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<span>Opioid Testing</span>
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<span class="page-url print-only">URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/opioid-testing/</span>
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<h1>Opioid Testing</h1>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><h2>What is opioid testing?</h2>
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<p>Opioid testing looks for opioids in a sample of your urine (pee), blood, saliva (spit), hair, or sweat.</p>
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<p>Opioids include powerful medicines that health care providers may prescribe to relieve pain from serious injuries, illnesses, or surgery. Opioids also include illegal drugs, such as <a data-tid="285" href="https://medlineplus.gov/heroin.html">heroin</a>.</p>
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<p>The terms "opioids" and "opiates" are often used to mean the same thing, but they're slightly different. Opioids include:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Opiates</strong>, which are natural opioids made from the opium poppy plant. Opiates include the medicines codeine and morphine, and the illegal drug heroin.</li>
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<li><strong>Synthetic and semi-synthetic opioids</strong>, which are medicines made in labs, including:
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<ul>
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<li>Oxycodone</li>
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<li>Hydrocodone</li>
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<li>Hydromorphone</li>
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<li>Oxymorphone</li>
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<li>Methadone</li>
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<li>Fentanyl</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Prescription <a data-tid="7127" href="https://medlineplus.gov/safeopioiduse.html">opioids are relatively safe</a> for reducing pain if you take them for a short time according to your provider's instructions. But opioids can increase feelings of pleasure and well-being in some people. For these reasons, <a data-tid="1706" href="https://medlineplus.gov/prescriptiondrugmisuse.html">misuse</a> of prescription opioids is common.</p>
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<p>Prescription <a data-tid="6431" href="https://medlineplus.gov/opioidsandopioidusedisorderoud.html">opioid misuse</a> means taking the medicine in a different way or for a different purpose than your provider prescribed. It includes:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Taking more than your prescribed dose or taking it more often</li>
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<li>Getting and using prescription pills from friends or family members, even if you're using the pills for a medical condition</li>
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<li>Taking prescription drugs to get high</li>
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<li>Mixing prescription opioids with alcohol or other drugs</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Opioid misuse is dangerous because opioids are highly addictive. Misusing them can lead to opioid use disorder (OUD), which is sometimes called opioid <a data-tid="30" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druguseandaddiction.html">addiction</a>. OUD can cause difficulties with work, school, and homelife. It can even lead to <a data-tid="7109" href="https://medlineplus.gov/opioidoverdose.html">overdose</a> and death.</p>
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<p>Opioid testing can't diagnose opioid misuse or OUD. But it can be used with questionnaires called <a data-pid="31441" href="https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/drug-use-screening-tests/">drug use screening tests</a> to help find out who may need help with a drug problem.</p>
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<p>Other names: opioid screening, opiate screening, opiate testing</p></div>
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</section>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><h2>What is it used for?</h2>
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<p>Opioid testing may be used for different purposes, including:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Monitoring misuse of prescription opioids.</strong> If your provider prescribed opioids for pain, opioid tests may be used to make sure you're taking the right amount of medicine.</li>
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<li><strong>As part of an overall <a data-pid="766" href="https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/drug-testing/">drug testing</a></strong> program to check for a variety of drugs, including <a data-tid="317" href="https://medlineplus.gov/marijuana.html">marijuana</a>, <a data-tid="193" href="https://medlineplus.gov/cocaine.html">cocaine</a>, and opioids. Drug testing may be used for:
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Employment.</strong> Employers may test you for drugs before hiring you and/or after hiring to check for on-the-job drug use.</li>
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<li><strong>Legal evidence.</strong> Testing may be part of a criminal or motor vehicle accident investigation. Drug testing may also be ordered as part of a court case.</li>
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<li><strong>Drug treatment.</strong> Drug testing may be used to monitor treatment in programs for drug or <a data-tid="120" href="https://medlineplus.gov/alcoholusedisorderaud.html">alcohol use disorder</a>.</li>
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<li><strong>Sports.</strong> Professional and other athletes are often tested for drugs.</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Drug testing may be scheduled ahead of time or done randomly without notice./p></p></div>
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</section>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><h2>Why do I need opioid testing?</h2>
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<p>Your provider may order opioid testing if you're taking prescription opioids to treat <a data-tid="5995" href="https://medlineplus.gov/chronicpain.html">chronic pain</a> or another medical condition. Certain tests can tell if you are taking more medicine than prescribed, which can be a sign of misuse or addiction.</p>
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<p>Your provider may also order opioid testing if you have other signs or symptoms of opioid misuse or addiction, which may include:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Calling early for refills or asking for higher doses</li>
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<li>Complaining of increasing pain even though the condition isn't getting worse</li>
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<li>Having withdrawal symptoms when not taking opioids, which may include:
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<ul>
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<li>Frequent yawning</li>
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<li>Wide open pupils (the openings that let light into your eyes)</li>
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<li>Uncontrollable leg movements</li>
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<li>Increased heart rate and <a data-tid="34" href="https://medlineplus.gov/highbloodpressure.html">blood pressure</a></li>
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<li><a data-tid="489" href="https://medlineplus.gov/nauseaandvomiting.html">Nausea and vomiting</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>In a hospital emergency room, a provider may order opioid testing if you have signs of a possible drug overdose, such as slow shallow breathing and very <a data-tid="1225" href="https://medlineplus.gov/lowbloodpressure.html">low blood pressure</a>.</p>
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<p>You may also be asked to take a drug test, which includes testing for opioids, for a job, to participate in certain organized sports, or as part of a police investigation or court case.</p></div>
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</section>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><h2>What happens during an opioid test?</h2>
|
||
<p>Opioid testing may be done in a variety of locations, including labs, hospitals, drug treatment centers, and workplaces. Most opioid tests require a urine sample. Other opioid tests may use samples of your blood, saliva, sweat, or hair.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>For a urine test</strong>, you will be given instructions for how to collect your urine sample. Follow them carefully. In certain cases, a health care professional or other person may need to be present while you provide your sample. This is to make sure the urine is yours and isn't contaminated with anything that might affect the test results.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>For a blood test</strong>, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>For a saliva test</strong>, a sample may be collected in one of two ways:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>A swab or pad will be placed inside of your cheek for a few minutes until it is soaked with saliva.</li>
|
||
<li>You'll spit into a tube.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p><strong>For a sweat test</strong>, you'll wear a patch on your skin for five to seven days. The patch will absorb your sweat.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>For a hair test</strong>, scissors will be used to cut a small sample of hair from near your scalp. Hair may be cut from other parts of your body instead. Hair samples can show long-term opioid use.</p></div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section><div class="mp-content"><h2>Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?</h2>
|
||
<p>Be sure to tell the testing professional or your provider if you are taking any prescription or over-the-counter medicines. Some of these medicines may show up as opioids on your test results. Poppy seeds can also show up as opioids. So, you should avoid foods with poppy seeds for at least three days before your test.</p></div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section><div class="mp-content"><h2>Are there any risks to the test?</h2>
|
||
<p>There are no known risks to having a urine, saliva, sweat or hair test. There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.</p></div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section><div class="mp-content"><h2>What do the results mean?</h2>
|
||
<p>Your test results depend on the type of opioid testing you had.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Tests to screen for drugs in your system</strong> are often done first. These tests only show whether opioids are in your sample. They can't show what kind or how much:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Positive results</strong> mean that opioids were found. But positive test results may not be accurate (false positives), so follow-up testing is usually required to confirm the results.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Negative results</strong> mean that either:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>No opioids were found in your sample. That may be because you haven't taken any, or you took them but they are no longer in your body.</li>
|
||
<li>A very small amount of opioids was found, but too little to be called a positive test result. In certain cases, follow-up tests may be done to get more information.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p><strong>Confirmation</strong> tests may be done if there is a question about the results of a screening test. These tests can show more detail about the amount and/or type of opioids found in your sample.</p>
|
||
<p>Opioid test results can be complicated to understand. They may be affected by how fast your body uses opioids, other medicines you take, and the different ways labs do the tests. So, it's best to ask your provider to explain what your results mean.</p>
|
||
<p>Learn more about <a data-pid="806" href="https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/how-to-understand-your-lab-results/">laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results</a>.</p></div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section><div class="mp-content"><h2>Is there anything else I need to know about opioid testing?</h2>
|
||
<p>You can buy <a data-pid="31381" href="https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/at-home-medical-tests/">home tests</a> for many opioids and other prescription and illegal drugs. These tests only check whether opioids show up in your sample. There are two types:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>At-home tests</strong> let you do the entire test at home and get rapid results. But if the test result finds opioids, you'll need to have a follow-up lab test to check the accuracy of the result. Some at-home tests include a kit for collecting a sample, usually urine or saliva, to send to a lab in case the home test result is positive.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>A self-collection test</strong> has a kit for gathering urine, saliva, or another type of sample to send to a lab for testing. Some self-collection tests include the cost of a second lab test to check the accuracy of a first test that has a positive result.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>It's best to talk with your provider about using home drug testing so you can decide if it's right for your situation.</p></div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section><div class="mp-refs mp-content"><h2>References</h2>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>ARUP Consult [Internet]. Salt Lake City: ARUP Laboratories; c2023. Drug Testing; [updated 2022 Aug; cited 2023 Feb 9]; [about 24 screens]. Available from: <a href="https://arupconsult.com/content/pain-and-addiction-management" target="bibliowin">https://arupconsult.com/content/pain-and-addiction-management</a></li>
|
||
<li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Internet]. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Preventing Opioid Overdose; [updated 2022 Nov 3; cited 2023 Feb 6]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/overdose-prevention/prevention/" target="bibliowin">https://www.cdc.gov/overdose-prevention/prevention/</a></li>
|
||
<li>Cleveland Clinic: Health Library: Diagnostics & Testing [Internet]. Cleveland (OH): Cleveland Clinic; c2023.Opioid Use Disorder; [reviewed 22 Oct 4; cited 2023 Feb 9]; [about 20 screens]. Available from: <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24257-opioid-use-disorder-oud#diagnosis-and-tests" target="bibliowin">https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24257-opioid-use-disorder-oud#diagnosis-and-tests</a></li>
|
||
<li>Drugs.com [Internet]. Drugs.com; c2000-2023. Drug Testing FAQs; [updated 2022 Apr 17; cited 2023 Feb 6]; [about 12 screens]. Available from: <a href="https://www.drugs.com/article/drug-testing.html" target="bibliowin">https://www.drugs.com/article/drug-testing.html</a></li>
|
||
<li>Johns Hopkins Medicine [Internet]. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University; c2023. Opioid Use Disorder; [cited 2023 Feb 6]; [about 6 screens]. Available from: <a href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/opioid-use-disorder" target="bibliowin">Hhttps://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/opioid-use-disorder</a></li>
|
||
<li>Mayo Clinic [Internet]. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; c1998-2023. How opioid addiction occurs; [cited 2023 Feb 6]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prescription-drug-abuse/in-depth/how-opioid-addiction-occurs/art-20360372" target="bibliowin">https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prescription-drug-abuse/in-depth/how-opioid-addiction-occurs/art-20360372</a></li>
|
||
<li>Merck Manual Consumer Version [Internet]. Kenilworth (NJ): Merck & Co., Inc.; c2023. Opioids; [reviewed 2022 Dec; cited 2023 Feb 6]; [about 7 screens]. Available from: <a href="https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/special-subjects/illicit-drugs-and-intoxicants/opioids" target="bibliowin">https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/special-subjects/illicit-drugs-and-intoxicants/opioids</a></li>
|
||
<li>Milone MC. Laboratory Testing for Prescription Opioids. J Med Toxicol [Internet]. 2012 Dec [cited 2023 Feb 6]; 8 (4): 408-416. Available from: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3550258" target="bibliowin">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3550258</a></li>
|
||
<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Opioids; [cited 2023 Feb 6]; [about 6 screens]. Available from: <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/opioids" target="bibliowin">https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/opioids</a></li>
|
||
<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Opioid Facts for Teens; [updated 2018 Jul; cited 2023 Feb 6]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/publications/opioid-facts-teens/faqs-about-opioids" target="bibliowin">Hhttps://nida.nih.gov/publications/opioid-facts-teens/faqs-about-opioids</a></li>
|
||
<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Drug Overdose Death Rates; [updated 2022 Jan 20; cited 2023 Feb 6]; [about 8 screens]. Available from: <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates" target="bibliowin">https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates</a></li>
|
||
<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Prescription Opioids DrugFacts; [2021 Jun; cited 2023 Feb 9]; [about 12 screens]. Available from: <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/prescription-opioids" target="bibliowin">https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/prescription-opioids</a></li>
|
||
<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Recognizing Opioid Abuse; [ cited 2023 Feb 9]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/RecognizingOpioidAbuse.pdf" target="bibliowin">https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/RecognizingOpioidAbuse.pdf</a></li>
|
||
<li>Northwest Community Healthcare [Internet]. Arlington Heights (IL): Northwest Community Healthcare; c2023. Health Library: Urine drug screen; [reviewed 2021 Feb 12; cited 2023 Feb 6]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: <a href="https://ssl.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&isarticlelink=false&pid=1&gid=003364&site=nchse3.adam.com&login=NORT3811" target="bibliowin">https://ssl.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&isarticlelink=false&pid=1&gid=003364&site=nchse3.adam.com&login=NORT3811</a></li>
|
||
<li>Scholl L, Seth P, Kariisa M, Wilson N, Baldwin G. Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths-United States, 2013-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep [Internet]. 2019 Jan 4 [cited 2023 Feb 6]; 67(5152):1419-1427. Available from: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm675152e1.htm" target="bibliowin">https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm675152e1.htm</a></li>
|
||
<li>Testing.com [Internet]. Seattle (WA): OneCare Media; c2023. Drug Testing; [modified 2022 Oct 4; cited 2023 Feb 6]; [about 7 screens]. Available from: <a href="https://www.testing.com/drug-testing/" target="bibliowin">https://www.testing.com/drug-testing/</a></li>
|
||
<li>Testing.com [Internet]. Seattle (WA): OneCare Media; c2023. Opioid Drug Testing; [modified 2022 Sep 28; cited 2023 Feb 6]; [about 13 screens]. Available from: <a href="https://www.testing.com/tests/opioid-drug-test/" target="bibliowin">https://www.testing.com/tests/opioid-drug-test/</a></li>
|
||
<li>UW Health [Internet]. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority; c2023. Toxicology Tests; [updated 2022 Jun 27; cited 2023 Feb 6]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: <a href="https://patient.uwhealth.org/healthwise/article/en-us/hw27448 " target="bibliowin">https://patient.uwhealth.org/healthwise/article/en-us/hw27448 </a></li>
|
||
</ol></div>
|
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</section>
|
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<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/druguseandaddiction.html">Drug Use and Addiction</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/prescriptiondrugmisuse.html">Prescription Drug Misuse</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/safeopioiduse.html">Safe Opioid Use</a></li>
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<h2>Related Medical Tests</h2>
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<ul class="relatedmp">
|
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<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/at-home-medical-tests/">At-Home Medical Tests</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/drug-testing/">Drug Testing</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/drug-use-screening-tests/">Drug Use Screening Tests</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/how-to-cope-with-medical-test-anxiety/">How to Cope with Medical Test Anxiety</a></li>
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|
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<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/how-to-understand-your-lab-results/">How to Understand Your Lab Results</a></li>
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"description": "Opioid testing looks for opioids in a sample of your urine (pee), blood, saliva (spit), hair, or sweat. Opioids include powerful medicines that health care providers may prescribe to relieve pain from serious injuries, illnesses, or surgery. Opioids also include illegal drugs, such as heroin. The terms 'opioids' and 'opiates' are often used to mean the same thing, but they're slightly different. Opioids include: Opiates, which are natural opioids made from the opium poppy plant. Opiates include the medicines codeine and morphine, and the illegal drug heroin.; Synthetic and semi-synthetic opioids, which are medicines made in labs, including: Oxycodone; Hydrocodone; Hydromorphone; Oxymorphone; Methadone; Fentanyl; ; Prescription opioids are relatively safe for reducing pain if you take them for a short time according to your provider's instructions. But opioids can increase feelings of pleasure and well-being in some people. For these reasons, misuse of prescription opioids is common. Prescription opioid misuse means taking the medicine in a different way or for a different purpose than your provider prescribed. It includes: Taking more than your prescribed dose or taking it more often; Getting and using prescription pills from friends or family members, even if you're using the pills for a medical condition; Taking prescription drugs to get high; Mixing prescription opioids with alcohol or other drugs; Opioid misuse is dangerous because opioids are highly addictive. Misusing them can lead to opioid use disorder (OUD), which is sometimes called opioid addiction. OUD can cause difficulties with work, school, and homelife. It can even lead to overdose and death. Opioid testing can't diagnose opioid misuse or OUD. But it can be used with questionnaires called drug use screening tests to help find out who may need help with a drug problem. Other names: opioid screening, opiate screening, opiate testing",
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