nih-gov/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11179006/index.html

6614 lines
No EOL
270 KiB
HTML
Raw Permalink Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" >
<head itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" >
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<!-- Mobile properties -->
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="True">
<meta name="MobileOptimized" content="320">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.google-analytics.com">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/CACHE/css/output.ba8099dd2df4.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/CACHE/css/output.452c70ce66f7.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/CACHE/css/output.7bf600913d6e.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/CACHE/css/output.0bfa59184c7a.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/CACHE/css/output.b576742ffc3e.css" type="text/css">
<title>Bone dysplasia sclerosteosis results from loss of the SOST gene product, a novel cystine knot-containing protein - PubMed</title>
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/uswds/dist/fonts/merriweather-bold-webfont.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin />
<!-- Favicons -->
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/ico" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.ico" />
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.png" />
<!-- 192x192, as recommended for Android
http://updates.html5rocks.com/2014/11/Support-for-theme-color-in-Chrome-39-for-Android
-->
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-192.png" />
<!-- 57x57 (precomposed) for iPhone 3GS, pre-2011 iPod Touch and older Android devices -->
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png">
<!-- 72x72 (precomposed) for 1st generation iPad, iPad 2 and iPad mini -->
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-72.png">
<!-- 114x114 (precomposed) for iPhone 4, 4S, 5 and post-2011 iPod Touch -->
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-114.png">
<!-- 144x144 (precomposed) for iPad 3rd and 4th generation -->
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-144.png">
<!-- For Pinger + Google Optimize integration (NS-820) -->
<meta name="ncbi_sg_optimize_id" content="">
<!-- Mobile browser address bar color -->
<meta name="theme-color" content="#20558a">
<!-- Preserve the Referrer when going from HTTPS to HTTP -->
<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin">
<meta name="ncbi_pinger_gtm_track" content="true"/>
<!-- Logging params: Pinger defaults -->
<meta name="ncbi_app" content="pubmed" />
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="pubmed" />
<meta name="ncbi_phid" content="12D00001CB8B48B5000036879F1624FE.1.m_6" />
<meta name="ncbi_pinger_stat_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/stat" />
<meta name="log_category" content="literature" />
<meta name="ncbi_cost_center" content="pubmed" />
<!-- Logging params: Pinger custom -->
<meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="abstract" />
<meta name="log_op" content="retrieve" />
<meta name="uid" content="11179006" />
<meta name="ncbi_uid" content="11179006" />
<meta name="log_displayeduids" content="11179006" />
<meta name="log_source_db" content="pubmed,pmc" />
<meta name="log_icons_present" content="true" />
<meta name="ncbi_search_id" content="rsnLJhkNPEBUKvELtz2m9Q:373e0ad49b987d905a19006e2990cf72" />
<meta name="ncbi_adj_nav_search_id" content="vbSUVCQRsw9a2G9PzRgl1Q:373e0ad49b987d905a19006e2990cf72" />
<!-- Social meta tags for unfurling urls -->
<meta name="description" content="Sclerosteosis is an autosomal recessive sclerosing bone dysplasia characterized by progressive skeletal overgrowth. The majority of affected individuals have been reported in the Afrikaner population of South Africa, where a high incidence of the disorder occurs as a result of a founder effect. Homo …"><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:11179006, PMC1274471, doi:10.1086/318811, Case Reports, M E Brunkow, J C Gardner, J Mulligan, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Alternative Splicing, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Base Sequence, Black People, Bone Diseases / genetics*, Bone Diseases / pathology, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins*, Chromosome Mapping, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17*, Consanguinity, Conserved Sequence, Cystine, Female, Genetic Markers, Homozygote, Humans, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Missense*, Netherlands / ethnology, Pedigree, Proteins / chemistry, Proteins / genetics*, Recombination, Genetic, Sclerosis, Senegal / ethnology, South Africa, White People, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="Bone dysplasia sclerosteosis results from loss of the SOST gene product, a novel cystine knot-containing protein - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11179006/"><meta property="og:description" content="Sclerosteosis is an autosomal recessive sclerosing bone dysplasia characterized by progressive skeletal overgrowth. The majority of affected individuals have been reported in the Afrikaner population of South Africa, where a high incidence of the disorder occurs as a result of a founder effect. Homo …"><meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:site_name" content="PubMed"><meta name="twitter:domain" content="pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:title" content="Bone dysplasia sclerosteosis results from loss of the SOST gene product, a novel cystine knot-containing protein - PubMed"><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11179006/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="Sclerosteosis is an autosomal recessive sclerosing bone dysplasia characterized by progressive skeletal overgrowth. The majority of affected individuals have been reported in the Afrikaner population of South Africa, where a high incidence of the disorder occurs as a result of a founder effect. Homo …"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">
<!-- OpenSearch XML -->
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/opensearch.xml" title="PubMed search">
<!-- Disables severely broken elements when no JS -->
<noscript>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/core/no-script.css">
</noscript>
<meta name="citation_title" content="Bone dysplasia sclerosteosis results from loss of the SOST gene product, a novel cystine knot-containing protein">
<meta name="citation_authors" content="Brunkow ME;Gardner JC;Van Ness J;Paeper BW;Kovacevich BR;Proll S;Skonier JE;Zhao L;Sabo PJ;Fu Y;Alisch RS;Gillett L;Colbert T;Tacconi P;Galas D;Hamersma H;Beighton P;Mulligan J;">
<meta name="citation_date" content="2001 Mar">
<meta name="citation_publisher" content="Am J Hum Genet">
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American journal of human genetics">
<meta name="citation_pmid" content="11179006">
<meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11179006/">
<meta name="citation_volume" content="68">
<meta name="citation_issue" content="3">
<meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1086/318811">
<meta name="citation_issn" content="0002-9297">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11179006/" />
</head>
<body >
<noscript>
<div class="no-script-banner" id="no-script-banner">
<div class="warning-message">
<div class="warning-message-text">
This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features!
</div>
</div>
</div>
</noscript>
<div class="no-session-banner" id="no-session-banner" hidden>
<div class="warning-message">
<div class="warning-message-text">
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable.
</div>
<button class="close-banner-button"
title="Close Clipboard and Search History not available warning banner"
ref="linksrc=close_no_session_banner"
aria-controls="no-session-banner"
aria-label="Close Clipboard and Search History not available warning banner"
aria-expanded="true">
</button>
</div>
</div>
<a class="usa-skipnav" href="#article-details">
Skip to main page content
</a>
<!-- ========== BEGIN HEADER ========== -->
<section class="usa-banner">
<div class="usa-accordion">
<header class="usa-banner-header">
<div class="usa-grid usa-banner-inner">
<img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png" alt="U.S. flag" />
<p>An official website of the United States government</p>
<button
class="usa-accordion-button usa-banner-button"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="gov-banner-top"
>
<span class="usa-banner-button-text">Here's how you know</span>
</button>
</div>
</header>
<div
class="usa-banner-content usa-grid usa-accordion-content"
id="gov-banner-top"
>
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-gov usa-width-one-half">
<img
class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img"
src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg"
alt="Dot gov"
/>
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
<p>
<strong>The .gov means its official.</strong>
<br />
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before
sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal
government site.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-ssl usa-width-one-half">
<img
class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img"
src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg"
alt="Https"
/>
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
<p>
<strong>The site is secure.</strong>
<br />
The <strong>https://</strong> ensures that you are connecting to the
official website and that any information you provide is encrypted
and transmitted securely.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
<header class="ncbi-header" role="banner" data-section="Header">
<div class="usa-grid">
<div class="usa-width-one-whole">
<div class="ncbi-header__logo">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" class="logo" aria-label="NCBI Logo" data-ga-action="click_image" data-ga-label="NIH NLM Logo">
<img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg" alt="NIH NLM Logo" />
</a>
</div>
<div class="ncbi-header__account">
<a id="account_login" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-button header-button" style="display:none" data-ga-action="open_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu">Log in</a>
<button id="account_info" class="header-button" style="display:none"
aria-controls="account_popup">
<span class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="username desktop-only" aria-hidden="true" id="uname_short"></span>
<span class="sr-only">Show account info</span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="ncbi-popup-anchor">
<div class="ncbi-popup account-popup" id="account_popup" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="ncbi-popup-head">
<button class="ncbi-close-button" data-ga-action="close_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu"><span class="fa fa-times"></span><span class="usa-sr-only">Close</span></button>
<h4>Account</h4>
</div>
<div class="account-user-info">
Logged in as:<br/>
<b><span class="username" id="uname_long">username</span></b>
</div>
<div class="account-links">
<ul class="usa-unstyled-list">
<li><a id="account_myncbi" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_myncbi">Dashboard</a></li>
<li><a id="account_pubs" href="/myncbi/collections/bibliography/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_pubs">Publications</a></li>
<li><a id="account_settings" href="/account/settings/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_settings">Account settings</a></li>
<li><a id="account_logout" href="/account/signout/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_logout">Log out</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div role="navigation" aria-label="access keys">
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_0" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="0" tabindex="-1">Access keys</a>
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="1" tabindex="-1">NCBI Homepage</a>
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_2" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url usa-sr-only" accesskey="2" tabindex="-1">MyNCBI Homepage</a>
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_3" href="#maincontent" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="3" tabindex="-1">Main Content</a>
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_4" href="#" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="4" tabindex="-1">Main Navigation</a>
</div>
<section data-section="Alerts">
<div class="ncbi-alerts-placeholder"></div>
</section>
<!-- ========== END HEADER ========== -->
<a id="maincontent" aria-label="Main page content below" role="navigation"></a>
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Bbyk6j59CjBoqxe0TZjMvVX3hSYsEwt1SYipJ9yvcUoSkYkQwiWOZ3tHPWGEx71l">
<form action="/" method="get" autocomplete="off" class="usa-search usa-search-big search-form content-page-layout" id="search-form" role="search">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<a class="pubmed-logo"
aria-label="Pubmed Logo"
href="/"
data-ga-category="featured_link"
data-ga-action="pubmed_logo">
<img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg" alt="pubmed logo" />
</a>
<a href="#" class="search-input-trigger" data-alt-title="Hide search bar" title="Show search bar" aria-label="Show search bar">
</a>
<div role="search" class="search-input">
<div class="form-field ">
<label class="usa-sr-only" for="id_term">
Search:
</label>
<input
type="search"
name="term"
data-skip-ie-scroll-to-top=""
data-replace-term-with-exact=""
data-exact-query=""
placeholder=""
class="term-input"
required="required"
id="id_term"/><a href="#" class="clear-btn" aria-label="Clear search input" title="Clear search input" role="button" data-pinger-ignore></a><button type="submit" class="search-btn" aria-label="Search" disabled data-pinger-ignore><span class="usa-search-submit-text">Search</span></button>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Create alert and Create RSS are buttons that look like links -->
<!-- Better for them to look like buttons but no space -->
<div class="search-links-wrapper content-page-layout">
<div class="search-links">
<a href="/advanced/"
class="search-input-link adv-search-link"
data-ga-category="featured_link"
data-ga-action="adv_search">Advanced</a>
<a href="/clipboard/"
class="search-input-link clipboard-link hidden"
data-ga-category="featured_link"
data-ga-action="clipboard">
Clipboard <span class="amount-in-clipboard"></span>
</a>
</div>
<span class="search-input-link user-guide-link" role="navigation" aria-label="User guide">
<a href="/help/"
data-ga-category="featured_link"
data-ga-action="user_guide">
User Guide
</a>
</span>
</div>
</div>
</form>
<div id="article-page-header">
<div id="article-top-actions-bar" class="article-top-actions-bar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="actions-container">
<div class="return-to-search">
</div>
<div class="multiple-results-actions " role="region" aria-label="save, email, send to">
<button id="save-results-panel-trigger"
type="button"
class="save-results save-results-panel-trigger"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="save"
data-ga-label="open">
Save
</button><button id="email-results-panel-trigger"
type="button"
class="email-results email-results-panel-trigger"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="open">
Email
</button><div class="more-actions dropdown-block"><button id="more-actions-trigger"
type="button"
class="trigger more-actions-trigger"
ref="linksrc=show_moreactions_btn"
aria-label="Send to"
aria-controls="more-actions-dropdown">Send to</button><div id="more-actions-dropdown" class="dropdown dropdown-container" hidden><div class="content"><ul class="more-actions-links"><li><a class="clipboard-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link "
href="#"
role="button"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="clipboard"
data-ga-label="send">
Clipboard
</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link bibliography-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F11179006%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link collections-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F11179006%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li><li><a role="button" class="citation-manager-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link citation-manager-trigger-target" href="#">Citation manager</a></li></ul></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
data-default-format-value="abstract"
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region">
<button
class="trigger usa-button"
title="Change format"
data-ga-category="display_options"
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog">
<span class="button-label">Display options</span>
</button>
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
<div class="title">
Display options
</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="format-container">
<span class="option-label">
Format
</span>
<select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="article-display-format">
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="pubmed">PubMed</option>
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Bbyk6j59CjBoqxe0TZjMvVX3hSYsEwt1SYipJ9yvcUoSkYkQwiWOZ3tHPWGEx71l">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="article-panels-container" class="article-panels-container">
<div id="save-action-panel" class="save-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Save citation to file
</h2>
<form id="save-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Bbyk6j59CjBoqxe0TZjMvVX3hSYsEwt1SYipJ9yvcUoSkYkQwiWOZ3tHPWGEx71l">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector">
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option>
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="csv">CSV</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="save"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_save_panel"
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="save"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="email-action-panel"
class="email-action-panel action-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-recaptcha-script-url="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/enterprise.js?render=explicit&onload=onloadCaptchaCallback"
data-recaptcha-enabled="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Email citation
</h2>
<form id="email-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/send-email/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/send-email/"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post"
method="post"
>
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Bbyk6j59CjBoqxe0TZjMvVX3hSYsEwt1SYipJ9yvcUoSkYkQwiWOZ3tHPWGEx71l">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<span class="action-panel-label">
Subject:
</span>
<span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 11179006 - PubMed</span>
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 11179006"/>
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="68f800b7f3006bc819952facf9a1d8884050d2c0326f15dee0ec5297f4e0e588"/>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
To:
</label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
From:
</label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Bbyk6j59CjBoqxe0TZjMvVX3hSYsEwt1SYipJ9yvcUoSkYkQwiWOZ3tHPWGEx71l">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Bbyk6j59CjBoqxe0TZjMvVX3hSYsEwt1SYipJ9yvcUoSkYkQwiWOZ3tHPWGEx71l">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Bbyk6j59CjBoqxe0TZjMvVX3hSYsEwt1SYipJ9yvcUoSkYkQwiWOZ3tHPWGEx71l">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Bbyk6j59CjBoqxe0TZjMvVX3hSYsEwt1SYipJ9yvcUoSkYkQwiWOZ3tHPWGEx71l">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Bbyk6j59CjBoqxe0TZjMvVX3hSYsEwt1SYipJ9yvcUoSkYkQwiWOZ3tHPWGEx71l">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="11179006">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9297(07)63098-5"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3048&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=11179006&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=0370475"
title="See full text options at Elsevier Science"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Elsevier Science"
data-ga-label="11179006"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--linkinghub.elsevier.com-ihub-images-celloa.png" alt="Elsevier Science full text link"><span class="text">
Elsevier Science
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/11179006/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=11179006&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=0370475"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="11179006"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/11179006/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/11179006/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="11179006" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F11179006%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Bbyk6j59CjBoqxe0TZjMvVX3hSYsEwt1SYipJ9yvcUoSkYkQwiWOZ3tHPWGEx71l"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button><button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger"
title="Open dialog with more actions to take"
ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
data-default-format-value="abstract"
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button
class="trigger usa-button"
title="Change format"
data-ga-category="display_options"
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title">
Display options
</div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label">
Format
</span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="sidebar-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="social-sharing">
<h3 class="title">
Share
</h3>
<ul class="social-sharing-links usa-unstyled-list">
<li>
<a href="http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Bone%20dysplasia%20sclerosteosis%20results%20from%20loss%20of%20the%20SOST%20gene%20product%2C%20a%20novel%20cystine%20knot-containing%20protein%20https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11179006/"
class="share-link share-link-twitter"
rel="noreferrer noopener"
target="Pubmed-Social-Media-Share-Popup"
title="Share article on Twitter"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="social"
data-ga-label="twitter"></a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11179006/"
class="share-link share-link-facebook"
rel="noreferrer noopener"
target="Pubmed-Social-Media-Share-Popup"
title="Share article on Facebook"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="social"
data-ga-label="fb"></a>
</li>
<li>
<div class="share-permalink">
<button class="trigger"
title="Show article permalink"
ref="linksrc=show_permalink_btn">
</button>
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
<div class="title">
Permalink
</div>
<div class="content">
<input type="text"
class="permalink-text"
value="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11179006/"
aria-label="Article permalink"/><button class="permalink-copy-button usa-button-primary"
title="Copy article permalink"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="link"
data-ga-label="copy_link"><span class="button-title">Copy</span></button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<nav class="page-navigator" role="navigation" aria-label="Page navigation">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Page navigation
</h3>
<ul class="items-list">
<li class="heading ">
<a href="#heading"
aria-label="navigate to Title &amp; authors section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="heading">
Title &amp; authors
</a>
</li>
<li class="abstract ">
<a href="#abstract"
aria-label="navigate to Abstract section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="abstract">
Abstract
</a>
</li>
<li class="figures ">
<a href="#figures"
aria-label="navigate to Figures section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="figures">
Figures
</a>
</li>
<li class="similar ">
<a href="#similar"
aria-label="navigate to Similar articles section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="similar">
Similar articles
</a>
</li>
<li class="citedby ">
<a href="#citedby"
aria-label="navigate to Cited by section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="citedby">
Cited by
</a>
</li>
<li class="references ">
<a href="#references"
aria-label="navigate to References section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="references">
References
</a>
</li>
<li class="publication-types ">
<a href="#publication-types"
aria-label="navigate to Publication types section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="publication-types">
Publication types
</a>
</li>
<li class="mesh-terms ">
<a href="#mesh-terms"
aria-label="navigate to MeSH terms section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="mesh-terms">
MeSH terms
</a>
</li>
<li class="substances ">
<a href="#substances"
aria-label="navigate to Substances section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="substances">
Substances
</a>
</li>
<li class="supplemental-data ">
<a href="#supplemental-data"
aria-label="navigate to Associated data section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="supplemental-data">
Associated data
</a>
</li>
<li class="related-links ">
<a href="#related-links"
aria-label="navigate to Related information section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="related-links">
Related information
</a>
</li>
<li class="linkout ">
<a href="#linkout"
aria-label="navigate to LinkOut - more resources section"
data-ga-category="page_nav"
data-ga-action="linkout">
LinkOut - more resources
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<select class="short-view" autocomplete="off" title="navigate to selected section" aria-label="Navigate to page section">
<option value="heading">Title &amp; authors</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="figures">Figures</option>
<option value="similar">Similar articles</option>
<option value="citedby">Cited by</option>
<option value="references">References</option>
<option value="publication-types">Publication types</option>
<option value="mesh-terms">MeSH terms</option>
<option value="substances">Substances</option>
<option value="supplemental-data">Associated data</option>
<option value="related-links">Related information</option>
<option value="linkout">LinkOut - more resources</option>
</select>
</nav>
</div>
</aside>
<main class="article-details" id="article-details">
<!-- "Filters applied" shows only when page is redirected from search -->
<!-- because search found one result -->
<header class="heading" id="heading">
<div class="full-view" id="full-view-heading">
<div class="article-citation">
<div class="publication-type" >Case Reports</div>
<div class="article-source">
<div class="journal-actions dropdown-block"><button id="full-view-journal-trigger"
class="journal-actions-trigger trigger"
ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn"
title="American journal of human genetics"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="full-view-journal"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal American journal of human genetics"
data-pinger-ignore>
Am J Hum Genet
</button><div id="full-view-journal"
class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal American journal of human genetics"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Am+J+Hum+Genet%22%5Bjour%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Am+J+Hum+Genet%22%5Bjour%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&amp;journal_abbrev=Am J Hum Genet"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="journal_link"
data-ga-label="Am J Hum Genet">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link"
ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Am+J+Hum+Genet%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D"
data-ga-category="search_catalog"
data-ga-action="journal_link"
data-ga-label="Am J Hum Genet">
Search in NLM Catalog
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term='"Am J Hum Genet"[jour]'
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label='"Am J Hum Genet"[jour]'
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2001 Mar;68(3):577-89.</span>
</div>
<span class="citation-doi">
doi: 10.1086/318811.
</span>
<span class="secondary-date">
Epub 2001 Feb 9.
</span>
</div>
<h1 class="heading-title">
Bone dysplasia sclerosteosis results from loss of the SOST gene product, a novel cystine knot-containing protein
</h1>
<div class="inline-authors">
<div class="authors">
<div class="authors-list">
<span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Brunkow+ME&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="M E Brunkow">M E Brunkow</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Celltech Inc., Bothell, WA 98021, USA. mary.brunkow@sea.celltechgroup.com" href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
1
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Gardner+JC&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="J C Gardner">J C Gardner</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Van+Ness+J&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="J Van Ness">J Van Ness</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Paeper+BW&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="B W Paeper">B W Paeper</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Kovacevich+BR&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="B R Kovacevich">B R Kovacevich</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Proll+S&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="S Proll">S Proll</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Skonier+JE&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="J E Skonier">J E Skonier</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Zhao+L&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="L Zhao">L Zhao</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Sabo+PJ&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="P J Sabo">P J Sabo</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Fu+Y&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Y Fu">Y Fu</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Alisch+RS&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="R S Alisch">R S Alisch</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Gillett+L&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="L Gillett">L Gillett</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Colbert+T&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="T Colbert">T Colbert</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Tacconi+P&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="P Tacconi">P Tacconi</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Galas+D&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="D Galas">D Galas</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Hamersma+H&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="H Hamersma">H Hamersma</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Beighton+P&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="P Beighton">P Beighton</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Mulligan+J&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="J Mulligan">J Mulligan</a></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-article-details">
Affiliations
<button
class="more-details"
id="toggle-authors"
data-alt-text="Collapse"
aria-controls="expanded-authors"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore
data-fetch-url="/11179006/long-authors/"
data-id-prefix="">
<span class="title">
Expand
</span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="extended-article-details" id="expanded-authors" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="expanded-authors" id="full-view-expanded-authors">
<div class="affiliations">
<h3 class="title">
Affiliation
</h3>
<ul class="item-list">
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-1"
id="full-view-affiliation-1"
><sup class="key">1</sup> Celltech Inc., Bothell, WA 98021, USA. mary.brunkow@sea.celltechgroup.com</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers">
<li>
<span class="identifier pubmed">
<span class="id-label">
PMID:
</span>
<strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">11179006</strong>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="identifier pmc">
<span class="id-label">
PMCID:
</span>
<a class="id-link"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=article_id_link&amp;article_id=PMC1274471&amp;id_type=PMC"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1274471/"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMCID"
>
PMC1274471
</a>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="identifier doi">
<span class="id-label">
DOI:
</span>
<a class="id-link"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=article_id_link&amp;article_id=10.1086/318811&amp;id_type=DOI"
href="https://doi.org/10.1086/318811"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="DOI"
>
10.1086/318811
</a>
</span>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden>
Item in Clipboard
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view" id="short-view-heading">
<div class="publication-type" >Case Reports</div>
<h1 class="heading-title">
Bone dysplasia sclerosteosis results from loss of the SOST gene product, a novel cystine knot-containing protein
</h1>
<div class="short-citation">
<span class="authors-list">
<span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">M E Brunkow</span><span class="citation-separator">&nbsp;et al.</span></span>
</span>
<span class="citation-journal">
Am J Hum Genet<span class="citation-separator">.</span>
</span>
<span class="date">
<span class="citation-year">2001 Mar</span><span class="citation-separator">.</span>
</span>
</div>
<div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings">
<button class="more-article-details"
id="toggle-article-details"
data-alt-text="Hide details"
ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details"
aria-controls="full-article-details"
aria-expanded="false"
data-fetch-url="/11179006/long-authors/"
data-id-prefix="">
<span class="title">Show details</span>
</button>
<div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
data-default-format-value="abstract"
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region">
<button
class="trigger usa-button"
title="Change format"
data-ga-category="display_options"
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog">
<span class="button-label">Display options</span>
</button>
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
<div class="title">
Display options
</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="format-container">
<span class="option-label">
Format
</span>
<select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="mobile-display-format">
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="pubmed">PubMed</option>
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="extended-article-details" id="full-article-details" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="article-citation">
<div class="article-source">
<div class="journal-actions dropdown-block"><button id="short-view-journal-trigger"
class="journal-actions-trigger trigger"
ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn"
title="American journal of human genetics"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="short-view-journal"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal American journal of human genetics"
data-pinger-ignore>
Am J Hum Genet
</button><div id="short-view-journal"
class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal American journal of human genetics"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Am+J+Hum+Genet%22%5Bjour%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Am+J+Hum+Genet%22%5Bjour%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&amp;journal_abbrev=Am J Hum Genet"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="journal_link"
data-ga-label="Am J Hum Genet">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link"
ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Am+J+Hum+Genet%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D"
data-ga-category="search_catalog"
data-ga-action="journal_link"
data-ga-label="Am J Hum Genet">
Search in NLM Catalog
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term='"Am J Hum Genet"[jour]'
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label='"Am J Hum Genet"[jour]'
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2001 Mar;68(3):577-89.</span>
</div>
<span class="citation-doi">
doi: 10.1086/318811.
</span>
<span class="secondary-date">
Epub 2001 Feb 9.
</span>
</div>
<div class="expanded-authors" id="short-view-expanded-authors">
<div class="authors">
<h3 class="title">
Authors
</h3>
<div class="authors-list">
<span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Brunkow+ME&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="M E Brunkow">M E Brunkow</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Celltech Inc., Bothell, WA 98021, USA. mary.brunkow@sea.celltechgroup.com" href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
1
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Gardner+JC&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="J C Gardner">J C Gardner</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Van+Ness+J&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="J Van Ness">J Van Ness</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Paeper+BW&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="B W Paeper">B W Paeper</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Kovacevich+BR&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="B R Kovacevich">B R Kovacevich</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Proll+S&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="S Proll">S Proll</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Skonier+JE&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="J E Skonier">J E Skonier</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Zhao+L&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="L Zhao">L Zhao</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Sabo+PJ&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="P J Sabo">P J Sabo</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Fu+Y&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="Y Fu">Y Fu</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Alisch+RS&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="R S Alisch">R S Alisch</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Gillett+L&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="L Gillett">L Gillett</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Colbert+T&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="T Colbert">T Colbert</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Tacconi+P&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="P Tacconi">P Tacconi</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Galas+D&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="D Galas">D Galas</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Hamersma+H&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="H Hamersma">H Hamersma</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Beighton+P&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="P Beighton">P Beighton</a><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Mulligan+J&amp;cauthor_id=11179006"
ref="linksrc=author_name_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="author_link"
data-ga-label="J Mulligan">J Mulligan</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="affiliations">
<h3 class="title">
Affiliation
</h3>
<ul class="item-list">
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1"
id="short-view-affiliation-1"
><sup class="key">1</sup> Celltech Inc., Bothell, WA 98021, USA. mary.brunkow@sea.celltechgroup.com</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers">
<li>
<span class="identifier pubmed">
<span class="id-label">
PMID:
</span>
<strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">11179006</strong>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="identifier pmc">
<span class="id-label">
PMCID:
</span>
<a class="id-link"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=article_id_link&amp;article_id=PMC1274471&amp;id_type=PMC"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1274471/"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMCID"
>
PMC1274471
</a>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="identifier doi">
<span class="id-label">
DOI:
</span>
<a class="id-link"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=article_id_link&amp;article_id=10.1086/318811&amp;id_type=DOI"
href="https://doi.org/10.1086/318811"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="DOI"
>
10.1086/318811
</a>
</span>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden>
Item in Clipboard
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger"
title="Open dialog with full text links"
ref="linksrc=full_text_links">
Full text links
</button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/11179006/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/11179006/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger"
title="Open dialog with more actions to take"
ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
data-default-format-value="abstract"
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button
class="trigger usa-button"
title="Change format"
data-ga-category="display_options"
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title">
Display options
</div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label">
Format
</span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="abstract" id="abstract">
<h2 class="title">
Abstract
</h2>
<div class="abstract-content selected"
id="eng-abstract">
<p>
Sclerosteosis is an autosomal recessive sclerosing bone dysplasia characterized by progressive skeletal overgrowth. The majority of affected individuals have been reported in the Afrikaner population of South Africa, where a high incidence of the disorder occurs as a result of a founder effect. Homozygosity mapping in Afrikaner families along with analysis of historical recombinants localized sclerosteosis to an interval of approximately 2 cM between the loci D17S1787 and D17S930 on chromosome 17q12-q21. Here we report two independent mutations in a novel gene, termed "SOST." Affected Afrikaners carry a nonsense mutation near the amino terminus of the encoded protein, whereas an unrelated affected person of Senegalese origin carries a splicing mutation within the single intron of the gene. The SOST gene encodes a protein that shares similarity with a class of cystine knot-containing factors including dan, cerberus, gremlin, prdc, and caronte. The specific and progressive effect on bone formation observed in individuals affected with sclerosteosis, along with the data presented in this study, together suggest that the SOST gene encodes an important new regulator of bone homeostasis.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer">
<a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources"
data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" data-ga-label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a>
</p>
<div class="figures" id="figures">
<h2 class="title">
Figures
</h2>
<div class="figures-list" id="slides-container"
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery">
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="0"
data-label-slug="figure-1">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7961/1274471/a76c14e17a28/AJHGv68p577fg1.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-0"
role="button"
data-image-width="550"
data-image-height="1023"
data-image-alt="Figure 1"
data-pmc-id="PMC1274471"
data-figure-id="FG1">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-0"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7961/1274471/2965b51ba439/AJHGv68p577fg1.gif"
alt="Figure 1" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="550">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="1023">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 1 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Clinical manifestations of sclerosteosis. <i> A,… </i> </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 1 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Clinical manifestations of sclerosteosis. <i> A, </i> An adult Afrikaner with the characteristic mandibular overgrowth,… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 1
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Clinical manifestations of sclerosteosis. <i>A,</i> An adult Afrikaner with the characteristic mandibular overgrowth, facial palsy, and deafness. <i>B,</i> Lateral radiograph of the skull of an affected adult Afrikaner. Gross hyperostosis of the calvarium and base are evident.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="1"
data-label-slug="figure-2">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7961/1274471/e41e7f2270f8/AJHGv68p577fg2.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-1"
role="button"
data-image-width="503"
data-image-height="210"
data-image-alt="Figure 2"
data-pmc-id="PMC1274471"
data-figure-id="FG2">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-1"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7961/1274471/9fd90411b912/AJHGv68p577fg2.gif"
alt="Figure 2" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="503">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="210">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 2 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Pedigrees of families H and… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 2 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Pedigrees of families H and B, showing haplotypes for selected markers at the… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 2
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Pedigrees of families H and B, showing haplotypes for selected markers at the sclerosteosis locus on chromosome 17q12-21. Alleles are number coded, and the order of the markers from centromere to telomere is according to the Généthon human linkage microsatellite map (Dib et al. 1996). The blackened bars represent the disease haplotype; unblackened and hatched bars represent nondisease haplotypes and indicate parent of origin in the offspring. In H-II.1, the recombination event, which marks the centromeric boundary of the sclerosteosis locus, is shown at marker locus <i>D17S1787.</i> The recombined ancestral haplotype that B-II.1 and B-II.2 have inherited from their father, B-I.1, at <i>D17S930</i> marks the telomeric boundary of the locus.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="2"
data-label-slug="figure-3">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7961/1274471/428448370b34/AJHGv68p577fg3.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-2"
role="button"
data-image-width="467"
data-image-height="176"
data-image-alt="Figure 3"
data-pmc-id="PMC1274471"
data-figure-id="FG3">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-2"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7961/1274471/0218f9ca8962/AJHGv68p577fg3.gif"
alt="Figure 3" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="467">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="176">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Physical map of the sclerosteosis… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Physical map of the sclerosteosis region. Several microsatellite markers from the 17q12-q21 region… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 3
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Physical map of the sclerosteosis region. Several microsatellite markers from the 17q12-q21 region (e.g., <i>D17S800,</i> <i>D17S1787,</i> <i>D17S1793,</i> <i>D17S855,</i> <i>D17S1789,</i> <i>D17S1860,</i> <i>D17S930,</i> and <i>D17S934</i>) were used simultaneously to screen the human CITB B and C BAC libraries. To resolve discrepancies in marker order observed at the time in publicly available 17q21 maps from the Généthon, CEPH, and GeneBridge Radiation Hybrid mapping efforts, we complemented the construction of BAC contigs with “high-resolution” radiation hybrid analysis on the Stanford TNG mapping panel (Lunetta et al. 1996), using a number of microsatellite markers and novel STSs derived from BAC ends. Genetic analysis of affected families localized the sclerosteosis region to the interval between <i>D17S1787</i> and <i>D17S930</i> (boxed). The minimum tiling path across this interval (shown below map) comprised 32 clones; these are labeled according to CITB library ID number, with the exception of clones labeled “Axxxx,” which represent BAC and PAC sequences available in GenBank at the time (full accession numbers are in the format of “AC00xxxx”). A subset of known genes we placed in this interval are indicated on the map; the sclerosteosis candidate gene, <i>SOST,</i> is shown in red and is located within 10 kb of <i>D17S951</i> on BAC clone 202l9 (lab alias P50). Polymorphic markers are shown in italics; novel microsatellite markers developed as part of this study that further refined the sclerosteosis critical interval are shown in purple. The map is oriented from centromere (<i>cen</i>) to telomere (<i>tel</i>).</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="3"
data-label-slug="figure-4">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7961/1274471/1708f38c26ff/AJHGv68p577fg4.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-3"
role="button"
data-image-width="532"
data-image-height="230"
data-image-alt="Figure 4"
data-pmc-id="PMC1274471"
data-figure-id="FG4">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-3"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7961/1274471/a80f836fb1a5/AJHGv68p577fg4.gif"
alt="Figure 4" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="532">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="230">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Novel predicted P50gsc3 gene contains… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Novel predicted P50gsc3 gene contains distinct disease-specific polymorphisms in affected individuals from South… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 4
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Novel predicted P50gsc3 gene contains distinct disease-specific polymorphisms in affected individuals from South Africa and Senegal. The novel gene as predicted by GENSCAN (P50gsc3) includes four coding exons; however, corresponding cDNAs obtained from a number of human tissues differed from the predicted transcript in that they did not include the two internal exons (hatched boxes). Note that the probability scores assigned by GENSCAN to these two internal exons were only .33 and .59, respectively, compared with a score of .99 assigned to both the first and last exons (solid boxes). The single splice donor/splice acceptor pair seen in RT-PCR products did correspond to that of the first and last predicted exons (indicated by ]). A single-base substitution located 69 bp downstream of the predicted translation initiation site (C69T) was found in affected Afrikaners, resulting in termination of translation 23 residues from the amino terminus of P50gsc3. Genomic DNA from the affected Senegalese individual included two substitutions within intronic sequence, located 3 bp (A+3T) and 2,692 bp (A+2692C), respectively, downstream of the first splice-donor site. None of these three polymorphisms was found in ⩾360 unaffected control individuals.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="4"
data-label-slug="figure-5">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7961/1274471/5bee8f88957f/AJHGv68p577fg5.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-4"
role="button"
data-image-width="664"
data-image-height="201"
data-image-alt="Figure 5"
data-pmc-id="PMC1274471"
data-figure-id="FG5">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-4"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7961/1274471/8d566625dae4/AJHGv68p577fg5.gif"
alt="Figure 5" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="664">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="201">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 5 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Proximal Senegalese-specific polymorphism affects processing… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 5 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Proximal Senegalese-specific polymorphism affects processing of P50gsc3 transcript in vitro. <i> A, </i> Mammalian expression… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 5
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Proximal Senegalese-specific polymorphism affects processing of P50gsc3 transcript in vitro. <i>A,</i> Mammalian expression constructs containing the four forms of the P50gsc3 gene body under the control of the RSV 3LTR are shown: (1) wt-SOST derived from BAC P50; (2) mut2-SOST, containing the distal A+2692C intronic polymorphism; (3) SDmut-SOST, containing a nucleotide substitution at the donor splice site (G-1T); and (4) mut1-SOST, containing the A+3T intronic polymorphism. Nucleotide positions of the three mutants are numbered relative to the first base of the intron. P50gsc3 coding sequence, including the initiating methionine, is represented by blackened boxes; 3 UTR (excluding a polyadenylation signal) is represented by unblackened box; heavy horizontal line corresponds to entire 2758 bp intron; the RSV 3 LTR and polyadenylation signal (pA) elements derived from the expression vector are also indicated. <i>B,</i> After transient transfection of COS-1 cells with the indicated construct, total RNA was recovered and analyzed by northern blot, using a fragment corresponding to the full-length <i>SOST</i> cDNA as a probe. Shown here is one representative blot (the experiment was repeated in triplicate). The quality and concentration of the RNA samples were first ascertained by running 1 μg of each sample on a 1% agarose gel (nondenaturing) and staining with ethidium bromide (below northern blot), then 20 μg of each were used for northern blot analyses. Transcripts deriving from constructs wt-SOST and mut2-SOST were consistently observed at high levels <i>(lanes 1 and 2)</i> and at a size of 2.3 kb, indicative of splicing of the intron as shown in 3<i>A.</i> The faint bands at 5 kb most likely represent low level of unprocessed transcript. Constructs SDmut-SOST and mut1-SOST consistently resulted in ⩾10-fold lower levels of transcript at a size slightly larger than the processed wt-SOST and mut2-SOST transcripts<i> (lanes 3 and 4).</i> <i>C,</i> When the same RNA samples were subjected to RT-PCR using primers <i>(small arrows)</i> that span the 2758 bp intron, products derived from both the SDmut-SOST and mut1-SOST transfections indicated the use of a cryptic splice-donor site located 214 bases 3 of that seen in the products from the wt-SOST and mut2-SOST constructs. The sequences at the splice junctions are indicated, the additional 214 bp are shown in gray, and the authentic exonic sequences are solid boxes.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="5"
data-label-slug="figure-6">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7961/1274471/791b351bb45f/AJHGv68p577fg6.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-5"
role="button"
data-image-width="434"
data-image-height="371"
data-image-alt="Figure 6"
data-pmc-id="PMC1274471"
data-figure-id="FG6">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-5"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7961/1274471/b0b9976464c8/AJHGv68p577fg6.gif"
alt="Figure 6" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="434">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="371">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 6 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The <i> SOST </i> gene product is… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 6 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The <i> SOST </i> gene product is highly conserved across vertebrate species. The vervet (v),… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 6
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">The <i>SOST</i> gene product is highly conserved across vertebrate species. The vervet (v), rat (r), and mouse (m) sclerostin sequences are 98%, 89%, and 88% identical, respectively, to the human (h) sequence. Conserved residues across all four species are highlighted with a black background; residues shared by three species are highlighted in gray. Putative secretory signal sequence is overlined, and potential sites for asparagine (N)-glycosylation are underlined.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item tail"
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="6"
data-label-slug="figure-7">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7961/1274471/765988ddb26c/AJHGv68p577fg7.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-6"
role="button"
data-image-width="620"
data-image-height="408"
data-image-alt="Figure 7"
data-pmc-id="PMC1274471"
data-figure-id="FG7">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-6"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7961/1274471/b30a4f9fa4b1/AJHGv68p577fg7.gif"
alt="Figure 7" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="620">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="408">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 7 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The <i> SOST </i> gene is expressed… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 7 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The <i> SOST </i> gene is expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Levels of <i> SOST </i> gene… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 7
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">The <i>SOST</i> gene is expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Levels of <i>SOST</i> gene expression were determined using the standard curve method (separate tube reactions) on an ABI Prism 7700 detection instrument, in which the <i>PPI</i> (cyclophilin) and <i>DAD1</i> genes served as endogenous references, and the standard curves were generated from a dilution series of a linear plasmid standard of known concentration. Standard curves were derived by plotting the threshold cycle (C<sub>T</sub>) vs. starting quantity, in this case expressed in copies/μl, and raw values for each of the three genes were then calculated from the C<sub>T</sub> of each test sample. Mean values from duplicate reactions for <i>SOST, PPI,</i> and <i>DAD1</i> were used in subsequent calculations. Two independent normalized <i>SOST</i> values were derived from the ratio of raw mean <i>SOST</i> to raw mean <i>PPI</i> value and raw mean <i>SOST</i> to raw mean <i>DAD1</i> value, for each tissue sample. Expression in the human tissues indicated are represented by the raw mean <i>SOST</i> values (open bars), <i>SOST</i> values normalized to <i>PPI</i> (solid bars), and <i>SOST</i> values normalized to <i>DAD1</i> (gray bars).</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item tail"
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="7"
data-label-slug="figure-8">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7961/1274471/1d056fa77dcd/AJHGv68p577fg8.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-7"
role="button"
data-image-width="435"
data-image-height="273"
data-image-alt="Figure 8"
data-pmc-id="PMC1274471"
data-figure-id="FG8">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-7"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7961/1274471/6a109165bc01/AJHGv68p577fg8.gif"
alt="Figure 8" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="435">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="273">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 8 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Sclerostin shares sequence similarity with… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 8 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Sclerostin shares sequence similarity with the dan family of proteins. The cysteine-rich region… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-7" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 8
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Sclerostin shares sequence similarity with the dan family of proteins. The cysteine-rich region of the <i>SOST</i> gene product (residues 80167) is aligned with the analogous regions of proteins encoded by the human <i>DAN,</i> <i>CER1</i> (cerberus), <i>DRM</i> (gremlin), mouse <i>Prdc,</i> chicken <i>Car</i> (caronte), human <i>NDP,</i> <i>MUC2,</i> <i>VWF,</i> and <i>TGFβ2</i> genes. The six canonical cysteine residues forming the core of the knot structure, including the CxGxC motif, are numbered 16 (highlighted in black), and cysteines that may be involved in additional stabilizing disulfide bonds are labeled ad, according to Meitinger et al. (1993) (highlighted in gray). Pairwise alignments of the cystine knot motif of sclerostin to each of these other factors show the following percent identities and number of gaps: DAN (22%, 10); CER1 (24%, 10); DRM (20%, 12); Prdc (23%, 12); Car (22%, 10); NDP (18%, 17); MUC2 (15%, 25); VWF (17%, 22); and TGFβ2 (11%, 24).</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="see-all actions-bar">
<button
class="show-more"
aria-controls="slides-container"
data-ga-category="figure"
data-ga-action="show_all">
All figures (8)
</button>
</div>
<!-- Root element of PhotoSwipe. Must have class pswp. -->
<div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"
data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">
<!-- Background of PhotoSwipe.
It's a separate element as animating opacity is faster than rgba(). -->
<div class="pswp__bg"></div>
<!-- Slides wrapper with overflow:hidden. -->
<div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">
<!-- Container that holds slides.
PhotoSwipe keeps only 3 of them in the DOM to save memory.
Don't modify these 3 pswp__item elements, data is added later on. -->
<div class="pswp__container">
<div class="pswp__item"></div>
<div class="pswp__item"></div>
<div class="pswp__item"></div>
</div>
<!-- Default (PhotoSwipeUI_Default) interface on top of sliding area. Can be changed. -->
<div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden">
<div class="pswp__top-bar">
<!-- Controls are self-explanatory. Order can be changed. -->
<div class="pswp__counter"></div>
<button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button>
<button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button>
<button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button>
<button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>
<!-- Preloader demo http://codepen.io/dimsemenov/pen/yyBWoR -->
<!-- element will get class pswp__preloader--active when preloader is running -->
<div class="pswp__preloader">
<div class="pswp__preloader__icn">
<div class="pswp__preloader__cut">
<div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap">
<div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div>
</div>
<button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)">
</button>
<button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)">
</button>
<div class="pswp__caption">
<div class="pswp__caption__center"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-dialog-caption">
<div class="figure-caption-link-container">
<a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-center"
data-expand-title="click to show full caption"
data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption">
</div>
<button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn"
aria-label="show full caption"
data-expand-text="show full caption"
data-collapse-text="hide full caption">
<!-- Dynamic text -->
</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="similar-articles" id="similar">
<h2 class="title">
Similar articles
</h2>
<ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list">
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/11181578/"
ref="article_id=11181578&amp;linksrc=similar_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="similar_article"
data-ga-action="11181578"
data-ga-label="">
Increased bone density in sclerosteosis is due to the deficiency of a novel secreted protein (SOST).
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Balemans W, Ebeling M, Patel N, Van Hul E, Olson P, Dioszegi M, Lacza C, Wuyts W, Van Den Ende J, Willems P, Paes-Alves AF, Hill S, Bueno M, Ramos FJ, Tacconi P, Dikkers FG, Stratakis C, Lindpaintner K, Vickery B, Foernzler D, Van Hul W.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Balemans W, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Hum Mol Genet. 2001 Mar 1;10(5):537-43. doi: 10.1093/hmg/10.5.537.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Hum Mol Genet. 2001.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">11181578</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/26283468/"
ref="article_id=26283468&amp;linksrc=similar_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="similar_article"
data-ga-action="26283468"
data-ga-label="">
Sclerosteosis caused by a novel nonsense mutation of SOST in a consanguineous family.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">He WT, Chen C, Pan C, Zhang MX, Yu XF, Wang DW, Hu SH.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">He WT, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Clin Genet. 2016 Feb;89(2):205-9. doi: 10.1111/cge.12655. Epub 2015 Sep 22.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Clin Genet. 2016.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">26283468</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/11836356/"
ref="article_id=11836356&amp;linksrc=similar_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=3"
data-ga-category="similar_article"
data-ga-action="11836356"
data-ga-label="">
Identification of a 52 kb deletion downstream of the SOST gene in patients with van Buchem disease.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Balemans W, Patel N, Ebeling M, Van Hul E, Wuyts W, Lacza C, Dioszegi M, Dikkers FG, Hildering P, Willems PJ, Verheij JB, Lindpaintner K, Vickery B, Foernzler D, Van Hul W.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Balemans W, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">J Med Genet. 2002 Feb;39(2):91-7. doi: 10.1136/jmg.39.2.91.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">J Med Genet. 2002.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">11836356</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/29080811/"
ref="article_id=29080811&amp;linksrc=similar_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=4"
data-ga-category="similar_article"
data-ga-action="29080811"
data-ga-label="">
Genetics of Sost/SOST in sclerosteosis and van Buchem disease animal models.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Sebastian A, Loots GG.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Sebastian A, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Metabolism. 2018 Mar;80:38-47. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.10.005. Epub 2017 Oct 25.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Metabolism. 2018.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">29080811</span></span>
<span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Review.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/15615113/"
ref="article_id=15615113&amp;linksrc=similar_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=5"
data-ga-category="similar_article"
data-ga-action="15615113"
data-ga-label="">
Identification of the disease-causing gene in sclerosteosis--discovery of a novel bone anabolic target?
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Balemans W, Van Hul W.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Balemans W, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2004 Jun;4(2):139-42.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2004.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">15615113</span></span>
<span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Review.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="actions-bar">
<a
class="show-all-linked-articles"
data-href="/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=11179006"
data-ga-category="similar_article"
data-ga-action="show_all"
>
See all similar articles
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="citedby-articles" id="citedby">
<h2 class="title">
Cited by
</h2>
<ul class="articles-list" id="citedby-articles-list">
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/27528549/"
ref="article_id=27528549&amp;linksrc=citedby_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="cited_by"
data-ga-action="27528549"
data-ga-label="">
Only minor differences in renal osteodystrophy features between wild-type and sclerostin knockout mice with chronic kidney disease.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Cejka D, Parada-Rodriguez D, Pichler S, Marculescu R, Kramer I, Kneissel M, Gross T, Reisinger A, Pahr D, Monier-Faugere MC, Haas M, Malluche HH.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Cejka D, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Kidney Int. 2016 Oct;90(4):828-34. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.06.019. Epub 2016 Aug 12.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Kidney Int. 2016.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">27528549</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/25952969/"
ref="article_id=25952969&amp;linksrc=citedby_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="cited_by"
data-ga-action="25952969"
data-ga-label="">
Sclerostin antibody treatment improves fracture outcomes in a Type I diabetic mouse model.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Yee CS, Xie L, Hatsell S, Hum N, Murugesh D, Economides AN, Loots GG, Collette NM.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Yee CS, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Bone. 2016 Jan;82:122-34. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.04.048. Epub 2015 May 5.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Bone. 2016.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">25952969</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/23001988/"
ref="article_id=23001988&amp;linksrc=citedby_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=3"
data-ga-category="cited_by"
data-ga-action="23001988"
data-ga-label="">
Targeting Wnt pathways in disease.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Zimmerman ZF, Moon RT, Chien AJ.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Zimmerman ZF, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2012 Nov 1;4(11):a008086. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008086.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2012.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">23001988</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
<span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Review.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/23462960/"
ref="article_id=23462960&amp;linksrc=citedby_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=4"
data-ga-category="cited_by"
data-ga-action="23462960"
data-ga-label="">
Lactating Ctcgrp nulls lose twice the normal bone mineral content due to fewer osteoblasts and more osteoclasts, whereas bone mass is fully restored after weaning in association with up-regulation of Wnt signaling and other novel genes.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Collins JN, Kirby BJ, Woodrow JP, Gagel RF, Rosen CJ, Sims NA, Kovacs CS.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Collins JN, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Endocrinology. 2013 Apr;154(4):1400-13. doi: 10.1210/en.2012-1931. Epub 2013 Mar 5.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Endocrinology. 2013.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">23462960</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="full-docsum">
<div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;">
<a class="docsum-title"
href="/27787773/"
ref="article_id=27787773&amp;linksrc=citedby_articles_link&amp;ordinalpos=5"
data-ga-category="cited_by"
data-ga-action="27787773"
data-ga-label="">
Bone metabolism in patients with anorexia nervosa and amenorrhoea.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Idolazzi L, El Ghoch M, Dalle Grave R, Bazzani PV, Calugi S, Fassio S, Caimmi C, Viapiana O, Bertoldo F, Braga V, Rossini M, Gatti D.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Idolazzi L, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Eat Weight Disord. 2018 Apr;23(2):255-261. doi: 10.1007/s40519-016-0337-x. Epub 2016 Oct 27.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Eat Weight Disord. 2018.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">27787773</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="actions-bar">
<a
class="show-all-linked-articles"
data-href="/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed_citedin&from_uid=11179006"
data-ga-category="cited_by"
data-ga-action="show_all"
>
See all "Cited by" articles
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="references" id="references">
<h2 class="title">
References
</h2>
<div id='top-references-list' class="references-lists-container">
<div class="refs-list">
<h4 class="refs-list-title">Electronic-Database Information</h4>
<ol id="top-references-list-1" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
BLAST, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="External link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
CEPH, <a href="http://www.cephb.fr/" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="External link: http://www.cephb.fr/">http://www.cephb.fr/</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Cooperative Human Linkage Center, <a href="http://lpg.nci.nih.gov/CHLC/" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="External link: http://lpg.nci.nih.gov/CHLC/">http://lpg.nci.nih.gov/CHLC/</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Coriell Cell Repositories, <a href="http://locus.umdnj.edu/" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="External link: http://locus.umdnj.edu/">http://locus.umdnj.edu/</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Expressed Sequence Tags database, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="External link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="actions-bar">
<button
class="show-all"
ref="linksrc=show_all_references_link"
aria-controls="top-references-list-1"
data-next-page-url="/11179006/references/"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="show_more"
>
Show all 15 references
</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h4 class="refs-list-title">References</h4>
<ol id="top-references-list-2" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Balemans W, van den Ende J, Freire Paes-Alves A, Dikkers F, Willems P, Vanhoenacker F, de Almeida-Melo N, Alves CF, Stratakis CA, Hill SC, van Hul W (1999) Localization of the gene for sclerosteosis to the van Buchem disease-gene region on chromosome 17q12-q21. Am J Hum Genet 64:16611669
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1377909/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC1377909"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/10330353/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="10330353"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Beighton P (1988) Sclerosteosis. J Med Genet 25:200203
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1015488/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC1015488"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/3351908/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="3351908"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Beighton P, Barnard A, Hamersma H, van der Wouden A (1984) The syndromic status of sclerosteosis and van Buchem disease. Clin Genet 25:175181
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/6323069/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="6323069"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Beighton P, Davidson J, Durr L, Hamersma H (1977) Sclerosteosis—an autosomal recessive disorder. Clin Genet 11:17
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/187366/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="187366"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Beighton P, Durr L, Hamersma H (1976) The clinical features of sclerosteosis: a review of the manifestations in twenty-five affected individuals. Ann Intern Med 84:393397
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/1259284/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="1259284"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="actions-bar">
<button
class="show-all"
ref="linksrc=show_all_references_link"
aria-controls="top-references-list-2"
data-next-page-url="/11179006/references/"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="show_more"
>
Show all 51 references
</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="publication-types" class="publication-types keywords-section">
<h2 class="title">
Publication types
</h2>
<ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Case Reports"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-publication-types-0"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Case Reports
</button><div id="keyword-actions-publication-types-0"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Case Reports"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Case+Reports%22%5Bpt%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Case+Reports%22%5Bpt%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;keyword=&quot;Case Reports&quot;[pt]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="pub_type"
data-ga-label="Case Reports">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Case+Reports"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="pub_type_link"
data-ga-label="Case Reports">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Case Reports&quot;[pt]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Case Reports&quot;[pt]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
</div>
<div id="mesh-terms" class="mesh-terms keywords-section">
<h2 class="title">
MeSH terms
</h2>
<ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Adaptor+Proteins%2C+Signal+Transducing%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Adaptor+Proteins%2C+Signal+Transducing%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adaptor+Proteins%2C+Signal+Transducing"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Alternative Splicing"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-1"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Alternative Splicing
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-1"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Alternative Splicing"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Alternative+Splicing%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Alternative+Splicing%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Alternative Splicing&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Alternative Splicing">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Alternative+Splicing"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Alternative Splicing">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Alternative Splicing&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Alternative Splicing&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Amino Acid Sequence"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Amino Acid Sequence
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Amino Acid Sequence"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Amino+Acid+Sequence%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Amino+Acid+Sequence%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Amino Acid Sequence&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Amino Acid Sequence">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Amino+Acid+Sequence"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Amino Acid Sequence">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Amino Acid Sequence&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Amino Acid Sequence&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Animals"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Animals
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Animals"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Animals&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Animals">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Animals"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Animals">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Animals&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Animals&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Base Sequence"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Base Sequence
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Base Sequence"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Base+Sequence%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Base+Sequence%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Base Sequence&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Base Sequence">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Base+Sequence"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Base Sequence">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Base Sequence&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Base Sequence&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Black People"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Black People
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Black People"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Black+People%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Black+People%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Black People&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Black People">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Black+People"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Black People">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Black People&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Black People&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Bone Diseases / genetics*"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-6"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Bone Diseases / genetics*
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-6"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Bone Diseases / genetics*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Bone+Diseases%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Bone+Diseases%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Bone Diseases/genetics&quot;[MAJR]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Bone Diseases / genetics*">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Bone+Diseases"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Bone Diseases / genetics*">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Bone Diseases/genetics&quot;[MAJR]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Bone Diseases/genetics&quot;[MAJR]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Bone Diseases / pathology"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Bone Diseases / pathology
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Bone Diseases / pathology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Bone+Diseases%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Bone+Diseases%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Bone Diseases/pathology&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Bone Diseases / pathology">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Bone+Diseases"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Bone Diseases / pathology">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Bone Diseases/pathology&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Bone Diseases/pathology&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Bone Morphogenetic Proteins*"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-8"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins*
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-8"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Bone Morphogenetic Proteins*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Bone+Morphogenetic+Proteins%22%5BMAJR%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Bone+Morphogenetic+Proteins%22%5BMAJR%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Bone Morphogenetic Proteins&quot;[MAJR]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Bone Morphogenetic Proteins*">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Bone+Morphogenetic+Proteins"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Bone Morphogenetic Proteins*">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Bone Morphogenetic Proteins&quot;[MAJR]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Bone Morphogenetic Proteins&quot;[MAJR]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Chromosome Mapping"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Chromosome Mapping
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Chromosome Mapping"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Chromosome+Mapping%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Chromosome+Mapping%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Chromosome Mapping&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Chromosome Mapping">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Chromosome+Mapping"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Chromosome Mapping">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Chromosome Mapping&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Chromosome Mapping&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17*"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-10"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17*
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-10"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Chromosomes%2C+Human%2C+Pair+17%22%5BMAJR%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Chromosomes%2C+Human%2C+Pair+17%22%5BMAJR%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17&quot;[MAJR]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17*">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Chromosomes%2C+Human%2C+Pair+17"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17*">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17&quot;[MAJR]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17&quot;[MAJR]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Consanguinity"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-11"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Consanguinity
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-11"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Consanguinity"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Consanguinity%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Consanguinity%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Consanguinity&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Consanguinity">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Consanguinity"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Consanguinity">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Consanguinity&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Consanguinity&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Conserved Sequence"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Conserved Sequence
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Conserved Sequence"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Conserved+Sequence%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Conserved+Sequence%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Conserved Sequence&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Conserved Sequence">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Conserved+Sequence"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Conserved Sequence">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Conserved Sequence&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Conserved Sequence&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Cystine"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-13"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Cystine
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-13"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Cystine"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Cystine%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Cystine%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Cystine&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Cystine">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cystine"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Cystine">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Cystine&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Cystine&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Female"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Female
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Female"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Female&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Female">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Female">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Female&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Female&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Genetic Markers"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Genetic Markers
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Genetic Markers"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Genetic+Markers%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Genetic+Markers%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Genetic Markers&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Genetic Markers">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Genetic+Markers"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Genetic Markers">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Genetic Markers&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Genetic Markers&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Homozygote"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-16"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Homozygote
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-16"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Homozygote"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Homozygote%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Homozygote%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Homozygote&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Homozygote">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Homozygote"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Homozygote">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Homozygote&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Homozygote&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Humans"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Humans
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Humans"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Humans&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Humans">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Humans">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Humans&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Humans&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Male"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-18"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Male
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-18"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Male"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Male%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Male%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Male&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Male">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Male"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Male">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Male&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Male&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Molecular Sequence Data"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-19"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Molecular Sequence Data
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-19"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Molecular Sequence Data"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Molecular+Sequence+Data%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Molecular+Sequence+Data%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Molecular Sequence Data&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Molecular Sequence Data">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Molecular+Sequence+Data"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Molecular Sequence Data">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Molecular Sequence Data&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Molecular Sequence Data&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Mutation, Missense*"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-20"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Mutation, Missense*
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-20"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mutation, Missense*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Mutation%2C+Missense%22%5BMAJR%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Mutation%2C+Missense%22%5BMAJR%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Mutation, Missense&quot;[MAJR]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Mutation, Missense*">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mutation%2C+Missense"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Mutation, Missense*">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Mutation, Missense&quot;[MAJR]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Mutation, Missense&quot;[MAJR]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Netherlands / ethnology"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-21"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Netherlands / ethnology
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-21"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Netherlands / ethnology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Netherlands%2Fethnology%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Netherlands%2Fethnology%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Netherlands/ethnology&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Netherlands / ethnology">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Netherlands"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Netherlands / ethnology">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Netherlands/ethnology&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Netherlands/ethnology&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Pedigree"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-22"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Pedigree
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-22"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Pedigree"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Pedigree%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Pedigree%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Pedigree&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Pedigree">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Pedigree"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Pedigree">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Pedigree&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Pedigree&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Proteins / chemistry"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-23"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Proteins / chemistry
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-23"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Proteins / chemistry"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Proteins%2Fchemistry%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Proteins%2Fchemistry%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Proteins/chemistry&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Proteins / chemistry">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Proteins"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Proteins / chemistry">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Proteins/chemistry&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Proteins/chemistry&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Proteins / genetics*"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-24"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Proteins / genetics*
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-24"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Proteins / genetics*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Proteins%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Proteins%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Proteins/genetics&quot;[MAJR]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Proteins / genetics*">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Proteins"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Proteins / genetics*">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Proteins/genetics&quot;[MAJR]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Proteins/genetics&quot;[MAJR]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Recombination, Genetic"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-25"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Recombination, Genetic
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-25"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Recombination, Genetic"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Recombination%2C+Genetic%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Recombination%2C+Genetic%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Recombination, Genetic&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Recombination, Genetic">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Recombination%2C+Genetic"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Recombination, Genetic">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Recombination, Genetic&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Recombination, Genetic&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Sclerosis"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-26"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Sclerosis
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-26"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Sclerosis"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Sclerosis%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Sclerosis%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Sclerosis&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Sclerosis">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Sclerosis"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Sclerosis">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Sclerosis&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Sclerosis&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Senegal / ethnology"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-27"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Senegal / ethnology
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-27"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Senegal / ethnology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Senegal%2Fethnology%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Senegal%2Fethnology%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;Senegal/ethnology&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="Senegal / ethnology">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Senegal"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="Senegal / ethnology">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Senegal/ethnology&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Senegal/ethnology&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword South Africa"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-28"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
South Africa
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-28"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword South Africa"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22South+Africa%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22South+Africa%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;South Africa&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="South Africa">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=South+Africa"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="South Africa">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;South Africa&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;South Africa&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword White People"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-29"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
White People
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-29"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword White People"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22White+People%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22White+People%22%5BMeSH%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;mesh=&quot;White People&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="mesh_term"
data-ga-label="White People">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=White+People"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
data-ga-label="White People">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;White People&quot;[MeSH]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;White People&quot;[MeSH]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
</div>
<div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section">
<h2 class="title">
Substances
</h2>
<ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-0"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-0"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Adaptor+Proteins%2C+Signal+Transducing%22%5Bnm%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Adaptor+Proteins%2C+Signal+Transducing%22%5Bnm%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;keyword=&quot;Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing&quot;[nm]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="substance"
data-ga-label="Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Adaptor+Proteins%2C+Signal+Transducing%22"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="substance_link"
data-ga-label="Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing&quot;[nm]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing&quot;[nm]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Bone Morphogenetic Proteins"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-1"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-1"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Bone Morphogenetic Proteins"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Bone+Morphogenetic+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Bone+Morphogenetic+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;keyword=&quot;Bone Morphogenetic Proteins&quot;[nm]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="substance"
data-ga-label="Bone Morphogenetic Proteins">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Bone+Morphogenetic+Proteins%22"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="substance_link"
data-ga-label="Bone Morphogenetic Proteins">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Bone Morphogenetic Proteins&quot;[nm]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Bone Morphogenetic Proteins&quot;[nm]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Genetic Markers"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-2"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Genetic Markers
</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-2"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Genetic Markers"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Genetic+Markers%22%5Bnm%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Genetic+Markers%22%5Bnm%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;keyword=&quot;Genetic Markers&quot;[nm]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="substance"
data-ga-label="Genetic Markers">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Genetic+Markers%22"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="substance_link"
data-ga-label="Genetic Markers">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Genetic Markers&quot;[nm]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Genetic Markers&quot;[nm]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Proteins"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-3"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Proteins
</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-3"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Proteins"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;keyword=&quot;Proteins&quot;[nm]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="substance"
data-ga-label="Proteins">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Proteins%22"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="substance_link"
data-ga-label="Proteins">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Proteins&quot;[nm]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Proteins&quot;[nm]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword SOST protein, human"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-4"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
SOST protein, human
</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-4"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword SOST protein, human"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22SOST+protein%2C+human%22%5Bnm%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22SOST+protein%2C+human%22%5Bnm%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;keyword=&quot;SOST protein, human&quot;[nm]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="substance"
data-ga-label="SOST protein, human">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22SOST+protein%2C+human%22"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="substance_link"
data-ga-label="SOST protein, human">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;SOST protein, human&quot;[nm]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;SOST protein, human&quot;[nm]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Sost protein, rat"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-5"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Sost protein, rat
</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-5"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Sost protein, rat"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Sost+protein%2C+rat%22%5Bnm%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Sost+protein%2C+rat%22%5Bnm%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;keyword=&quot;Sost protein, rat&quot;[nm]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="substance"
data-ga-label="Sost protein, rat">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Sost+protein%2C+rat%22"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="substance_link"
data-ga-label="Sost protein, rat">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Sost protein, rat&quot;[nm]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Sost protein, rat&quot;[nm]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Cystine"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-6"
aria-expanded="false"
data-pinger-ignore>
Cystine
</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-6"
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Cystine"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
href="/?term=%22Cystine%22%5Bnm%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
data-href="/?term=%22Cystine%22%5Bnm%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&amp;keyword=&quot;Cystine&quot;[nm]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="substance"
data-ga-label="Cystine">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Cystine%22"
data-ga-category="search_mesh"
data-ga-action="substance_link"
data-ga-label="Cystine">
Search in MeSH
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
role="button"
data-search-term="&quot;Cystine&quot;[nm]"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
data-ga-label="&quot;Cystine&quot;[nm]"
href="#">
Add to Search
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
</div>
<div id="supplemental-data" class="supplemental-data">
<h2 class="title">
Associated data
</h2>
<ul class="supplemental-data-list"><li><div class="supplemental-data-actions dropdown-block"><button class="supplemental-data-actions-trigger trigger"
title="Supplemental Data Dropdown Toggle"
ref="linksrc=supplemental_data_actions_btn"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326736"
aria-describedby="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326736"
data-pinger-ignore>
GENBANK/AF326736
</button><div id="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326736"
class="supplemental-data-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="GENBANK/AF326736"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="supplemental-data-actions-links"><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in PubMed"
href="/?term=AF326736%5BSecondary+Source+ID%5D"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="AF326736[Secondary Source ID]">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in Nucleotide"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide?term=AF326736"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="None">
Search in Nucleotide
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="supplemental-data-actions dropdown-block"><button class="supplemental-data-actions-trigger trigger"
title="Supplemental Data Dropdown Toggle"
ref="linksrc=supplemental_data_actions_btn"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326737"
aria-describedby="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326737"
data-pinger-ignore>
GENBANK/AF326737
</button><div id="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326737"
class="supplemental-data-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="GENBANK/AF326737"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="supplemental-data-actions-links"><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in PubMed"
href="/?term=AF326737%5BSecondary+Source+ID%5D"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="AF326737[Secondary Source ID]">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in Nucleotide"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide?term=AF326737"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="None">
Search in Nucleotide
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="supplemental-data-actions dropdown-block"><button class="supplemental-data-actions-trigger trigger"
title="Supplemental Data Dropdown Toggle"
ref="linksrc=supplemental_data_actions_btn"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326738"
aria-describedby="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326738"
data-pinger-ignore>
GENBANK/AF326738
</button><div id="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326738"
class="supplemental-data-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="GENBANK/AF326738"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="supplemental-data-actions-links"><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in PubMed"
href="/?term=AF326738%5BSecondary+Source+ID%5D"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="AF326738[Secondary Source ID]">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in Nucleotide"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide?term=AF326738"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="None">
Search in Nucleotide
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="supplemental-data-actions dropdown-block"><button class="supplemental-data-actions-trigger trigger"
title="Supplemental Data Dropdown Toggle"
ref="linksrc=supplemental_data_actions_btn"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326739"
aria-describedby="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326739"
data-pinger-ignore>
GENBANK/AF326739
</button><div id="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326739"
class="supplemental-data-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="GENBANK/AF326739"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="supplemental-data-actions-links"><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in PubMed"
href="/?term=AF326739%5BSecondary+Source+ID%5D"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="AF326739[Secondary Source ID]">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in Nucleotide"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide?term=AF326739"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="None">
Search in Nucleotide
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="supplemental-data-actions dropdown-block"><button class="supplemental-data-actions-trigger trigger"
title="Supplemental Data Dropdown Toggle"
ref="linksrc=supplemental_data_actions_btn"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326740"
aria-describedby="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326740"
data-pinger-ignore>
GENBANK/AF326740
</button><div id="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326740"
class="supplemental-data-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="GENBANK/AF326740"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="supplemental-data-actions-links"><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in PubMed"
href="/?term=AF326740%5BSecondary+Source+ID%5D"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="AF326740[Secondary Source ID]">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in Nucleotide"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide?term=AF326740"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="None">
Search in Nucleotide
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="supplemental-data-actions dropdown-block"><button class="supplemental-data-actions-trigger trigger"
title="Supplemental Data Dropdown Toggle"
ref="linksrc=supplemental_data_actions_btn"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326741"
aria-describedby="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326741"
data-pinger-ignore>
GENBANK/AF326741
</button><div id="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326741"
class="supplemental-data-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="GENBANK/AF326741"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="supplemental-data-actions-links"><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in PubMed"
href="/?term=AF326741%5BSecondary+Source+ID%5D"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="AF326741[Secondary Source ID]">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in Nucleotide"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide?term=AF326741"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="None">
Search in Nucleotide
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="supplemental-data-actions dropdown-block"><button class="supplemental-data-actions-trigger trigger"
title="Supplemental Data Dropdown Toggle"
ref="linksrc=supplemental_data_actions_btn"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326742"
aria-describedby="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326742"
data-pinger-ignore>
GENBANK/AF326742
</button><div id="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326742"
class="supplemental-data-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="GENBANK/AF326742"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="supplemental-data-actions-links"><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in PubMed"
href="/?term=AF326742%5BSecondary+Source+ID%5D"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="AF326742[Secondary Source ID]">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in Nucleotide"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide?term=AF326742"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="None">
Search in Nucleotide
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="supplemental-data-actions dropdown-block"><button class="supplemental-data-actions-trigger trigger"
title="Supplemental Data Dropdown Toggle"
ref="linksrc=supplemental_data_actions_btn"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326743"
aria-describedby="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326743"
data-pinger-ignore>
GENBANK/AF326743
</button><div id="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326743"
class="supplemental-data-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="GENBANK/AF326743"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="supplemental-data-actions-links"><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in PubMed"
href="/?term=AF326743%5BSecondary+Source+ID%5D"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="AF326743[Secondary Source ID]">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in Nucleotide"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide?term=AF326743"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="None">
Search in Nucleotide
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="supplemental-data-actions dropdown-block"><button class="supplemental-data-actions-trigger trigger"
title="Supplemental Data Dropdown Toggle"
ref="linksrc=supplemental_data_actions_btn"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326744"
aria-describedby="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326744"
data-pinger-ignore>
GENBANK/AF326744
</button><div id="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326744"
class="supplemental-data-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="GENBANK/AF326744"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="supplemental-data-actions-links"><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in PubMed"
href="/?term=AF326744%5BSecondary+Source+ID%5D"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="AF326744[Secondary Source ID]">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in Nucleotide"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide?term=AF326744"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="None">
Search in Nucleotide
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="supplemental-data-actions dropdown-block"><button class="supplemental-data-actions-trigger trigger"
title="Supplemental Data Dropdown Toggle"
ref="linksrc=supplemental_data_actions_btn"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326745"
aria-describedby="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326745"
data-pinger-ignore>
GENBANK/AF326745
</button><div id="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326745"
class="supplemental-data-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="GENBANK/AF326745"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="supplemental-data-actions-links"><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in PubMed"
href="/?term=AF326745%5BSecondary+Source+ID%5D"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="AF326745[Secondary Source ID]">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in Nucleotide"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide?term=AF326745"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="None">
Search in Nucleotide
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="supplemental-data-actions dropdown-block"><button class="supplemental-data-actions-trigger trigger"
title="Supplemental Data Dropdown Toggle"
ref="linksrc=supplemental_data_actions_btn"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326746"
aria-describedby="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326746"
data-pinger-ignore>
GENBANK/AF326746
</button><div id="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326746"
class="supplemental-data-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="GENBANK/AF326746"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="supplemental-data-actions-links"><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in PubMed"
href="/?term=AF326746%5BSecondary+Source+ID%5D"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="AF326746[Secondary Source ID]">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in Nucleotide"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide?term=AF326746"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="None">
Search in Nucleotide
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="supplemental-data-actions dropdown-block"><button class="supplemental-data-actions-trigger trigger"
title="Supplemental Data Dropdown Toggle"
ref="linksrc=supplemental_data_actions_btn"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326747"
aria-describedby="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326747"
data-pinger-ignore>
GENBANK/AF326747
</button><div id="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326747"
class="supplemental-data-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="GENBANK/AF326747"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="supplemental-data-actions-links"><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in PubMed"
href="/?term=AF326747%5BSecondary+Source+ID%5D"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="AF326747[Secondary Source ID]">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in Nucleotide"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide?term=AF326747"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="None">
Search in Nucleotide
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="supplemental-data-actions dropdown-block"><button class="supplemental-data-actions-trigger trigger"
title="Supplemental Data Dropdown Toggle"
ref="linksrc=supplemental_data_actions_btn"
tabindex="0"
aria-controls="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326748"
aria-describedby="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326748"
data-pinger-ignore>
GENBANK/AF326748
</button><div id="supplemental-data-GENBANK-AF326748"
class="supplemental-data-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
hidden
aria-label="GENBANK/AF326748"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="supplemental-data-actions-links"><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in PubMed"
href="/?term=AF326748%5BSecondary+Source+ID%5D"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="AF326748[Secondary Source ID]">
Search in PubMed
</a></li><li><a class="dropdown-block-link"
title="Search in Nucleotide"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide?term=AF326748"
ref="linksrc=ssid_link"
data-ga-category="search"
data-ga-action="data"
data-ga-label="None">
Search in Nucleotide
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
</div>
<div id="related-links" class="related-links">
<h2 class="title">
Related information
</h2>
<ul class="related-links-list"><li><a title="PubMed links associated with Books" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books?linkname=pubmed_books_refs&amp;from_uid=11179006"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11179006&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1">
Cited in Books
</a></li><li><a title="Clinical variations associated with publication" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar?linkname=pubmed_clinvar&amp;from_uid=11179006"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11179006&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2">
ClinVar
</a></li><li><a title="Link to related CDD entry" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cdd?linkname=pubmed_cdd&amp;from_uid=11179006"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11179006&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3">
Domains
</a></li><li><a title="Link to related Genes" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?linkname=pubmed_gene&amp;from_uid=11179006"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11179006&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4">
Gene
</a></li><li><a title="Related information in MedGen" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen?linkname=pubmed_medgen&amp;from_uid=11179006"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11179006&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5">
MedGen
</a></li><li><a title="Related records in MedGen based on citations in GeneReviews and Medical Genetics Summaries" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen?linkname=pubmed_medgen_bookshelf_cited&amp;from_uid=11179006"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11179006&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=6">
MedGen (Bookshelf cited)
</a></li><li><a title="Related information in MedGen (OMIM)" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen?linkname=pubmed_medgen_omim&amp;from_uid=11179006"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11179006&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=7">
MedGen (OMIM)
</a></li><li><a title="Published Nucleotide sequences" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore?linkname=pubmed_nuccore&amp;from_uid=11179006"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11179006&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=8">
Nucleotide
</a></li><li><a title="OMIM (cited) Links" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim?linkname=pubmed_omim_cited&amp;from_uid=11179006"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11179006&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=9">
OMIM (cited)
</a></li><li><a title="Published protein sequences" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein?linkname=pubmed_protein&amp;from_uid=11179006"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11179006&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=10">
Protein
</a></li><li><a title="Link to Protein RefSeqs" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein?linkname=pubmed_protein_refseq&amp;from_uid=11179006"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11179006&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=11">
Protein (RefSeq)
</a></li><li><a title="Protein family models supported by a particular publication" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protfam?linkname=pubmed_protfam&amp;from_uid=11179006"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11179006&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=12">
Protein Family Models
</a></li><li><a title="Related PubChem Compound" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pccompound?linkname=pubmed_pccompound&amp;from_uid=11179006"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11179006&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=13">
PubChem Compound
</a></li><li><a title="Related PubChem Compound via MeSH" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pccompound?linkname=pubmed_pccompound_mesh&amp;from_uid=11179006"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11179006&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=14">
PubChem Compound (MeSH Keyword)
</a></li><li><a title="Related PubChem Substance" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pcsubstance?linkname=pubmed_pcsubstance&amp;from_uid=11179006"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11179006&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=15">
PubChem Substance
</a></li><li><a title="PubMed to SNP links" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp?linkname=pubmed_snp&amp;from_uid=11179006"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=11179006&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=16">
SNP
</a></li></ul>
</div>
<div id="linkout" class="linkout">
<h2 class="title">
LinkOut - more resources
</h2>
<ul class="linkout-list"><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Full Text Sources</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a
href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9297(07)63098-5"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=3048&uid=11179006&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=0370475"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Full Text Sources"
data-ga-label="Elsevier Science"
>
Elsevier Science
</a></li><li><a
href="https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/11179006"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=6082&uid=11179006&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=0370475"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Full Text Sources"
data-ga-label="Europe PubMed Central"
>
Europe PubMed Central
</a></li><li><a
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/11179006/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=3494&uid=11179006&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=0370475"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Full Text Sources"
data-ga-label="PubMed Central"
>
PubMed Central
</a></li></ul></li><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Other Literature Sources</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a
href="https://www.lens.org/lens/search/patent/list?q=reference_cited.npl.ids.pmid:11179006"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=8681&uid=11179006&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=0370475"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Other Literature Sources"
data-ga-label="The Lens - Patent Citations Database"
>
The Lens - Patent Citations Database
</a></li></ul></li><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Medical</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a
href="https://medlineplus.gov/bonediseases.html"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=3162&uid=11179006&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=0370475"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Medical"
data-ga-label="MedlinePlus Health Information"
>
MedlinePlus Health Information
</a></li></ul></li><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Molecular Biology Databases</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a
href="https://biocyc.org/gene?orgid=HUMAN&amp;id=HS09663"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=4616&uid=11179006&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=0370475"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Molecular Biology Databases"
data-ga-label="BioCyc"
>
BioCyc
</a></li><li><a
href="https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/11179006/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=10227&uid=11179006&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=0370475"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Molecular Biology Databases"
data-ga-label="GlyGen glycoinformatics resource"
>
GlyGen glycoinformatics resource
</a></li><li><a
href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/reference/11179006"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=2002&uid=11179006&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=0370475"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Molecular Biology Databases"
data-ga-label="Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI)"
>
Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI)
</a></li><li><a
href="https://www.malacards.org/card/sclerosteosis_2"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=8598&uid=11179006&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=0370475"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Molecular Biology Databases"
data-ga-label="The Weizmann Institute of Science GeneCards and MalaCards databases"
>
The Weizmann Institute of Science GeneCards and MalaCards databases
</a></li></ul></li><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Research Materials</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a
href="http://ccr.coriell.org/Sections/Search/PubSamples.aspx?PgId=516&amp;id=11179006&amp;lvl=0"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=4720&uid=11179006&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=0370475"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Research Materials"
data-ga-label="Coriell Cell Repositories"
>
Coriell Cell Repositories
</a></li></ul></li><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Miscellaneous</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a
href="https://assays.cancer.gov/non-CPTAC-3393"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=8855&uid=11179006&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=0370475"
data-ga-category="link_out"
data-ga-action="Miscellaneous"
data-ga-label="NCI CPTAC Assay Portal"
>
NCI CPTAC Assay Portal
</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div>
</main>
<div class="overlay" role="dialog" aria-label="Full Text Links Dialog">
<div id="full-text-links-dialog" class="dialog full-text-links-dialog">
<strong class="title">Full text links</strong>
<button class="close-overlay" tabindex="3">[x]</button>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9297(07)63098-5"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3048&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=11179006&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=0370475"
title="See full text options at Elsevier Science"
tabindex="1"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Elsevier Science"
data-ga-label="11179006"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--linkinghub.elsevier.com-ihub-images-celloa.png" alt="Elsevier Science full text link"><span class="text">
Elsevier Science
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/11179006/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=11179006&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=0370475"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
tabindex="2"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="11179006"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="overlay" role="dialog" aria-label="Citation Dialog">
<div class="dialog citation-dialog">
<button class="close-overlay" tabindex="1">[x]</button>
<div class="title">Cite</div>
<div class="citation-text-block">
<div class="citation-text"></div>
<div class="citation-actions">
<button
class="copy-button dialog-focus"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="copy"
tabindex="2">
Copy
</button>
<form method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Bbyk6j59CjBoqxe0TZjMvVX3hSYsEwt1SYipJ9yvcUoSkYkQwiWOZ3tHPWGEx71l">
<button type="submit"
class="export-button"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="download"
title="Download a file for external citation management software"
tabindex="3">
<span class="download-title">Download .nbib</span>
<span class="download-title-mobile">.nbib</span>
</button>
</form>
<div class="citation-style-selector-wrapper">
<label class="selector-label">Format:</label>
<select aria-label="Format" class="citation-style-selector" tabindex="4">
<option data-style-url-name="ama"
value="AMA"
>
AMA
</option>
<option data-style-url-name="apa"
value="APA"
>
APA
</option>
<option data-style-url-name="mla"
value="MLA"
>
MLA
</option>
<option data-style-url-name="nlm"
value="NLM"
selected="selected">
NLM
</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="overlay" role="dialog" aria-label="More Actions Dialog">
<div id="more-actions-dialog" class="dialog more-actions-dialog">
<strong class="title">Send To</strong>
<ul class="more-actions-links">
<li><a id="clipboard-trigger" role="button" class="submit-button clipboard-trigger clipboard-trigger-target dialog-focus link-item " href="#">Clipboard</a></li>
<li><a class="email-trigger link-item" role="button" href="#">Email</a></li>
<li><a class="save-trigger link-item" role="button" href="#">Save</a></li>
<li><a class="link-item" role="button" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F11179006%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a class="link-item" role="button" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F11179006%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li>
<li><a class="citation-manager-trigger link-item" role="button" href="#">Citation Manager</a></li>
</ul>
<button class="close-overlay">[x]</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="ncbi-footer">
<div class="literature-footer" role="complementary" title="Links to NCBI Literature Resources">
<div class="usa-grid">
<p class="literature-footer-text">NCBI Literature Resources</p>
<p class="literature-footer-text">
<a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/">MeSH</a>
<a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="pmc_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/">PMC</a>
<a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="bookshelf_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books">Bookshelf</a>
<a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" href="/disclaimer/">Disclaimer</a>
</p>
<p class="literature-footer-text attribution-statement">The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.</p>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ========== BEGIN FOOTER ========== -->
<footer>
<section class="icon-section">
<div id="icon-section-header" class="icon-section_header">Follow NCBI</div>
<div class="grid-container container">
<div class="icon-section_container">
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_twitter" href="https://twitter.com/ncbi" aria-label="Twitter">
<svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 37" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title>Twitter</title>
<g id="twitterx1008">
<path id="path1008"
d="M6.06736 7L16.8778 20.8991L6.00001 32.2H10.2L18.6 23.1L25.668 32.2H34L22.8 17.5L31.9 7H28.4L20.7 15.4L14.401 7H6.06898H6.06736ZM9.66753 8.73423H12.9327L29.7327 30.4658H26.5697L9.66753 8.73423Z"
fill="#5B616B"/>
</g>
</svg>
</a>
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/ncbi.nlm" aria-label="Facebook"><svg
data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
<title>Facebook</title>
<path class="cls-11"
d="M210.5,115.12H171.74V97.82c0-8.14,5.39-10,9.19-10h27.14V52l-39.32-.12c-35.66,0-42.42,26.68-42.42,43.77v19.48H99.09v36.32h27.24v109h45.41v-109h35Z">
</path>
</svg></a>
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_linkedin"
href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ncbinlm"
aria-label="LinkedIn"><svg data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
<title>LinkedIn</title>
<path class="cls-11"
d="M101.64,243.37H57.79v-114h43.85Zm-22-131.54h-.26c-13.25,0-21.82-10.36-21.82-21.76,0-11.65,8.84-21.15,22.33-21.15S101.7,78.72,102,90.38C102,101.77,93.4,111.83,79.63,111.83Zm100.93,52.61A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,163,182v61.39H119.18s.51-105.23,0-114H163v13a54.33,54.33,0,0,1,34.54-12.66c26,0,44.39,18.8,44.39,55.29v58.35H198.1V182A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,180.56,164.44Z">
</path>
</svg></a>
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_github" href="https://github.com/ncbi" aria-label="GitHub"><svg
data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
<defs>
<style>
.cls-11,
.cls-12 {
fill: #737373;
}
.cls-11 {
fill-rule: evenodd;
}
</style>
</defs>
<title>GitHub</title>
<path class="cls-11"
d="M151.36,47.28a105.76,105.76,0,0,0-33.43,206.1c5.28,1,7.22-2.3,7.22-5.09,0-2.52-.09-10.85-.14-19.69-29.42,6.4-35.63-12.48-35.63-12.48-4.81-12.22-11.74-15.47-11.74-15.47-9.59-6.56.73-6.43.73-6.43,10.61.75,16.21,10.9,16.21,10.9,9.43,16.17,24.73,11.49,30.77,8.79,1-6.83,3.69-11.5,6.71-14.14C108.57,197.1,83.88,188,83.88,147.51a40.92,40.92,0,0,1,10.9-28.39c-1.1-2.66-4.72-13.42,1-28,0,0,8.88-2.84,29.09,10.84a100.26,100.26,0,0,1,53,0C198,88.3,206.9,91.14,206.9,91.14c5.76,14.56,2.14,25.32,1,28a40.87,40.87,0,0,1,10.89,28.39c0,40.62-24.74,49.56-48.29,52.18,3.79,3.28,7.17,9.71,7.17,19.58,0,14.15-.12,25.54-.12,29,0,2.82,1.9,6.11,7.26,5.07A105.76,105.76,0,0,0,151.36,47.28Z">
</path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M85.66,199.12c-.23.52-1.06.68-1.81.32s-1.2-1.06-.95-1.59,1.06-.69,1.82-.33,1.21,1.07.94,1.6Zm-1.3-1">
</path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M90,203.89c-.51.47-1.49.25-2.16-.49a1.61,1.61,0,0,1-.31-2.19c.52-.47,1.47-.25,2.17.49s.82,1.72.3,2.19Zm-1-1.08">
</path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M94.12,210c-.65.46-1.71,0-2.37-.91s-.64-2.07,0-2.52,1.7,0,2.36.89.65,2.08,0,2.54Zm0,0"></path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M99.83,215.87c-.58.64-1.82.47-2.72-.41s-1.18-2.06-.6-2.7,1.83-.46,2.74.41,1.2,2.07.58,2.7Zm0,0">
</path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M107.71,219.29c-.26.82-1.45,1.2-2.64.85s-2-1.34-1.74-2.17,1.44-1.23,2.65-.85,2,1.32,1.73,2.17Zm0,0">
</path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M116.36,219.92c0,.87-1,1.59-2.24,1.61s-2.29-.68-2.3-1.54,1-1.59,2.26-1.61,2.28.67,2.28,1.54Zm0,0">
</path>
<path class="cls-12"
d="M124.42,218.55c.15.85-.73,1.72-2,1.95s-2.37-.3-2.52-1.14.73-1.75,2-2,2.37.29,2.53,1.16Zm0,0"></path>
</svg></a>
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_blog" href="https://ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" aria-label="Blog">
<svg id="Layer_1" data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><defs><style>.cls-1{fill:#737373;}</style></defs><path class="cls-1" d="M14,30a4,4,0,1,1-4-4,4,4,0,0,1,4,4Zm11,3A19,19,0,0,0,7.05,15a1,1,0,0,0-1,1v3a1,1,0,0,0,.93,1A14,14,0,0,1,20,33.07,1,1,0,0,0,21,34h3a1,1,0,0,0,1-1Zm9,0A28,28,0,0,0,7,6,1,1,0,0,0,6,7v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1A23,23,0,0,1,29,33a1,1,0,0,0,1,1h3A1,1,0,0,0,34,33Z"/></svg>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="container-fluid bg-primary">
<div class="container pt-5">
<div class="row mt-3">
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
<p><a class="text-white" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html">Connect with NLM</a></p>
<ul class="list-inline social_media">
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH" aria-label="Twitter"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
<svg width="35" height="35" viewBox="0 0 38 35" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title>Twitter</title>
<g id="twitterx1009" clip-path="url(#clip0_65276_3946)">
<path id="Vector" d="M17.5006 34.6565C26.9761 34.6565 34.6575 26.9751 34.6575 17.4996C34.6575 8.02416 26.9761 0.342773 17.5006 0.342773C8.02514 0.342773 0.34375 8.02416 0.34375 17.4996C0.34375 26.9751 8.02514 34.6565 17.5006 34.6565Z" fill="#205493" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-miterlimit="10"></path>
<path id="path1009" d="M8.54811 8.5L16.2698 18.4279L8.50001 26.5H11.5L17.5 20L22.5486 26.5H28.5L20.5 16L27 8.5H24.5L19 14.5L14.5007 8.5H8.54927H8.54811ZM11.1197 9.73873H13.4519L25.4519 25.2613H23.1926L11.1197 9.73873Z" fill="white"></path>
</g>
<defs>
<clipPath id="clip0_65276_3946">
<rect width="38" height="38" fill="white"></rect>
</clipPath>
</defs>
</svg></a>
</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine"
aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
<svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px"
y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
<style type="text/css">
.st10 {
fill: #FFFFFF;
}
.st110 {
fill: none;
stroke: #FFFFFF;
stroke-width: 8;
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
}
</style>
<title>SM-Facebook</title>
<g>
<g>
<path class="st10" d="M159,99.1h-24V88.4c0-5,3.3-6.2,5.7-6.2h16.8V60l-24.4-0.1c-22.1,0-26.2,16.5-26.2,27.1v12.1H90v22.5h16.9
v67.5H135v-67.5h21.7L159,99.1z"></path>
</g>
</g>
<circle class="st110" cx="123.6" cy="123.2" r="108.2"></circle>
</svg>
</a></li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH" aria-label="Youtube"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249"
style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
<title>SM-Youtube</title>
<style type="text/css">
.st4 {
fill: none;
stroke: #FFFFFF;
stroke-width: 8;
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
}
.st5 {
fill: #FFFFFF;
}
</style>
<circle class="st4" cx="124.2" cy="123.4" r="108.2"></circle>
<g transform="translate(0,-952.36218)">
<path class="st5"
d="M88.4,1037.4c-10.4,0-18.7,8.3-18.7,18.7v40.1c0,10.4,8.3,18.7,18.7,18.7h72.1c10.4,0,18.7-8.3,18.7-18.7
v-40.1c0-10.4-8.3-18.7-18.7-18.7H88.4z M115.2,1058.8l29.4,17.4l-29.4,17.4V1058.8z"></path>
</g>
</svg></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
<p class="address_footer text-white">National Library of Medicine<br>
<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323"
class="text-white" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">8600 Rockville Pike<br>
Bethesda, MD 20894</a></p>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
<p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" class="text-white">Web Policies</a><br>
<a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office"
class="text-white">FOIA</a><br>
<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="text-white" id="vdp">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></p>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
<p><a class="supportLink text-white" href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/">Help</a><br>
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html" class="text-white">Accessibility</a><br>
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html" class="text-white">Careers</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12 centered-lg">
<nav class="bottom-links">
<ul class="mt-3">
<li>
<a class="text-white" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="text-white"
href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a>
</li>
<li>
<a
class="text-white" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</footer>
<!-- ========== END FOOTER ========== -->
<!-- javascript to inject NWDS meta tags. Note: value of nwds_version is updated by "npm version" command -->
<script type="text/javascript">
var nwds_version = "1.2.3";
var meta_nwds_ver = document.createElement('meta');
meta_nwds_ver.name = 'ncbi_nwds_ver';
meta_nwds_ver.content = nwds_version;
document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(meta_nwds_ver);
var meta_nwds = document.createElement('meta');
meta_nwds.name = 'ncbi_nwds';
meta_nwds.content = 'yes';
document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(meta_nwds);
var alertsUrl = "/core/alerts/alerts.js";
if (typeof ncbiBaseUrl !== 'undefined') {
alertsUrl = ncbiBaseUrl + alertsUrl;
}
</script>
</div>
<!-- jQuery with plugins -->
<script src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/CACHE/js/output.293fbf76aa18.js"></script>
<!-- Project base scripts -->
<script src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/CACHE/js/output.550e9c8906a2.js"></script>
<script>
ncbi.awesome.basePage.init({
userInfo: {
isLoggedIn: false,
username: "",
loginUrl: "https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F11179006%2F",
logoutUrl: "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11179006/"
},
baseUrl: 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov',
noSessionCookieName: "pm-ns",
searchIdCookieName: "pm-sid",
adjNavSearchIdCookieName: "pm-adjnav-sid",
searchFormSubmittedCookieName: "pm-sfs",
isOnSearchPageCookieName: "pm-iosp",
backToSearchCookieName: "pm-btsl",
clinicalSeeAllCookieName: "pm-csa",
jsCookieDomain: "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
userShareRequestFailed: "",
noSharedSettings: "myncbi_no_shared_settings",
noSharedAccount: "myncbi_no_shared_account"
});
</script>
<script type="module">
import dismissableNCBIAlert from "https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/core/dismissable-ncbi-alert.js";
jQuery.getScript("https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/alerts/alerts.js", function () {
galert(['body > *:last-child']);
dismissableNCBIAlert();
}).fail(function() {
});
</script>
<script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/pinger/pinger.js"> </script>
<script src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/CACHE/js/output.e3950ac8c6da.js"></script>
<script>
ncbi.awesome.articlePage.init({
baseSuggestionsUrl: "/suggestions/",
mathJaxUrl: "https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/mathjax/unpacked/MathJax.js?config=MML_CHTML",
clipboardAPIRoot: "/ajax/clipboard/",
clipboardNextPageUrl: "/clipboard-next-page/",
searchIdCookieName: "pm-sid",
searchFormSubmittedCookieName: "pm-sfs",
backToSearchCookieName: "pm-btsl",
jsCookieDomain: "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
longTermPrefix: "longquery",
adjNavURLPath: "/11179006/adj-nav/",
adjNavSearchIdCookieName: "pm-adjnav-sid",
articlePageUrl: "/11179006/",
markJSUrl: "https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/277eb475-38df-4990-a0ee-0080b04e86fc/mark.js/dist/jquery.mark.js",
termHighlightColor: "",
highlightedTokens: "",
citeFormatPreferenceCookieName: "pm-cf"
});
</script>
</body>
</html>