nih-gov/ncats.nih.gov/news-events/news/ctsa-program-supported-researchers-may-turn-brown-fat-into-an-ally-against-obesity
2025-02-26 13:17:41 -05:00

438 lines
34 KiB
Text
Raw Permalink Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<script>document.cookie = "big_pipe_nojs=1; path=/; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"</script>
<meta name="description" content="CTSA Program-supported researchers have highlighted how brown fat may help reduce the risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and other cardiometabolic diseases." />
<meta name="keywords" content="Brown fat, fat, obesity, obese, cardiovascular, type 2 diabetes, CTSA program, metabolic, heart disease, heart failure" />
<link rel="canonical" href="http://ncats.nih.gov/news-events/news/ctsa-program-supported-researchers-may-turn-brown-fat-into-an-ally-against-obesity" />
<meta name="google" content="PROqkJCbtNawPO29xzL4ENjcb0_EckySw96i97QXx8s" />
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="PROqkJCbtNawPO29xzL4ENjcb0_EckySw96i97QXx8s" />
<meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" />
<meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" />
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/d9_subtheme/assets/images/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
<title>CTSA Program-Supported Researchers May Turn Brown Fat into an Ally Against Obesity | National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/libraries/drupal-superfish/css/superfish.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/ajax-progress.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/align.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/autocomplete-loading.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/fieldgroup.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/container-inline.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/clearfix.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/details.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/hidden.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/item-list.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/js.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/nowrap.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/position-container.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/progress.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/reset-appearance.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/resize.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/sticky-header.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-counter.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-counters.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-general-info.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tabledrag.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tablesort.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tree-child.module.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/extlink/extlink.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/layout_discovery/layouts/onecol/onecol.css?srmo5o" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@uswds/uswds@3.3.0/dist/css/uswds.min.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.0.2/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap-icons@1.11.1/font/bootstrap-icons.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/d9_subtheme/css/styles.css?srmo5o" />
<script src="https://dap.digitalgov.gov/Universal-Federated-Analytics-Min.js?agency=HHS&amp;subagency=NIH" id="_fed_an_ua_tag" async type="text/javascript"></script>
</head>
<body class="path-node page-node-type-feature">
<a href="#main-content" class="usa-sr-only focusable">
Skip to main content
</a>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-55CGV66V"
height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>
<section class="navigation-top">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12">
<div class="link-small d-flex">
<a href="http://www.hhs.gov/" title="Go to the hhs.gov" class="" target="_blank">
<img src="/sites/default/files/2023-10/hhs-white.png" alt="HHS Logo">
<span class="d-xl-inline d-lg-inline d-none small">U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services</span>
</a>
<a href="http://www.nih.gov/" title="National Institutes of Health | Homepage" class="" target="_blank">
<img src="/sites/default/files/2023-10/nih-logo.png" alt="NIH Logo">
<span class="d-xl-inline d-lg-inline d-none small">National Institutes of Health</span>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
<header class="usa-header usa-header--extended usa-header--extended-megamenu" id="header" role="banner">
<div class="region region-header grid-container">
<div class="grid-row grid-gap-1"><div class="desktop:grid-col-3 header-first">
<div class="usa-logo site-logo" id="logo">
<em class="usa-logo__text">
<a class="logo-img" href="/" accesskey="1" title="Home" aria-label="Home">
<img src="/themes/custom/d9_subtheme/logo.png" alt="Home" />
</a>
</em>
</div>
<div class="search-icon d-md-none"><a class="toggle-search" href="#"><i class="bi bi-search"></i></a></div>
</div><div class="desktop:grid-col-7">
<div id="block-navigation" class="block block-superfish block-superfishnavigation">
<ul id="superfish-navigation" class="menu sf-menu sf-navigation sf-horizontal sf-style-none">
<li id="navigation-menu-link-contentaed842ec-f581-4cea-b0b0-4a85c50def86" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/research" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Research</a><ul><li id="navigation-menu-link-content5a3b6aac-7ae9-45d7-929f-fbf776db20f0" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/overview" class="sf-depth-2">Research Overview</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contentd0507d8b-7b88-453c-908a-2b7e961c0479" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/our-impact" class="sf-depth-2">Our Impact</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contented530d1e-2ec3-46db-a529-9029be3f3fb4" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/research-activities" class="sf-depth-2">Research Activities</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content2dac8545-38f2-47c0-8993-ea0cae65e123" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/research-resources" class="sf-depth-2">Research Resources</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content311ec98e-6232-4e22-9966-4a9ac796870a" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/training-education" class="sf-depth-2">Training &amp; Education</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content52b1ba41-94ea-4d84-9db7-7482b8f78f16" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/alliances" class="sf-depth-2">Alliances</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contenta185af75-90a5-4cc4-813f-ef66f35e21ea" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/collaborate-with-ncats" class="sf-depth-2">Collaborate With NCATS</a></li></ul></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content84a3cc1f-203d-4de6-ab26-d80c256b96dc" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/funding" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Funding</a><ul><li id="navigation-menu-link-content0a09bed2-3d99-4faf-b3c5-fc9a4878629a" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/funding/overview" class="sf-depth-2">Funding Overview</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contentd85a1f38-7893-4e4a-8514-5b9e767983e2" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/funding/funding-opportunities" class="sf-depth-2">Open Funding Opportunities</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content81e84c00-ef73-4aff-a15f-7728cc398801" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/funding/small-business-programs" class="sf-depth-2">Small Business Programs</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content631a166b-650b-450f-97b4-9014d14935e9" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/funding/funding-policy-operating-guidelines" class="sf-depth-2">Funding Policy &amp; Operating Guidelines</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content5d56ebe7-b3e8-452a-bd30-df92b0deabef" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/funding/grant-information" class="sf-depth-2">Grant Information</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content4429fdc9-e911-4022-b3dc-3f6a4980b9ff" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/funding/challenges" class="sf-depth-2">Challenges and Prize Competitions</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content943fe682-94ff-4fcf-a6b0-32096d2b2d0e" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/funding/scientific-review" class="sf-depth-2">Scientific Review</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content10496705-320e-4437-b2ba-ea2830b293d1" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/funding/conference-grant-information" class="sf-depth-2">Conference Grant Information</a></li></ul></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contentea91f2ef-1b8d-4b1c-83e7-5830769dd505" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/resources" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Resources For You</a><ul><li id="navigation-menu-link-content567e64e3-685d-41bc-8bf4-130c7689d6a2" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/resources/overview" title="Resources for You" class="sf-depth-2">Resources for You</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content786ce1f5-ff7a-463a-bb05-c01882062426" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/resources/for-researchers" title="Resources for Researchers" class="sf-depth-2">Resources for Researchers</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contente737ec67-ecd0-4f18-915d-b61660cb524f" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/resources/for-trainees" title="Resources for Trainees" class="sf-depth-2">Resources for Trainees</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content8812fdb6-0fb7-4b27-8401-2fc5b3f41ff1" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/resources/for-rare-disease-patients-and-advocates" title="Resources for Rare Disease Patients and Advocates" class="sf-depth-2">Resources for Rare Disease Patients and Advocates</a></li></ul></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contenta8527040-df23-4117-a5a7-566bd83e2c7f" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/news-events" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">News &amp; Events</a><ul><li id="navigation-menu-link-contentf6836a81-a42a-4528-b569-18939d8451da" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/news-events/overview" class="sf-depth-2">News &amp; Events Overview</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content9f44edc6-e5b7-4a92-bcb3-c0a8777461f4" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/news-events/news" class="sf-depth-2">News</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content402cff9f-12b7-459b-9f0f-56606930399c" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/news-events/newsletter" class="sf-depth-2">Newsletters</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content6cd76cbe-053e-4e3b-8961-c9f5def57ba6" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/news-events/events" class="sf-depth-2">Events</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content0a211675-2fb5-45cc-b443-c7946e7d9120" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/news-events/science-publications" class="sf-depth-2">Scientific Publications</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contente6d4ed4f-826f-41b4-a9e2-728c2fb4ca62" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/news-events/multimedia" class="sf-depth-2">Multimedia</a></li></ul></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contentf1eb1fa8-5813-433c-9bcc-dc56f2e258f3" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/about" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">About NCATS</a><ul><li id="navigation-menu-link-contentada9a195-ae5a-446a-9014-c1232164e6db" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/ncats-overview" class="sf-depth-2">NCATS Overview</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contentd5e0369a-aded-4348-84f7-463c64498447" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/about-translational-science" class="sf-depth-2">About Translational Science</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contente298b7b2-724e-408b-9bb9-afcaac57a751" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/advisory-committees" class="sf-depth-2">Advisory Committees</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contentbc9c91b7-8d3d-4d2c-af65-c25ef894d269" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/budget" class="sf-depth-2">Budget</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contenta4ed4439-05db-4a41-9357-731c2ff74543" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/director" class="sf-depth-2">Director&#039;s Corner</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-contentb50f96af-3723-4634-8566-4e60c2639491" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/divisions-and-offices" class="sf-depth-2">Divisions &amp; Offices</a></li><li id="navigation-menu-link-content41d11ad4-c576-46be-a326-1f8cf5059354" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/our-staff" class="sf-depth-2">Our Staff</a></li></ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="desktop:grid-col-2 search-block">
<form class="usa-search usa-search--small" action="/search/node" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8">
<div role="search">
<input class="usa-input" id="extended-search-field-small" type="search" name="keys" />
<button class="usa-button" type="submit">
<img src="/themes/custom/d9_subtheme/node_modules/@uswds/uswds/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search">
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div></div>
</div>
<nav class="usa-nav" role="navigation">
<div class="usa-nav__inner">
<button type="button" class="usa-nav__close">
<img src="/themes/custom/d9_subtheme/node_modules/@uswds/uswds/dist/img/usa-icons/close.svg" alt="close"/>
</button>
</div>
</nav>
</header>
<main class="main-content usa-layout-docs usa-section " role="main"
id="main-content">
<div class="grid-container-">
<div class="grid-row">
</div>
<div class="">
</div>
<div class="grid-row ">
</div>
<div class="grid-row grid-gap">
<div class="usa-layout-docs__main desktop:grid-col-fill">
<div class="">
<div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div>
<div id="block-d9-subtheme-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block">
<article data-history-node-id="20262">
<div>
<div class="container layout layout--onecol">
<div class="layout__region layout__region--content">
<div class="block block-system block-system-breadcrumb-block">
<nav class="usa-breadcrumb" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb">
<h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="usa-sr-only">Breadcrumb</h2>
<ol class="usa-breadcrumb__list">
<li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item">
<a href="/" class="usa-breadcrumb__link"><span>Home</span></a>
</li>
<li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item">
<a href="/news-events/overview" class="usa-breadcrumb__link"><span>News &amp; Events</span></a>
</li>
<li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item">
<a href="/news-events/news" class="usa-breadcrumb__link"><span>News</span></a>
</li>
<li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item">
<span>CTSA Program-Supported Researchers May Turn Brown Fat Into An Ally Against Obesity</span>
</li>
</ol>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="container layout layout--onecol">
<div class="layout__region layout__region--content">
<div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodefeaturefield-feature-header-image">
</div>
<div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodefeaturebody">
<h1>CTSA Program-Supported Researchers May Turn Brown Fat into an Ally Against Obesity</h1><p>March 23, 2021</p><div class="sidebar-right image-box"><img src="https://ncats.nih.gov/sites/default/files/Brown-Fat_900x600.jpg" alt="Two PET-scan photos showing locations of brown fat deposits in the human body.
" width="100%" height="100%"><div class="caption-text"><p>The presence of brown fat may be linked to lower cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk. In these PET scans, the person on the left has brown fat deposits (in black) in the neck and the cervical spine. The person on the right has no detectable brown fat deposits. <em>(Andreas G. Wibmer and Heiko Schöder, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York)</em></p></div></div><p>Researchers funded by NCATS Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Program have applied translational science approaches to expand the understanding of brown fat in humans as a potential therapeutic target for blunting obesitys deadly impact on peoples cardiovascular and metabolic health.</p><p>The findings appeared in the January issue of the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1126-7" title="Nature Medicine">Nature Medicine</a>. The studys lead author, Tobias Becher, M.D., and corresponding author, Paul Cohen, M.D., Ph.D., worked on the study as part of the Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism at The Rockefeller University in New York.</p><p>In the human body, white fat stores excess energy, disturbs glucose and lipid metabolism, and fuels obesity. In contrast, brown fat burns energy to generate heat when the body senses cold, and it may play a positive role in the bodys use of glucose. Although everyone begins with brown fat at birth, not everyone maintains it as they grow older. Even among those who keep it, brown fat levels drop with age.</p><p>Preliminary research has pointed to the possibility that adults with brown fat may enjoy some cardiovascular and metabolic protection because of it. These findings were based on small studies, and robust assertions about brown fats protective possibilities require far more data. The problem is brown fat isnt easy to measure. Positron emission tomography (PET) scans pick up brown fats presence, but relatively few people are ever likely to undergo such an expensive, invasive scan that involves radiation exposure.</p><p>PET scans are routinely used in cancer diagnosis and care, so the Rockefeller University scientists reached across medical-specialty boundaries — and literally across a Manhattan street — to collaborate with their colleagues at the Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) Cancer Center.</p><p>Between June 2009 and March 2018, MSK had collected 134,529 PETcomputed tomography (PET/CT) reports from 52,487 patients. MSK also had electronic health records rich with the patients medical history, including cardiometabolic information.</p><div class="quotebox"><hr><div class="quotetext">His [translational science] training allowed Tobias to employ high-level biostatistics and to collaborate with very experienced biostatisticians at the Rockefeller CTSA to analyze the data,” Cohen noted. “Without those kinds of links and collaboration, this research work would never have come together.</div><hr></div><p>Becher and his team electronically searched the scans for the presence or absence of brown fat. The investigators then matched those scans with available clinical data for each patient, including cancer types, use of medications, weight, and the presence of diabetes and cardiovascular conditions.</p><p>“The large amount of data that was accessible from MSK and the linkage to the electronic health records gave us a huge database to explore these associations that we had hypothesized at the beginning,” Becher explained.</p><p>As a member of the Clinical Scholars masters degree program at The Rockefeller University, Bechers translational science training paired his clinical knowledge with team-based tools to make connections that otherwise would have gone unlinked.</p><p>“His training allowed Tobias to employ high-level biostatistics and to collaborate with very experienced biostatisticians at the Rockefeller CTSA to analyze the data,” Cohen noted. “Without those kinds of links and collaboration, this research work would never have come together.”</p><p>The researchers found that the odds of having cardiovascular and metabolic disorders were lower when patients had brown fat. For example, after accounting for cancer-related factors, MSK patients with brown fat had 56% decreased odds of having type 2 diabetes. They also had 14% lower odds of having high cholesterol and triglycerides, 32% lower odds of coronary artery disease, and 15% lower odds of having high blood pressure. Even after adding obesity to the equation, brown fats protective effects still didnt disappear. Obese patients who had brown fat had lower odds of cardiometabolic conditions than those without brown fat — especially when it came to type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure.</p><p>How can medicine manipulate brown fat levels and activity to improve peoples cardiometabolic health? The Rockefeller University translational scientists say the next research steps will have to untangle the effects of environment, genetics and aging.</p><p>Its known that exposure to cold and aerobic exercise activates brown fat. Could drugs moderate brown fats activity as well? Its also known that brown fat levels plummet with age, which may partially explain why people tend to become cold more easily as they get older. New research also could reveal the role genetics plays in determining who keeps brown fat and who loses it over time.</p><p>Whatever the next steps, they will employ the same translational science approaches that helped brown fat leap from an energy-burning oddity to a promising therapeutic ally to improve public health.</p>
</div>
<div class="block block-layout-builder block-extra-field-blocknodefeaturecontent-moderation-control">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div id="block-footercss" class="block block-block-content block-block-content2db33373-6fb7-49c5-be2f-83266eddea39">
<style type="text/css">
ul#superfish-navigation li { line-height:1.25; }
.region-header .block-superfish ul.sf-menu li a {padding-right:40px !important;}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
ul.sf-menu.sf-navigation li.menuparent ul {width:280px !important;}
}
.main-content article .menu--navigation {
display:flex;
flex-wrap: nowrap;
justify-content: space-between;
align-items: stretch;
}
.main-content article .menu--navigation li {
flex: 1 1 0;
width: 0;
align-items: center;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
}
.main-content article .menu--navigation li .dropdown-toggle {
white-space: unset;
}
.image-box img,
div.col-md-4.col-lg-2 img {
height: auto;
}
.caption-left-md {
float: left;
width: 50%;
margin: 0 1% 2% 0;
border: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.caption-left-md img {
width: 100%!important;
height: auto;
}
div.block.block-layout-builder.block-field-blocknodestafffield-divisions-office {
display: none
}
@media (max-width: 992px) {
.main-content article .menu--navigation {
flex-direction:column;
}
.main-content article .menu--navigation li {
display:inline-block;
margin:0;
padding:.25rem;
width: auto;
text-align:left;
}
.main-content article .menu--navigation li:hover, .main-content article .menu--navigation li.active {
border-bottom: 4px solid transparent !important;
}
.main-content article .menu--navigation li:hover a, .main-content article .menu--navigation li.active a {
border-bottom:4px solid #00626f !important;
padding-bottom:4px;
}
}
p.last-update-container {
font-size: 15px;
font-style: italic;
}
</style>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</main>
<div>
<div id="block-d9-subtheme-lastupdateblock" class="block block-ncats-common block-last-update-block">
<div class="container"><p class="last-update-container">Last updated on March 4, 2024</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<footer class="pt-4 footer mt-4">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12 py-4">
<img src="/sites/default/files/2023-10/ncats-logo-footer.png" class="img-fluid" alt="NCATS">
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="container">
<div class="row justify-content-between">
<div class="col-xl-4">
<div class="pt-4">
<address>
9609 Medical Center Drive<br>
Rockville, MD 20850-9793<br>
301-594-8966<br>
<a href="mailto:ncatsinfo@nih.gov">ncatsinfo@nih.gov</a>
</address>
</div>
<div class="text-white social-links mt-4">
<h5>Connect with us</h5>
<ul id="social-media-icons" class="list-unstyled d-flex mb-4">
<li><a href="http://www.facebook.com/ncats.nih.gov" title="Visit us on Facebook" target="_blank"><i class="bi bi-facebook"></i></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/nih-ncats" title="Visit us on LinkedIn" target="_blank"><i class="bi bi-linkedin"></i></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.twitter.com/ncats_nih_gov" title="Visit us on X" target="_blank"><i class="bi bi-twitter-x"></i></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/ncatsmedia" title="View our videos on YouTube" target="_blank"><i class="bi bi-youtube"></i></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/64860478@N05/" target="_blank" title="View our photos on Flickr"><img src="/sites/default/files/2023-10/flickr.png" alt="View our photos on Flickr" style="height:24px;"></a></li>
</ul>
<p class="small">For <a href="http://edi.nih.gov/consulting/language-access-program/about" target="_blank">language access assistance</a>, contact the <a href="mailto:ncatsinfo@nih.gov">NCATS Public Information Officer</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-xl-3 text-white mt-5 d-lg-none d-sm-none d-none d-xl-block">
<div id="mc_embed_shell">
<div id="mc_embed_signup">
<form action="https://nih.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=e06bd55ccbb41f1a362306dff&amp;id=d32fa404b4&amp;f_id=0087b1edf0" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate" target="_blank">
<h5>Subscribe to NCATS News</h5>
<p>If you would like to stay up to date with the latest information from us, please sign up for NCATS News.</p>
<div id="mce-responses" class="clear">
<div class="response" id="mce-error-response" style="display: none;"></div>
<div class="response" id="mce-success-response" style="display: none;"></div>
</div>
<div class="input-group mb-3">
<input type="email" name="EMAIL" class="required email form-control" id="mce-EMAIL" required="" value="" placeholder="Enter Email" aria-label="Recipient's username" aria-describedby="button-addon2" tabindex="-1">
<div aria-hidden="true" style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_e06bd55ccbb41f1a362306dff_d32fa404b4" tabindex="-1" value=""></div>
<button type="submit" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="button btn" value="Subscribe">Submit</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/downloads.mailchimp.com/js/mc-validate.js"></script><script type="text/javascript">(function($) {window.fnames = new Array(); window.ftypes = new Array();fnames[0]='EMAIL';ftypes[0]='email';fnames[1]='FNAME';ftypes[1]='text';fnames[2]='LNAME';ftypes[2]='text';fnames[3]='SIGNUP';ftypes[3]='text';}(jQuery));var $mcj = jQuery.noConflict(true);</script></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- footer menu section -->
<section class="footer-menu py-3 mb-xl-0 mb-lg-0 mb-sm-5 mt-4">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12">
<ul class="list-unstyled d-xl-flex d-lg-flex d-sm-block d-block justify-content-center mb-0">
<li><a href="https://ncats.nih.gov/">NCATS Home</a></li>
<li><a href="/sitemap">Site Map</a></li>
<li><a href="/privacy">Privacy Notice</a></li>
<li><a href="/comments">Comment Policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li>
<li><a href="/foia">FOIA</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oig.hhs.gov/" target="_blank">OIG</a></li>
<li class="border-0"><a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" target="_blank">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</footer>
</div>
<script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/20262","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJx1j8EOwjAMQ3-o0DNfU2Vt1pWlzdSkbPt7OgkhQONi2c_yweHmpA06YUYLIqhiwgfCTbEWoAt02TV5MR1RKrMNtS1A11c0kTkSOoVoY5fffIU7bN8wG4Kdm7qQxPMD6265oGcy0hasY5LJvt0Zc9OxSkWx6GkvGYjEV8Ry3h-uf5V_7cKSNHFf76KY7QCCpskaxB3WjhUyrlznJ5W4glk","theme":"d9_subtheme","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"gtm":{"tagId":null,"settings":{"data_layer":"dataLayer","include_classes":false,"allowlist_classes":"","blocklist_classes":"","include_environment":false,"environment_id":"","environment_token":""},"tagIds":["GTM-55CGV66V"]},"gtag":{"tagId":"G-ZZQ8H5G8ZX","otherIds":[],"events":[],"additionalConfigInfo":[]},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":true,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":true,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"You are leaving the NIH website.\r\n\r\nThis external link provides additional information that is consistent with the intended purpose of this site. NIH cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal site.\r\n\r\nLinking to a non-federal site does not constitute an endorsement by NIH or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the site. You will be subject to the destination site\u0027s privacy policy when you follow the link.","mailtoClass":"mailto","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"superfish":{"superfish-navigation":{"id":"superfish-navigation","sf":{"animation":{"opacity":"show","height":"show"},"speed":"fast"},"plugins":{"smallscreen":{"mode":"window_width","accordionButton":0,"title":"Navigation"},"supposition":true,"supersubs":true}}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"24b2a698a72e7a44d4f2d94d9880a6ba82bfbc8b8200dee23422144335254cbc"}}</script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js?v=3.7.1"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/once/once.min.js?v=1.0.1"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/drupalSettingsLoader.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/drupal.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/drupal.init.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/tabbable/index.umd.min.js?v=6.2.0"></script>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@uswds/uswds@3.3.0/dist/js/uswds.min.js"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/progress.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/loadjs/loadjs.min.js?v=4.2.0"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/debounce.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/announce.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/message.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/ajax.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/themes/custom/d9_subtheme/js/script.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/extlink/extlink.js?v=10.2.3"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtm.js?srmo5o"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtag.js?srmo5o"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtag.ajax.js?srmo5o"></script>
<script src="/libraries/drupal-superfish/superfish.js?srmo5o"></script>
<script src="/libraries/drupal-superfish/jquery.hoverIntent.minified.js?srmo5o"></script>
<script src="/libraries/drupal-superfish/sfsmallscreen.js?srmo5o"></script>
<script src="/libraries/drupal-superfish/supposition.js?srmo5o"></script>
<script src="/libraries/drupal-superfish/supersubs.js?srmo5o"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/superfish/js/superfish.js?v=2.0"></script>
</body>
</html>