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<meta name="description" content="Familial juvenile nephronophthisis is an autosomal recessive, genetically heterogeneous kidney disorder representing the most frequent inherited cause of chronic renal failure in children. A gene, NPHP1, responsible for approximately 85% of the purely renal form of nephronophthisis, has been mapped …"><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:10712196, PMC1288163, doi:10.1086/302819, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov&#x27;t, S Saunier, J Calado, C Antignac, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Blotting, Southern, Child, Consanguinity, Cytoskeletal Proteins, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, Family Health, Humans, Kidney Failure, Chronic / genetics*, Membrane Proteins, Mutagenesis / genetics*, Physical Chromosome Mapping, Proteins / genetics*, Recombination, Genetic / genetics, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / genetics, Sequence Deletion / genetics*, Sequence Tagged Sites, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="Characterization of the NPHP1 locus: mutational mechanism involved in deletions in familial juvenile nephronophthisis - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10712196/"><meta property="og:description" content="Familial juvenile nephronophthisis is an autosomal recessive, genetically heterogeneous kidney disorder representing the most frequent inherited cause of chronic renal failure in children. A gene, NPHP1, responsible for approximately 85% of the purely renal form of nephronophthisis, has been mapped …"><meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:site_name" content="PubMed"><meta name="twitter:domain" content="pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:title" content="Characterization of the NPHP1 locus: mutational mechanism involved in deletions in familial juvenile nephronophthisis - PubMed"><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10712196/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="Familial juvenile nephronophthisis is an autosomal recessive, genetically heterogeneous kidney disorder representing the most frequent inherited cause of chronic renal failure in children. A gene, NPHP1, responsible for approximately 85% of the purely renal form of nephronophthisis, has been mapped …"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">
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<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="cght6CEICSM1vMcP5tkLRB7w7KcsT4mxt31yJs74ctzvpdiFIMXNlJDaFOUEMFUR">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="cght6CEICSM1vMcP5tkLRB7w7KcsT4mxt31yJs74ctzvpdiFIMXNlJDaFOUEMFUR">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="cght6CEICSM1vMcP5tkLRB7w7KcsT4mxt31yJs74ctzvpdiFIMXNlJDaFOUEMFUR">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="cght6CEICSM1vMcP5tkLRB7w7KcsT4mxt31yJs74ctzvpdiFIMXNlJDaFOUEMFUR">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="cght6CEICSM1vMcP5tkLRB7w7KcsT4mxt31yJs74ctzvpdiFIMXNlJDaFOUEMFUR">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="10712196">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9297(07)64008-7"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3048&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=10712196&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=0370475"
title="See full text options at Elsevier Science"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Elsevier Science"
data-ga-label="10712196"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--linkinghub.elsevier.com-ihub-images-celloa.png" alt="Elsevier Science full text link"><span class="text">
Elsevier Science
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/10712196/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=10712196&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=0370475"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="10712196"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/10712196/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/10712196/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="10712196" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F10712196%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="cght6CEICSM1vMcP5tkLRB7w7KcsT4mxt31yJs74ctzvpdiFIMXNlJDaFOUEMFUR"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
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Familial juvenile nephronophthisis is an autosomal recessive, genetically heterogeneous kidney disorder representing the most frequent inherited cause of chronic renal failure in children. A gene, NPHP1, responsible for approximately 85% of the purely renal form of nephronophthisis, has been mapped to 2q13 and characterized. The major NPHP1 gene defect is a large homozygous deletion found in approximately 80% of the patients. In this study, by large-scale genomic sequencing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis, we characterized the complex organization of the NPHP1 locus and determined the mutational mechanism that results in the large deletion observed in most patients. We showed that the deletion is 290 kb in size and that NPHP1 is flanked by two large inverted repeats of approximately 330 kb. In addition, a second sequence of 45 kb located adjacent to the proximal 330-kb repeat was shown to be directly repeated 250 kb away within the distal 330-kb repeat deleting the sequence tag site (STS) 804H10R present in the proximal copy. The patients' deletion breakpoints appear to be located within the 45-kb repeat, suggesting an unequal recombination between the two homologous copies of this smaller repeat. Moreover, we demonstrated a nonpathologic rearrangement involving the two 330-kb inverted repeats found in 11 patients and, in the homozygous state, in 2 (1.3%) control individuals. This could be explained by interchromosomal mispairing of the 330-kb inverted repeat, followed by double recombination or by a prior intrachromosomal mispairing of these repeats, leading to an inversion of the NPHP1 region, followed by an interchromosomal unequal crossover event. This complex rearrangement, as well as the common deletion found in most patients, illustrates the high level of rearrangements occurring in the centromeric region of chromosome 2.
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<p> Figure 1 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Characterization of the genomic region… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Characterization of the genomic region surrounding the <i> NPHP1 </i> gene. <i> A, </i> Diagram of the… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Characterization of the genomic region surrounding the <i>NPHP1</i> gene. <i>A,</i> Diagram of the sequenced region. The thick line represents the entirely sequenced interval, whereas the dashed thick line represents the partially sequenced region. BAC clones are represented as solid lines, and the BAC ends mapped to the region are shown as open rectangles. <i>B,</i> Restriction map of the <i>NPHP1</i> region and YAC contig spanning the region. STS positions and restriction sites (F = <i>Sfi</i>I; C = <i>Cla</i>I; S = <i>Sal</i>I; M = <i>Mlu</i>I; Sc = <i>Sac</i>II; N = <i>Not</i>I) are indicated by vertical lines. <i>Not</i>I sites used to define the extent of the deletion are shown in red. The markers in green and blue are localized within the 45-kb direct and the 330-kb inverted repeats, respectively, and the markers in red are those initially found to be deleted by PCR analysis of individuals with nephronophthisis. <i>C,</i> Schematic representation of the genomic region surrounding the <i>NPHP1</i> gene. The shaded blue and green arrows represent, respectively, the inverted 330-kb repeats (named “330RI” and “330RII”) and the direct 45-kb repeats (named “45RI” and “45RII”). The <i>NPHP1</i> gene is represented by an open box, and the direction of transcription is indicated by the small arrow above it. The red rectangle indicates the region around 804H10R in 330RI, deleted by the distal copy of the direct 45-kb repeat in 330RII.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Southern blot hybridization of <i> Sal… </i> </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Southern blot hybridization of <i> Sal </i> I ( <i> a, b </i> ) and <i> Sfi </i> I… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Southern blot hybridization of <i>Sal</i>I (<i>a, b</i>) and <i>Sfi</i>I (<i>c, d</i>) digested DNA from five YACs spanning the <i>NPHP1</i> region with 96G18BD (<i>a, c</i>) and 804H10R (<i>b, d</i>). Only a 165-kb <i>Sal</i>I fragment and a 68-kb <i>Sfi</i>I fragment were detected with the 804H10R probe in the two YACs covering the whole region (879D3 and 876H12), and no fragment was detected in the YACs covering only the distal copy of the inverted repeats (765F2 and 769G7), demonstrating that 804H10R escapes duplication.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> Sfi </i> I-digested DNA of four…</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> Sfi </i> I-digested DNA of four YACs spanning the <i> NPHP1 </i> region successively hybridized with…</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i>Sfi</i>I-digested DNA of four YACs spanning the <i>NPHP1</i> region successively hybridized with probes 57A (<i>a</i>), 183K24BD (<i>b</i>), R30A (<i>c</i>), and N123 (<i>d</i>). All markers are duplicated; two <i>Sfi</i>I fragments are present in YACs covering the whole <i>NPHP1</i> region (879D3 and 876H12), whereas only one fragment is detected in YACs covering only the telomeric part of the region (765F2 and 769G7), allowing us to distinguish both copies. Note that R30A and 183K24BD detect the same 80-kb telomeric fragment, and that 57A and N123 detect the same 85-kb telomeric fragment.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> A, </i> Schematic representation of the common <i> NPHP1 </i> deletion involving an homologous recombination between…</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i>A,</i> Schematic representation of the common <i>NPHP1</i> deletion involving an homologous recombination between the 45-kb direct repeats and leading to a deletion of 290 kb; <i>top,</i> normal chromosome; <i>bottom,</i> deleted chromosome. <i>B,</i> Model of unequal recombination by chromosome misalignment followed by formation of a loop structure. <i>C,</i> Model of unequal recombination by unequal crossing-over between two different chromosomes, leading in theory to either a deletion (<i>middle</i>) or duplication (<i>bottom</i>) of the <i>NPHP1</i> gene.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> PFGE of <i> Not </i> I-digested DNA… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> PFGE of <i> Not </i> I-digested DNA of 12 patients and a control individual hybridized… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">PFGE of <i>Not</i>I-digested DNA of 12 patients and a control individual hybridized with 183K24BD. <i>Lane 1,</i> control individual showing a normal 800-kb <i>Not</i>I fragment. <i>Lanes 210,</i> patients from group A with homozygous deletion of makers 765F2L and 804/6, as detected by PCR. An abnormal 510 kb <i>Not</i>I fragment is detected. <i>Lane 11,</i> patient from group C only deleted for 804H10R by PCR, with an apparently normal 800-kb <i>Not</i>I fragment. <i>Lanes 12 and 13,</i> patients from group A deleted for 765F2L and 804/6 with two distinct <i>Not</i>I fragments (510 kb and 550 kb).</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> PFGE of <i> Sfi </i> I-digested DNA… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> PFGE of <i> Sfi </i> I-digested DNA of 11 patients and a control individual successively… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">PFGE of <i>Sfi</i>I-digested DNA of 11 patients and a control individual successively hybridized with 96G18BD and 183K24BD. Hybridization with probes 96G18BD (<i>a</i>) and 183K24BD (<i>b</i>) reveals two <i>Sfi</i>I fragments in the control individual (<i>lane 1</i>), 95-kb and 45-kb proximal fragments, and 80- and 65-kb telomeric fragments, respectively. <i>Lanes 210,</i> patients from group A with deletion of markers 765F2L and 804/6 by PCR. The normal proximal fragments detected by both probes are missing. <i>Lanes 11 and 12,</i> patients from group A with two distinct abnormal <i>Not</i>I fragments (fig. 5). Hybridization with 183K24BD reveals the normal 80-kb telomeric <i>Sfi</i>I fragment.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> A, </i> Genomic <i> Sfi </i> I map…</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> A, </i> Genomic <i> Sfi </i> I map of the <i> NPHP1 </i> region when 804H10R is missing…</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i>A,</i> Genomic <i>Sfi</i>I map of the <i>NPHP1</i> region when 804H10R is missing and replaced by an additional copy of 45RII. <i>B,</i> Reciprocal rearrangement leading to the duplication of 804H10R. <i>C,</i> Models for nonpathogenic DNA rearrangements mediated by mispairing of the inverted repeats and double homologous recombination (<i>C</i>) or by a crossing-over between the inverted repeats leading to an inversion of the whole <i>NPHP1</i> region (<i>C</i>), followed by a crossing-over, localized telomeric of the 804H10R marker (<i>C″</i>). Centromeric and telomeric copies of 57A and 183K24BD are indicated in orange and blue, respectively.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Southern blot analysis of <i> Pst… </i> </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Southern blot analysis of <i> Pst </i> I-digested DNA of control individuals hybridized with probe… </p></div>
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Figure 8
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Southern blot analysis of <i>Pst</i>I-digested DNA of control individuals hybridized with probe C40. Lanes 3, 5, and 7 show that the 7-kb fragment is more intense than the 8.7-kb fragment, suggesting that each individual has only one copy of 804H10R and three copies of 45RII. Lanes 810 show that the 8.7-kb fragment is more intense than the 7-kb fragment, suggesting the occurrence of the reciprocal event (i.e., three copies of 804H10R and one copy of 45RII) in these individuals. Lane 4 shows a control individual carrying a homozygous deletion of 804H10R as detected by PCR. Lanes 1, 2, and 6 depict control individuals showing two bands of the same intensity; therefore, they are not carrying a nonpathogenic rearrangement.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> PFGE of <i> Not </i> I-digested DNA… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> PFGE of <i> Not </i> I-digested DNA of a patient and her parents successively hybridized… </p></div>
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Figure 9
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">PFGE of <i>Not</i>I-digested DNA of a patient and her parents successively hybridized with 183K24BD (<i>a</i>) and 804H10R (<i>b</i>). Lane 3 depicts an affected individual. Lanes 1 and 2 depict the father and the mother of the patient, respectively. Each parent is heterozygous for the <i>NPHP1</i> deletion, as shown by hybridization with 183K24BD, but the father lacks the 804H10R marker on the deleted allele. Furthermore, the abnormal <i>Not</i>I fragment detected by 183K24BD in the father (550 kb) is slightly larger than the abnormal fragment detected in the mother (510 kb), in agreement with the occurrence of a 290-kb deletion on a chromosome carrying the nonpathogenic rearrangement and, thus, two copies of the 45-kb repeat. This proves that the child bears the nonpathogenic rearrangement on her paternal allele in addition to the 290-kb deletion on both alleles, as was suggested by the <i>Sfi</i>I pattern.</div>
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