nih-gov/ncats.nih.gov/news/releases/2023/scientists-reveal-a-potential-new-approach-to-treating-liver-cancer
2025-02-26 13:17:41 -05:00

438 lines
36 KiB
Text
Raw Permalink Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<script>document.cookie = "big_pipe_nojs=1; path=/; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"</script>
<meta name="keywords" content="Liver, cancer, drugs, molecule, enzyme, drug screening, anticancer drugs" />
<link rel="canonical" href="http://ncats.nih.gov/news/releases/2023/scientists-reveal-a-potential-new-approach-to-treating-liver-cancer" />
<meta name="google" content="PROqkJCbtNawPO29xzL4ENjcb0_EckySw96i97QXx8s" />
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="PROqkJCbtNawPO29xzL4ENjcb0_EckySw96i97QXx8s" />
<meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" />
<meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" />
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/d9_subtheme/assets/images/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
<title>Scientists Reveal a Potential New Approach to Treating Liver Cancer | National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/libraries/drupal-superfish/css/superfish.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/ajax-progress.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/align.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/autocomplete-loading.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/fieldgroup.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/container-inline.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/clearfix.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/details.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/hidden.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/item-list.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/js.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/nowrap.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/position-container.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/progress.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/reset-appearance.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/resize.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/sticky-header.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-counter.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-counters.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-general-info.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tabledrag.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tablesort.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tree-child.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/extlink/extlink.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/layout_discovery/layouts/onecol/onecol.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@uswds/uswds@3.3.0/dist/css/uswds.min.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.0.2/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap-icons@1.11.1/font/bootstrap-icons.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/d9_subtheme/css/styles.css?srmo5o" />
<script src="https://dap.digitalgov.gov/Universal-Federated-Analytics-Min.js?agency=HHS&amp;subagency=NIH" id="_fed_an_ua_tag" async type="text/javascript"></script>
</head>
<body class="path-node page-node-type-level3">
<a href="#main-content" class="usa-sr-only focusable">
Skip to main content
</a>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-55CGV66V"
height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>
<section class="navigation-top">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12">
<div class="link-small d-flex">
<a href="http://www.hhs.gov/" title="Go to the hhs.gov" class="" target="_blank">
<img src="/sites/default/files/2023-10/hhs-white.png" alt="HHS Logo">
<span class="d-xl-inline d-lg-inline d-none small">U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services</span>
</a>
<a href="http://www.nih.gov/" title="National Institutes of Health | Homepage" class="" target="_blank">
<img src="/sites/default/files/2023-10/nih-logo.png" alt="NIH Logo">
<span class="d-xl-inline d-lg-inline d-none small">National Institutes of Health</span>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
<header class="usa-header usa-header--extended usa-header--extended-megamenu" id="header" role="banner">
<div class="region region-header grid-container">
<div class="grid-row grid-gap-1"><div class="desktop:grid-col-3 header-first">
<div class="usa-logo site-logo" id="logo">
<em class="usa-logo__text">
<a class="logo-img" href="/" accesskey="1" title="Home" aria-label="Home">
<img src="/themes/custom/d9_subtheme/logo.png" alt="Home" />
</a>
</em>
</div>
<div class="search-icon d-md-none"><a class="toggle-search" href="#"><i class="bi bi-search"></i></a></div>
</div><div class="desktop:grid-col-7">
<div id="block-navigation" class="block block-superfish block-superfishnavigation">
<ul id="superfish-navigation" class="menu sf-menu sf-navigation sf-horizontal sf-style-none">
<li id="navigation-menu-link-contentaed842ec-f581-4cea-b0b0-4a85c50def86" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/research" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Research</a><ul><li id="navigation-menu-link-content5a3b6aac-7ae9-45d7-929f-fbf776db20f0" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/overview" class="sf-depth-2">Research Overview</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contentd0507d8b-7b88-453c-908a-2b7e961c0479" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/our-impact" class="sf-depth-2">Our Impact</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contented530d1e-2ec3-46db-a529-9029be3f3fb4" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/research-activities" class="sf-depth-2">Research Activities</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content2dac8545-38f2-47c0-8993-ea0cae65e123" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/research-resources" class="sf-depth-2">Research Resources</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content311ec98e-6232-4e22-9966-4a9ac796870a" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/training-education" class="sf-depth-2">Training &amp; Education</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content52b1ba41-94ea-4d84-9db7-7482b8f78f16" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/alliances" class="sf-depth-2">Alliances</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contenta185af75-90a5-4cc4-813f-ef66f35e21ea" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/collaborate-with-ncats" class="sf-depth-2">Collaborate With NCATS</a></li></ul></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content84a3cc1f-203d-4de6-ab26-d80c256b96dc" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/funding" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Funding</a><ul><li id="navigation-menu-link-content0a09bed2-3d99-4faf-b3c5-fc9a4878629a" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/funding/overview" class="sf-depth-2">Funding Overview</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contentd85a1f38-7893-4e4a-8514-5b9e767983e2" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/funding/funding-opportunities" class="sf-depth-2">Open Funding Opportunities</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content81e84c00-ef73-4aff-a15f-7728cc398801" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/funding/small-business-programs" class="sf-depth-2">Small Business Programs</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content631a166b-650b-450f-97b4-9014d14935e9" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/funding/funding-policy-operating-guidelines" class="sf-depth-2">Funding Policy &amp; Operating Guidelines</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content5d56ebe7-b3e8-452a-bd30-df92b0deabef" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/funding/grant-information" class="sf-depth-2">Grant Information</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content4429fdc9-e911-4022-b3dc-3f6a4980b9ff" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/funding/challenges" class="sf-depth-2">Challenges and Prize Competitions</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content943fe682-94ff-4fcf-a6b0-32096d2b2d0e" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/funding/scientific-review" class="sf-depth-2">Scientific Review</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content10496705-320e-4437-b2ba-ea2830b293d1" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/funding/conference-grant-information" class="sf-depth-2">Conference Grant Information</a></li></ul></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contentea91f2ef-1b8d-4b1c-83e7-5830769dd505" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/resources" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Resources For You</a><ul><li id="navigation-menu-link-content567e64e3-685d-41bc-8bf4-130c7689d6a2" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/resources/overview" title="Resources for You" class="sf-depth-2">Resources for You</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content786ce1f5-ff7a-463a-bb05-c01882062426" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/resources/for-researchers" title="Resources for Researchers" class="sf-depth-2">Resources for Researchers</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contente737ec67-ecd0-4f18-915d-b61660cb524f" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/resources/for-trainees" title="Resources for Trainees" class="sf-depth-2">Resources for Trainees</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content8812fdb6-0fb7-4b27-8401-2fc5b3f41ff1" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/resources/for-rare-disease-patients-and-advocates" title="Resources for Rare Disease Patients and Advocates" class="sf-depth-2">Resources for Rare Disease Patients and Advocates</a></li></ul></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contenta8527040-df23-4117-a5a7-566bd83e2c7f" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/news-events" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">News &amp; Events</a><ul><li id="navigation-menu-link-contentf6836a81-a42a-4528-b569-18939d8451da" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/news-events/overview" class="sf-depth-2">News &amp; Events Overview</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content9f44edc6-e5b7-4a92-bcb3-c0a8777461f4" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/news-events/news" class="sf-depth-2">News</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content402cff9f-12b7-459b-9f0f-56606930399c" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/news-events/newsletter" class="sf-depth-2">Newsletters</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content6cd76cbe-053e-4e3b-8961-c9f5def57ba6" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/news-events/events" class="sf-depth-2">Events</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content0a211675-2fb5-45cc-b443-c7946e7d9120" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/news-events/science-publications" class="sf-depth-2">Scientific Publications</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contente6d4ed4f-826f-41b4-a9e2-728c2fb4ca62" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/news-events/multimedia" class="sf-depth-2">Multimedia</a></li></ul></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contentf1eb1fa8-5813-433c-9bcc-dc56f2e258f3" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/about" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">About NCATS</a><ul><li id="navigation-menu-link-contentada9a195-ae5a-446a-9014-c1232164e6db" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/ncats-overview" class="sf-depth-2">NCATS Overview</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contentd5e0369a-aded-4348-84f7-463c64498447" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/about-translational-science" class="sf-depth-2">About Translational Science</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contente298b7b2-724e-408b-9bb9-afcaac57a751" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/advisory-committees" class="sf-depth-2">Advisory Committees</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contentbc9c91b7-8d3d-4d2c-af65-c25ef894d269" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/budget" class="sf-depth-2">Budget</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contenta4ed4439-05db-4a41-9357-731c2ff74543" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/director" class="sf-depth-2">Director&#039;s Corner</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contentb50f96af-3723-4634-8566-4e60c2639491" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/divisions-and-offices" class="sf-depth-2">Divisions &amp; Offices</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content41d11ad4-c576-46be-a326-1f8cf5059354" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/our-staff" class="sf-depth-2">Our Staff</a></li></ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="desktop:grid-col-2 search-block">
<form class="usa-search usa-search--small" action="/search/node" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8">
<div role="search">
<input class="usa-input" id="extended-search-field-small" type="search" name="keys" />
<button class="usa-button" type="submit">
<img src="/themes/custom/d9_subtheme/node_modules/@uswds/uswds/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search">
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div></div>
</div>
<nav class="usa-nav" role="navigation">
<div class="usa-nav__inner">
<button type="button" class="usa-nav__close">
<img src="/themes/custom/d9_subtheme/node_modules/@uswds/uswds/dist/img/usa-icons/close.svg" alt="close"/>
</button>
</div>
</nav>
</header>
<main class="main-content usa-layout-docs usa-section " role="main"
id="main-content">
<div class="grid-container-">
<div class="grid-row">
</div>
<div class="">
</div>
<div class="grid-row ">
</div>
<div class="grid-row grid-gap">
<div class="usa-layout-docs__main desktop:grid-col-fill">
<div class="">
<div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div>
<div id="block-d9-subtheme-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block">
<article data-history-node-id="27054">
<div>
<div class="container layout layout--onecol">
<div class="layout__region layout__region--content">
<div class="block block-system block-system-breadcrumb-block">
<nav class="usa-breadcrumb" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb">
<h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="usa-sr-only">Breadcrumb</h2>
<ol class="usa-breadcrumb__list">
<li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item">
<a href="/" class="usa-breadcrumb__link"><span>Home</span></a>
</li>
<li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item">
<a href="/news-events/overview" class="usa-breadcrumb__link"><span>News &amp; Events</span></a>
</li>
<li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item">
<a href="/news-events/news" class="usa-breadcrumb__link"><span>News</span></a>
</li>
<li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item">
<span>Scientists Reveal a Potential New Approach To Treating Liver Cancer</span>
</li>
</ol>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="block block-layout-builder block-extra-field-blocknodelevel3content-moderation-control">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="container layout layout--onecol">
<div class="layout__region layout__region--content">
<div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodelevel3title">
<h1 class="page-title">Scientists Reveal a Potential New Approach to Treating Liver Cancer</h1>
</div>
<div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodelevel3body">
<div class="caption-right-md"><img class="img-responsive" src="/sites/default/files/Enzyme_Shot_900x600.jpg" alt="Image of a vial with two drug screening plates."><div class="caption-text"><p>NCATS scientists used the centers drug screening capabilities, including drug screening plates like those shown here, to identify a molecule that was effective in killing liver cancer cells. Researchers determined that a specific enzyme was key to turning the molecule into a potential anticancer drug. (<em>NCATS</em>)</p></div></div><p>March 13, 2023</p><p><em>Results in cell and mouse studies may have implications for the development of a new class of anticancer drugs.</em></p><p>Scientists at NIH and Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston have uncovered a potential new approach against liver cancer that could lead to the development of a new class of anticancer drugs. In a series of experiments in cells and mice, researchers found that an enzyme produced in liver cancer cells could convert a group of compounds into anticancer drugs, killing cells and reducing disease in animals.</p><p>The researchers suggest that this enzyme could become a potential target for the development of new drugs against liver cancers, and perhaps other cancers and diseases as well.</p><p>“We found a molecule that kills cells in a rare liver cancer in a unique way,” said translational scientist Matthew Hall, Ph.D., one of the leaders of the work at NIHs NCATS. “It emerged from a screening to find molecules that selectively kill human liver cancer cells. It took a lot of work to figure out that the molecule is converted by an enzyme in these liver cancer cells, creating a toxic, anticancer drug.”</p><p>Hall, Nabeel Bardeesy, Ph.D., a liver cancer specialist at Massachusetts General Hospital and their colleagues reported their results March 13 in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43018-023-00523-0" title="SULT1A1-dependent sulfonation of alkylators is a lineage-dependent vulnerability of liver cancers"><em>Nature Cancer</em></a><em>.</em></p><p>The finding stems from a collaboration between Massachusetts General Hospital and NCATS researchers. Bardeesy was originally studying cholangiocarcinoma, a type of liver cancer that affects the bile duct. The cancer is characterized by mutations in the IDH1 enzyme. Bardeesys team wanted to find compounds and drugs that might be effective against the IDH1 mutation. Through a collaboration with NCATS, Hall and other NCATS scientists rapidly tested thousands of approved drugs and experimental cancer agents for their effectiveness in killing cholangiocarcinoma cells, with IDH1 as a target.</p><p>They found several molecules, including one called YC-1, could kill the cancer cells. Yet, when they looked to see how YC-1 was working, they discovered the compound wasnt affecting the IDH1 mutation.</p><p>The Massachusetts researchers showed that the liver cancer cells made an enzyme, SULT1A1. The enzyme activated the YC-1 compound, making it toxic to tumor cells in cancer cell cultures and mouse models of liver cancers. In the animal models treated with YC-1, the liver tumors either had reduced growth or shrank. Conversely, the researchers found no changes in tumors treated with YC-1 in animals with cancer cells lacking the enzyme.</p><p>The researchers examined other databases of drug screening results in compound and drug libraries to match drug activity with SULT1A1 activity. They also looked at a large National Cancer Institute database of anticancer compounds for additional possibilities to test for their activity with the enzyme.</p><p>They identified several classes of compounds that relied on SULT1A1 for their tumor-killing activity. Using computational methods, they predicted other compounds that also likely were dependent on SULT1A1.</p><p>“Once we found SULT1A1 activated YC-1, it led us to ask, What other compounds are active and can kill cells by the same mechanism? Hall said. “Can we identify other compounds that were being developed and demonstrate that they were also active because of SULT1A1 activation? The answer was yes. We found other compounds with the same mechanism of action as YC-1.”</p><p>The scientists suggest these findings have broader implications for developing new anticancer drugs. “We think these molecules have the potential to be an untapped class of anticancer drugs that depend on SULT1A1 for their activity against tumors,” Bardeesy said.</p><p>The researchers see YC-1 and similar molecules as prototypes for developing compounds that could be effective against important proteins on cells. Modifying different parts of these molecules could make them more specific for such proteins. The researchers point to the creation of a “toolkit of SULT1A1-activated molecules” that could affect many different targets.</p><p>Such a toolkit is comprised of hundreds of known molecules. In theory, the toolkit covers many types of enzymes, called sulfotransferases, that are active in different tissues in the body. For example, in addition to SULT1A1, the human sulfotransferase SULT4A1 is active in the brain. It can activate a subset of the molecules in the toolkit. This might be useful in developing drugs specific for brain cancers.</p><p>“We knew SULT1A1-dependent drugs had already been identified,” Bardeesy said. “Our results suggest there could be other SULT1A1-dependent compounds with ranges of different targets. Identifying such compounds and targets on cells could have potential implications for developing other types of small molecules and drugs, not just limited to these cancers. This might become a new approach for some diseases.”</p><p>This work was supported by the MGH Fund for Medical Discovery Award; the Cholangiocarcinoma Foundation Christopher J. Wilke Memorial Research Fellowship; NCI 1K99CA245194-01, the V Foundation for Cancer Research, the Department of Defense Translational Team Science Award W81XWH-17-1-0491; NCI SPORE P50 CA127003; the Gallagher Chair in Gastrointestinal Cancer Research and Target Cancer Foundation; and the MGH Excellence Award.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Media Contact: NCATS Information Officer, <a href="mailto:ncatsinfo@mail.nih.gov" title="Send email to ncatsinfo@mail.nih.gov">ncatsinfo@mail.nih.gov</a>.</p><p><strong>About the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS):</strong>&nbsp;NCATS conducts and supports research on the science and operation of translation — the process by which interventions to improve health are developed and implemented — to allow more treatments to get to more patients more quickly. For more information about how NCATS helps shorten the journey from scientific observation to clinical intervention, visit&nbsp;<a href="https://ncats.nih.gov/">https://ncats.nih.gov</a>.</p><p><strong>About the National Institutes of Health (NIH):</strong>&nbsp;NIH, the nations medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" title="https://www.nih.gov">https://www.nih.gov</a>.</p><p align="center"><em><strong>NIH…Turning Discovery Into Health<sup>®</sup></strong></em></p><p>&nbsp;</p><div class="sharethis-inline-share-buttons">&nbsp;</div><p>&nbsp;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div id="block-footercss" class="block block-block-content block-block-content2db33373-6fb7-49c5-be2f-83266eddea39">
<style type="text/css">
ul#superfish-navigation li { line-height:1.25; }
.region-header .block-superfish ul.sf-menu li a {padding-right:40px !important;}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
ul.sf-menu.sf-navigation li.menuparent ul {width:280px !important;}
}
.main-content article .menu--navigation {
display:flex;
flex-wrap: nowrap;
justify-content: space-between;
align-items: stretch;
}
.main-content article .menu--navigation li {
flex: 1 1 0;
width: 0;
align-items: center;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
}
.main-content article .menu--navigation li .dropdown-toggle {
white-space: unset;
}
.image-box img,
div.col-md-4.col-lg-2 img {
height: auto;
}
.caption-left-md {
float: left;
width: 50%;
margin: 0 1% 2% 0;
border: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.caption-left-md img {
width: 100%!important;
height: auto;
}
div.block.block-layout-builder.block-field-blocknodestafffield-divisions-office {
display: none
}
@media (max-width: 992px) {
.main-content article .menu--navigation {
flex-direction:column;
}
.main-content article .menu--navigation li {
display:inline-block;
margin:0;
padding:.25rem;
width: auto;
text-align:left;
}
.main-content article .menu--navigation li:hover, .main-content article .menu--navigation li.active {
border-bottom: 4px solid transparent !important;
}
.main-content article .menu--navigation li:hover a, .main-content article .menu--navigation li.active a {
border-bottom:4px solid #00626f !important;
padding-bottom:4px;
}
}
p.last-update-container {
font-size: 15px;
font-style: italic;
}
</style>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</main>
<div>
<div id="block-d9-subtheme-lastupdateblock" class="block block-ncats-common block-last-update-block">
<div class="container"><p class="last-update-container">Last updated on October 15, 2023</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<footer class="pt-4 footer mt-4">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12 py-4">
<img src="/sites/default/files/2023-10/ncats-logo-footer.png" class="img-fluid" alt="NCATS">
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="container">
<div class="row justify-content-between">
<div class="col-xl-4">
<div class="pt-4">
<address>
9609 Medical Center Drive<br>
Rockville, MD 20850-9793<br>
301-594-8966<br>
<a href="mailto:ncatsinfo@nih.gov">ncatsinfo@nih.gov</a>
</address>
</div>
<div class="text-white social-links mt-4">
<h5>Connect with us</h5>
<ul id="social-media-icons" class="list-unstyled d-flex mb-4">
<li><a href="http://www.facebook.com/ncats.nih.gov" title="Visit us on Facebook" target="_blank"><i class="bi bi-facebook"></i></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/nih-ncats" title="Visit us on LinkedIn" target="_blank"><i class="bi bi-linkedin"></i></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.twitter.com/ncats_nih_gov" title="Visit us on X" target="_blank"><i class="bi bi-twitter-x"></i></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/ncatsmedia" title="View our videos on YouTube" target="_blank"><i class="bi bi-youtube"></i></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/64860478@N05/" target="_blank" title="View our photos on Flickr"><img src="/sites/default/files/2023-10/flickr.png" alt="View our photos on Flickr" style="height:24px;"></a></li>
</ul>
<p class="small">For <a href="http://edi.nih.gov/consulting/language-access-program/about" target="_blank">language access assistance</a>, contact the <a href="mailto:ncatsinfo@nih.gov">NCATS Public Information Officer</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-xl-3 text-white mt-5 d-lg-none d-sm-none d-none d-xl-block">
<div id="mc_embed_shell">
<div id="mc_embed_signup">
<form action="https://nih.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=e06bd55ccbb41f1a362306dff&amp;id=d32fa404b4&amp;f_id=0087b1edf0" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate" target="_blank">
<h5>Subscribe to NCATS News</h5>
<p>If you would like to stay up to date with the latest information from us, please sign up for NCATS News.</p>
<div id="mce-responses" class="clear">
<div class="response" id="mce-error-response" style="display: none;"></div>
<div class="response" id="mce-success-response" style="display: none;"></div>
</div>
<div class="input-group mb-3">
<input type="email" name="EMAIL" class="required email form-control" id="mce-EMAIL" required="" value="" placeholder="Enter Email" aria-label="Recipient's username" aria-describedby="button-addon2" tabindex="-1">
<div aria-hidden="true" style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_e06bd55ccbb41f1a362306dff_d32fa404b4" tabindex="-1" value=""></div>
<button type="submit" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="button btn" value="Subscribe">Submit</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/downloads.mailchimp.com/js/mc-validate.js"></script><script type="text/javascript">(function($) {window.fnames = new Array(); window.ftypes = new Array();fnames[0]='EMAIL';ftypes[0]='email';fnames[1]='FNAME';ftypes[1]='text';fnames[2]='LNAME';ftypes[2]='text';fnames[3]='SIGNUP';ftypes[3]='text';}(jQuery));var $mcj = jQuery.noConflict(true);</script></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- footer menu section -->
<section class="footer-menu py-3 mb-xl-0 mb-lg-0 mb-sm-5 mt-4">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12">
<ul class="list-unstyled d-xl-flex d-lg-flex d-sm-block d-block justify-content-center mb-0">
<li><a href="https://ncats.nih.gov/">NCATS Home</a></li>
<li><a href="/sitemap">Site Map</a></li>
<li><a href="/privacy">Privacy Notice</a></li>
<li><a href="/comments">Comment Policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li>
<li><a href="/foia">FOIA</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oig.hhs.gov/" target="_blank">OIG</a></li>
<li class="border-0"><a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" target="_blank">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</footer>
</div>
<script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/27054","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJx1j8EOwjAMQ3-o0DNfU2Vt1pWlzdSkbPt7OgkhQONi2c_yweHmpA06YUYLIqhiwgfCTbEWoAt02TV5MR1RKrMNtS1A11c0kTkSOoVoY5fffIU7bN8wG4Kdm7qQxPMD6265oGcy0hasY5LJvt0Zc9OxSkWx6GkvGYjEV8Ry3h-uf5V_7cKSNHFf76KY7QCCpskaxB3WjhUyrlznJ5W4glk","theme":"d9_subtheme","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"gtm":{"tagId":null,"settings":{"data_layer":"dataLayer","include_classes":false,"allowlist_classes":"","blocklist_classes":"","include_environment":false,"environment_id":"","environment_token":""},"tagIds":["GTM-55CGV66V"]},"gtag":{"tagId":"G-ZZQ8H5G8ZX","otherIds":[],"events":[],"additionalConfigInfo":[]},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":true,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":true,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"You are leaving the NIH website.\r\n\r\nThis external link provides additional information that is consistent with the intended purpose of this site. NIH cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal site.\r\n\r\nLinking to a non-federal site does not constitute an endorsement by NIH or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the site. You will be subject to the destination site\u0027s privacy policy when you follow the link.","mailtoClass":"mailto","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"superfish":{"superfish-navigation":{"id":"superfish-navigation","sf":{"animation":{"opacity":"show","height":"show"},"speed":"fast"},"plugins":{"smallscreen":{"mode":"window_width","accordionButton":0,"title":"Navigation"},"supposition":true,"supersubs":true}}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"24b2a698a72e7a44d4f2d94d9880a6ba82bfbc8b8200dee23422144335254cbc"}}</script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js?v=3.7.1"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/once/once.min.js?v=1.0.1"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/drupalSettingsLoader.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/drupal.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/drupal.init.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/tabbable/index.umd.min.js?v=6.2.0"></script>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@uswds/uswds@3.3.0/dist/js/uswds.min.js"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/progress.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/loadjs/loadjs.min.js?v=4.2.0"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/debounce.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/announce.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/message.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/ajax.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/themes/custom/d9_subtheme/js/script.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/extlink/extlink.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtm.js?srmo5o"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtag.js?srmo5o"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtag.ajax.js?srmo5o"></script>
<script src="/libraries/drupal-superfish/superfish.js?srmo5o"></script>
<script src="/libraries/drupal-superfish/jquery.hoverIntent.minified.js?srmo5o"></script>
<script src="/libraries/drupal-superfish/sfsmallscreen.js?srmo5o"></script>
<script src="/libraries/drupal-superfish/supposition.js?srmo5o"></script>
<script src="/libraries/drupal-superfish/supersubs.js?srmo5o"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/superfish/js/superfish.js?v=2.0"></script>
</body>
</html>