus after labeling for Cx43 (… </p></div>
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Fig. 9.
|
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|
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|
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|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Oligodendrocyte-to-astrocyte gap junctions in myelin from suprachiasmatic nucleus after labeling for Cx43 (<i>A</i>) and in oligodendrocyte plasma membrane from supraoptic nucleus after double labeling for Cx43 and Cx30 (<i>B</i>). <i>A</i>, Small gap junction on outer myelin plasma membrane E-face labeled for Cx43 by four 20 nm gold beads (enlarged in adjacent <i>inset</i>). Continuity of the E-face (<i>arrow</i> labeled <i>E</i>) may be traced from the outer layer of myelin (<i>My</i>) to the gap junction. Outer myelin membrane had IMP-free areas and reciprocal patches. Tight junction strands (<i>white arrows</i>) linked a small patch of the second layer of myelin to the outer layer of myelin.<i>B</i>, Four gap junctions (<i>1–4</i>) in somatic plasma membrane of an oligodendrocyte after double labeling for Cx43 (20 nm gold beads) and Cx30 (10 nm gold beads). Two small gap junctions (<i>2</i>, <i>3</i>) were not labeled, and one (<i>4</i>) was labeled by only two 10 nm gold beads (Cx30). Oligodendrocyte myelin E-faces are almost devoid of IMPs.</div>
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<p> Fig. 10. </p>
|
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Stereoscopic images of Cx36-labeled neuronal… </p></div>
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<p> Fig. 10. </p>
|
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|
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|
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|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Stereoscopic images of Cx36-labeled neuronal gap junctions in inferior olive ( <i> A </i> )… </p></div>
|
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Fig. 10.
|
||
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Stereoscopic images of Cx36-labeled neuronal gap junctions in inferior olive (<i>A</i>) and retina (<i>B</i>). <i>A</i>, Neuronal gap junction labeled for Cx36 by three 20 nm gold beads. Postsynaptic density (<i>arrow</i>) is a useful marker for identifying neuronal plasma membranes in freeze–fracture replicas (Rash et al., 1997,2000). <i>C</i>, Two Cx36-labeled gap junctions in a nerve terminal in rat retina. Postsynaptic density (<i>arrow</i>) is indicated.</div>
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<p> Fig. 11. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Diagram illustrating cellular coupling partners… </p></div>
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<p> Fig. 11. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Diagram illustrating cellular coupling partners and connexin constituents in their gap junctions, as… </p></div>
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Fig. 11.
|
||
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|
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|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Diagram illustrating cellular coupling partners and connexin constituents in their gap junctions, as identified by FRIL. The cells linked within the glial syncytium are indicated by <i>light gray shading</i>. Astrocytes (<i>A</i>) share gap junctions with ependymocytes (<i>E</i>), oligodendrocytes (<i>O</i>), and other astrocytes. Ependymocyte-to-ependymocyte (<i>E</i>) gap junctions contain Cx43 but not Cx30, Cx32, or Cx36. Astrocyte gap junctions contain Cx43 and Cx30 but not Cx32 or Cx36. Oligodendrocytes (<i>O</i>) share gap junctions only with astrocytes; the oligodendrocyte sides of these junctions contain Cx32 but not Cx30, Cx36, or Cx43. Neurons (<i>N</i>) share gap junctions with other neurons and not with astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. Neuronal gap junctions contain Cx36 but not Cx30, Cx32, or Cx43.</div>
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Identification of cells expressing Cx43, Cx30, Cx26, Cx32 and Cx36 in gap junctions of rat brain and spinal cord.
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Alvarez-Maubecin V, García-Hernández F, Williams JT, Van Bockstaele EJ. Functional coupling between neurons and glia. J Neurosci. 2000;20:4091–4098.
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Berdan RC, Shivers RR, Bulloch AGM. Chemical synapses, particle arrays, pseudo-gap junctions and gap junctions of neurons and glia in the buccal ganglion of Helisoma. Synapse. 1987;1:304–323.
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<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
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|
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<li
|
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class="skip-numbering"
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value="1">
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Brightman MW, Reese TS. Junctions between intimately apposed cell membranes in the vertebrate brain. J Cell Biol. 1969;40:648–677.
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-
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<a
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class="reference-link"
|
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href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2107650/"
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PMC
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-
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<a
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Bruzzone R, White TW, Paul DL. Connections with connexins: the molecular basis of direct intercellular signaling. Eur J Biochem. 1996;238:1–27.
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<a
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PubMed
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Butt AM, Ransom BR. Visualization of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the intact rat optic nerve by intracellular injection of Lucifer yellow and horseradish peroxidase. Glia. 1989;2:470–475.
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Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+Non-U.S.+Gov%27t%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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Brain / metabolism
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
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Brain / ultrastructure
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Brain / ultrastructure"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Rats"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-27"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Rats
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-27"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Rats"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Rats%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Rats%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Rats"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
|
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data-ga-label="Rats">
|
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Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Rats"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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data-ga-label="Rats">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Rats"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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data-ga-label=""Rats"[MeSH]"
|
||
href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Rats, Sprague-Dawley"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-28"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-28"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Rats, Sprague-Dawley"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Rats%2C+Sprague-Dawley%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Rats%2C+Sprague-Dawley%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Rats, Sprague-Dawley"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-label="Rats, Sprague-Dawley">
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Rats%2C+Sprague-Dawley"
|
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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data-search-term=""Rats, Sprague-Dawley"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Spinal Cord / chemistry"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-29"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Spinal Cord / chemistry
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-29"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Spinal Cord / chemistry"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Spinal+Cord%2Fchemistry%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Spinal+Cord%2Fchemistry%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Spinal Cord/chemistry"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Spinal Cord / chemistry">
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Spinal+Cord"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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role="button"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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href="#">
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Spinal Cord / metabolism"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Spinal Cord / metabolism
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-30"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Spinal Cord / metabolism"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Spinal+Cord%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Spinal+Cord%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Spinal Cord/metabolism"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Spinal+Cord"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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data-ga-label="Spinal Cord / metabolism">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Spinal Cord/metabolism"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Spinal Cord/metabolism"[MeSH]"
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Spinal Cord / ultrastructure"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-31"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Spinal Cord / ultrastructure
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-31"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Spinal Cord / ultrastructure"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Spinal+Cord%2Fultrastructure%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Spinal+Cord%2Fultrastructure%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Spinal Cord/ultrastructure"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Spinal Cord / ultrastructure">
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Spinal+Cord"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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data-ga-label="Spinal Cord / ultrastructure">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Spinal Cord/ultrastructure"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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|
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
Substances
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Connexin 43"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-0"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Connexin 43
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-0"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Connexin 43"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Connexin+43%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Connexin+43%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Connexin 43"[nm]"
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data-ga-action="substance"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Connexin+43%22"
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="substance_link"
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data-ga-label="Connexin 43">
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Connexin 43"[nm]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Connexin 43"[nm]"
|
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Connexins"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-1"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Connexins
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-1"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Connexins"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Connexins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Connexins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Connexins"[nm]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="substance"
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data-ga-label="Connexins">
|
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Connexins%22"
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="substance_link"
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data-ga-label="Connexins">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Connexins"[nm]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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data-ga-label=""Connexins"[nm]"
|
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href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="related-links" class="related-links">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
Related information
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="related-links-list"><li><a title="PubMed links associated with Books" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books?linkname=pubmed_books_refs&from_uid=11245683"
|
||
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11245683&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1">
|
||
Cited in Books
|
||
</a></li><li><a title="Link to related Genes" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?linkname=pubmed_gene&from_uid=11245683"
|
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ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11245683&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2">
|
||
Gene
|
||
</a></li><li><a title="Related records in MedGen based on citations in GeneReviews and Medical Genetics Summaries" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen?linkname=pubmed_medgen_bookshelf_cited&from_uid=11245683"
|
||
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11245683&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3">
|
||
MedGen (Bookshelf cited)
|
||
</a></li><li><a title="Link to Protein RefSeqs" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein?linkname=pubmed_protein_refseq&from_uid=11245683"
|
||
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11245683&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4">
|
||
Protein (RefSeq)
|
||
</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="grants" class="grants">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
Grants and funding
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<div class="grants-list"><ul id="grants-head-list"><li class="grant-item"><a
|
||
title="All articles for grant R01 NS038121/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States"
|
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href="/?term=R01+NS038121%2FNS%2FNINDS+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=grant_link"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="grant"
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data-ga-label="R01 NS038121"
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>
|
||
R01 NS038121/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
|
||
</a></li><li class="grant-item"><a
|
||
title="All articles for grant R01 MH059995/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States"
|
||
href="/?term=R01+MH059995%2FMH%2FNIMH+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=grant_link"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-label="R01 MH059995"
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>
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R01 MH059995/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
|
||
</a></li><li class="grant-item"><a
|
||
title="All articles for grant MH-59995/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States"
|
||
href="/?term=MH-59995%2FMH%2FNIMH+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-label="MH-59995"
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>
|
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MH-59995/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
|
||
</a></li><li class="grant-item"><a
|
||
title="All articles for grant NS-38121/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States"
|
||
href="/?term=NS-38121%2FNS%2FNINDS+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=grant_link"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-label="NS-38121"
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>
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NS-38121/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
|
||
</a></li><li class="grant-item"><a
|
||
title="All articles for grant NS-31027/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States"
|
||
href="/?term=NS-31027%2FNS%2FNINDS+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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>
|
||
NS-31027/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
|
||
</a></li></ul><ul id="grants-tail-list" class="list-tail"><li class="grant-item"><a
|
||
title="All articles for grant NS-39040/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States"
|
||
href="/?term=NS-39040%2FNS%2FNINDS+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=grant_link"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-label="NS-39040"
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>
|
||
NS-39040/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
|
||
</a></li></ul></div><div class="actions-bar"><button
|
||
class="show-all"
|
||
ref="linksrc=show_all_grants_link"
|
||
aria-controls="grants-tail-list"
|
||
title="Show all grants"
|
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|
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data-ga-category="grant"
|
||
data-ga-action="show_more"
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>
|
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Show all 6 grants
|
||
</button></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="linkout" class="linkout">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
LinkOut - more resources
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="linkout-list"><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Full Text Sources</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a
|
||
href="https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/11245683"
|
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target="_blank"
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rel="noopener"
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ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=6082&uid=11245683&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=8102140"
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data-ga-action="Full Text Sources"
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data-ga-label="Europe PubMed Central"
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>
|
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Europe PubMed Central
|
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</a></li><li><a
|
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href="http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11245683"
|
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