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<span>Are fingerprints determined by genetics?</span>
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<h1>Are fingerprints determined by genetics?</h1>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Each person’s fingerprints are unique, which is why they have long been used as a way to identify individuals. Surprisingly little is known about the factors that influence a person’s fingerprint patterns. Like many other <a data-pid="20135" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/complexdisorders/">complex</a> traits, studies suggest that both genetic and environmental factors play a role.</p>
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<p>A person’s fingerprints are based on the patterns of skin ridges (called dermatoglyphs) on the pads of the fingers. These ridges are also present on the toes, the palms of the hands, and the soles of the feet. Although the basic whorl, arch, and loop patterns may be similar, the details of the patterns are specific to each individual.</p>
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<p>Dermatoglyphs develop before birth and remain the same throughout life. The ridges begin to develop during the third month of fetal development, and they are fully formed by the sixth month. The function of these ridges is not entirely clear, but they likely increase sensitivity to touch.</p>
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<p>The basic size, shape, and spacing of dermatoglyphs appear to be influenced by genetic factors. Studies suggest that multiple genes are involved, so the inheritance pattern is not straightforward. Genes that control the development of the various layers of skin, as well as the muscles, fat, and blood vessels underneath the skin, may all play a role in determining the pattern of ridges. The finer details of the patterns of skin ridges are influenced by other factors during fetal development, including substances taken during pregnancy and the environment inside the womb. These developmental factors cause each person’s dermatoglyphs to be different from everyone else’s. Even identical twins, who have the same DNA, have different fingerprints.</p>
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<p>Few genes involved in dermatoglyph formation have been identified. Rare diseases characterized by abnormal or absent dermatoglyphs provide some clues as to their genetic basis. For example, a condition known as <a data-pid="16511" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/adermatoglyphia/">adermatoglyphia</a> is characterized by an absence of dermatoglyphs, sometimes with other abnormalities of the skin. Adermatoglyphia is caused by mutations in a gene called <a data-pid="19549" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/smarcad1/"><em>SMARCAD1</em></a>. Although this gene is clearly important for the formation of dermatoglyphs, its role in their development is unclear.</p>
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<h2>Scientific journal articles for further reading</h2>
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<p>Burger B, Fuchs D, Sprecher E, Itin P. The immigration delay disease: adermatoglyphia-inherited absence of epidermal ridges. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011 May;64(5):974-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.11.013. Epub 2010 Jul 8.PubMed: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20619487" target="_blank">20619487</a>.</p>
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<p>Nousbeck J, Burger B, Fuchs-Telem D, Pavlovsky M, Fenig S, Sarig O, Itin P, Sprecher E. A mutation in a skin-specific isoform of SMARCAD1 causes autosomal-dominant adermatoglyphia. Am J Hum Genet. 2011 Aug 12;89(2):302-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.07.004. Epub 2011 Aug 4. PubMed: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21820097" target="_blank">21820097</a>. Free full-text available from PubMed Central: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3155166/" target="_blank">PMC3155166</a>.</p>
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<p>Warman PH, Ennos A.R. Fingerprints are unlikely to increase the friction of primate fingerpads. J Exp Biol. 2009 Jul;212(Pt 13):2016-22. doi: 10.1242/jeb.028977. PubMed: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19525427" target="_blank">19525427</a>.</p><p>Sudha PI, Singh J, Sodhi GS. The Dermal Ridges as the Infallible Signature of Skin: An Overview. Indian J Dermatol. 2021 Nov-Dec;66(6):649-653. doi: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_1123_20. PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35283510/">35283510</a>. Free full-text available from PubMed Central: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8906331/">PMC8906331</a>.
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<section><div class="side-section"><div class="mp-content"><div class="section-header long-header"><h2>To find out more about the influence of genetics on the formation of fingerprints:</h2></div><div class="section-body">
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<p>The Washington State Twin Registry has an FAQ about <a href="https://wstwinregistry.org/2015/10/01/do-identical-twins-have-identical-fingerprints/" target="_blank">the fingerprints of identical twins</a>.</p>
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<p>OMIM.org provides more detailed genetic information about <a href="http://omim.org/entry/125590" target="_blank">dermatoglyphs</a> and <a href="http://omim.org/entry/136000" target="_blank">adermatoglyphia</a>.</p>
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<section><div class="mp-exp mp-content"><h2>Topics in the Genetics and Human Traits chapter</h2><ul><li>Are fingerprints determined by genetics?</li><li><a data-pid="20181" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/traits/eyecolor/">Is eye color determined by genetics?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20183" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/traits/intelligence/">Is intelligence determined by genetics?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20185" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/traits/handedness/">Is handedness determined by genetics?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20187" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/traits/twins/">Is the probability of having twins determined by genetics?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20189" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/traits/hairtexture/">Is hair texture determined by genetics?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20191" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/traits/haircolor/">Is hair color determined by genetics?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20193" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/traits/height/">Is height determined by genetics?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20195" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/traits/moles/">Are moles determined by genetics?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20197" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/traits/dimples/">Are facial dimples determined by genetics?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20199" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/traits/athleticperformance/">Is athletic performance determined by genetics?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20201" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/traits/longevity/">Is longevity determined by genetics?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20203" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/traits/temperament/">Is temperament determined by genetics?</a></li></ul><p><a data-pid="20081" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/">Other chapters in Help Me Understand Genetics</a></p></div>
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