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<h1>What are the different ways a genetic condition can be inherited?</h1>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Some genetic conditions are caused by variants (also known as mutations) in a single gene. These conditions are usually inherited in one of several patterns, depending on the gene involved:</p>
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<table class="table-box table-genetics"><caption>
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<p>Patterns of inheritance</p>
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<thead><tr><th><p>Inheritance pattern</p></th>
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<th><p>Description</p></th>
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<th><p>Examples</p></th></tr></thead>
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<tbody><tr><td><p>Autosomal dominant</p></td>
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<td><p>One altered copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient for a person to be affected by an autosomal dominant disorder. In some cases, an affected person inherits the condition from <a class="image-modal" data-alt="A parent with an autosomal dominant condition passes the altered gene to two affected children. Two other children do not receive the altered gene, and are unaffected." data-caption="" data-credit="U.S. National Library of Medicine" data-filepath="images/PX00009C_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX00009C" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Autosomal dominant inheritance" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX00009C_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX00009C_1" title="Show image">an affected parent<img alt="" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>. In others, the condition may result from a <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Neither parent has the mutated gene. A spontaneous mutation occurs during the formation of an egg or sperm cell during embryonic development, leading to an affected child." data-caption="
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" data-credit="U.S. National Library of Medicine" data-filepath="images/PX0000A8_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0000A8" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Autosomal dominant inheritance with a new (de novo) mutation" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0000A8_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0000A8_2" title="Show image">new variant<img alt="" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a> in the gene and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.</p></td>
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<td><p><a data-pid="14419" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/huntingtons-disease/">Huntington's disease</a>, <a data-pid="14443" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/marfan-syndrome/">Marfan syndrome</a></p></td></tr>
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<tr><td><p>Autosomal recessive</p></td>
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<td><p>In <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Both parents carry one copy of a mutated gene. In the next generation, one child is affected with the condition, two children are carriers, and one is unaffected and not a carrier." data-caption="" data-credit="U.S. National Library of Medicine" data-filepath="images/PX0000A4_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0000A4" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Autosomal recessive inheritance" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0000A4_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0000A4_5" title="Show image">autosomal recessive inheritance<img alt="" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>, variants occur in both copies of the gene in each cell. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the altered gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. Autosomal recessive disorders are typically not seen in every generation of an affected family.</p></td>
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<td><p><a data-pid="14515" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/hemophilia/">cystic fibrosis</a>, <a data-pid="14439" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/sickle-cell-disease/">sickle cell disease</a></p></td></tr>
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<tr><td><p>X-linked dominant</p></td>
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<td><p>
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<a class="image-modal" data-alt="Inheritance of an X-linked dominant disorder depends on which parent is affected." data-caption="" data-credit="U.S. National Library of Medicine" data-filepath="images/PX00009S_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX00009S" data-sourceurl="" data-title="X-linked dominant inheritance" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX00009S_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX00009S_8" title="Show image">X-linked dominant<img alt="" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a> disorders are caused by variants in genes on the <a data-pid="20075" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/chromosome/x/">X chromosome</a>. In males (who have only one X chromosome), a variant in the only copy of the gene in each cell causes the disorder. In females (who have two X chromosomes), a variant in one of the two copies of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. Females may experience less severe symptoms of the disorder than males. A characteristic of X-linked inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons (no male-to-male transmission).</p></td>
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<td><p><a data-pid="14513" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/fragile-x-syndrome/">fragile X syndrome</a></p></td></tr>
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<tr><td><p>X-linked recessive</p></td>
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<td><p>
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<a class="image-modal" data-alt="Two generations of a family with an X-linked recessive disorder. In this form of inheritance, the chance of being affected or being a carrier depends on whether the mother or the father has the mutated gene on the X chromosome." data-caption="" data-credit="U.S. National Library of Medicine" data-filepath="images/PX000068_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX000068" data-sourceurl="" data-title="X-linked recessive inheritance" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX000068_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX000068_11" title="Show image">X-linked recessive<img alt="" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a> disorders are also caused by variants in genes on the X chromosome. In males (who have only one X chromosome), one altered copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. In females (who have two X chromosomes), a variant would have to occur in both copies of the gene to cause the disorder. Because it is unlikely that females will have two altered copies of this gene, males are affected by X-linked recessive disorders much more frequently than females. A characteristic of X-linked inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons (no male-to-male transmission).</p></td>
|
||
<td><p><a data-pid="14515" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/hemophilia/">hemophilia</a>, <a data-pid="14527" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/fabry-disease/">Fabry disease</a></p></td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><p>X-linked</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>Because the inheritance pattern of many X-linked disorders is not clearly dominant or recessive, some experts suggest that conditions be considered X-linked rather than X-linked dominant or X-linked recessive. X-linked disorders are caused by variants in genes on the X chromosome<a data-pid="20075" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/chromosome/x/"></a>, one of the
|
||
<a class="image-modal" data-alt="Karyotype showing 22 autosomes and 2 sex chromsomes, either two X chromosomes or an X chromosome and a Y chromosome." data-caption="The X chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes. Humans and most mammals have two sex chromosomes, the X and Y. Females have two X chromosomes in their cells, while males have X and Y chromosomes in their cells. Egg cells all contain an X chromosome, while sperm cells contain an X or a Y chromosome. This arrangement means that during fertilization, it is the male that determines the sex of the offspring." data-credit="Darryl Leja, NHGRI" data-filepath="images/PX0000HO_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-lang="us" data-pix="PX0000HO" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Sex chromosomes (X and Y)" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0000HO_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0000HO_15" title="Show image">two sex chromosomes<img alt="" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a> in each cell. In males (who have only one X chromosome), an alteration in the only copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. In females (who have two X chromosomes), one altered copy of the gene usually leads to less severe health problems than those in affected males, or it may cause no signs or symptoms at all. A characteristic of X-linked inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons (no male-to-male transmission).</p></td>
|
||
<td><p><a data-pid="14673" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency/">glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency</a>, <a data-pid="16063" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/x-linked-thrombocytopenia/">X-linked thrombocytopenia</a></p></td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><p>Y-linked</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>A condition is considered <a class="image-modal" data-alt="A father and sons are affected with a Y-linked disorder, which is caused by a genetic mutation on the Y chromosome. Females are unaffected." data-caption="" data-credit="U.S. National Library of Medicine" data-filepath="images/PX00006S_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX00006S" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Y-linked inheritance" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX00006S_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX00006S_18" title="Show image">Y-linked<img alt="" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a> if the altered gene that causes the disorder is located on the <a data-pid="20077" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/chromosome/y/">Y chromosome</a>, one of the two sex chromosomes in each of a male's cells. Because only males have a Y chromosome, in Y-linked inheritance, a variant can only be passed from father to son.</p></td>
|
||
<td><p><a data-pid="15143" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/y-chromosome-infertility/">Y chromosome infertility</a>, some cases of <a data-pid="15151" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/swyer-syndrome/">Swyer syndrome</a></p></td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><p>Codominant</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>In <a class="image-modal" data-alt="ABO blood type is an example of a trait with codominant inheritance." data-caption="" data-credit="U.S. National Library of Medicine" data-filepath="images/PX000054_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX000054" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Codominant inheritance" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX000054_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX000054_22" title="Show image">codominant inheritance<img alt="" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>, two different versions (alleles) of a gene are expressed, and each version makes a slightly different protein. Both alleles influence the genetic trait or determine the characteristics of the genetic condition.</p></td>
|
||
<td><p><em>ABO </em>blood group, <a data-pid="14465" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/alpha-1-antitrypsin-deficiency/">alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency</a></p></td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><p>Mitochondrial</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>
|
||
<a class="image-modal" data-alt="The inheritance of a mitochondrial disorder depends whether the mother or the father has the mutation in mitochondrial DNA." data-caption="" data-credit="U.S. National Library of Medicine" data-filepath="images/PX00005K_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX00005K" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Mitochondrial inheritance" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX00005K_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX00005K_24" title="Show image">Mitochondrial inheritance<img alt="" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>, also known as maternal inheritance, applies to genes in <a data-pid="20079" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/chromosome/mitochondrial-dna/">mitochondrial DNA</a>. Mitochondria, which are structures in each cell that convert molecules into energy, each contain a small amount of DNA. Because only egg cells contribute mitochondria to the developing embryo, only females can pass on mitochondrial variants to their children. Conditions resulting from variants in mitochondrial DNA can appear in every generation of a family and can affect both males and females, but fathers do not pass these disorders to their daughters or sons.</p></td>
|
||
<td><p><a data-pid="14797" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/leber-hereditary-optic-neuropathy/">Leber hereditary optic neuropathy</a> (LHON)</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
<p>Many health conditions are caused by the combined effects of multiple genes (described as polygenic) or by interactions between genes and the environment. Such disorders usually do not follow the patterns of inheritance listed above. Examples of conditions caused by variants in multiple genes or gene/environment interactions include heart disease, <a data-pid="16841" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/type-2-diabetes/">type 2 diabetes</a>, <a data-pid="16607" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/schizophrenia/">schizophrenia</a>, and certain types of cancer. For more information, please see <a data-pid="20135" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/complexdisorders/">What are complex or multifactorial disorders?</a>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>Disorders caused by changes in the number or structure of chromosomes also do not follow the straightforward patterns of inheritance listed above. To read about how chromosomal conditions occur, please see <a data-pid="20173" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/chromosomalinheritance/">Are chromosomal disorders inherited?</a>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>Other genetic factors sometimes influence how a disorder is inherited. For an example, please see <a data-pid="20171" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/updimprinting/">What are genomic imprinting and uniparental disomy?</a>
|
||
</p></div>
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</section>
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</div>
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<div class="side">
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<aside>
|
||
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||
<section><div class="side-section"><div class="mp-content"><div class="section-header long-header"><h2>For more information about inheritance patterns:</h2></div>
|
||
<div class="section-body"><p>The Centre for Genetics Education provides information about different inheritance patterns:</p>
|
||
<ul><li><p>
|
||
<a href="https://www.genetics.edu.au/SitePages/Autosomal-dominant-inheritance.aspx" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Autosomal dominant inheritance</a>
|
||
</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>
|
||
<a href="https://www.genetics.edu.au/SitePages/Autosomal-recessive-inheritance.aspx" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Autosomal recessive inheritance</a>
|
||
</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>
|
||
<a href="https://www.genetics.edu.au/SitePages/X-linked-dominant-inheritance.aspx" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">X-linked dominant inheritance</a>
|
||
</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>
|
||
<a href="https://www.genetics.edu.au/SitePages/X-linked-recessive-inheritance.aspx" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">X-linked recessive inheritance</a>
|
||
</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>
|
||
<a href="https://www.genetics.edu.au/SitePages/Mitochondrial-Inheritance.aspx" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mitochondrial inheritance</a>
|
||
</p></li></ul>
|
||
<p>Additional information about inheritance patterns is available from <a href="https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/special-subjects/general-principles-of-medical-genetics/single-gene-defects" target="_blank">The Merck Manual</a>.</p></div></div>
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||
</div></section>
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||
|
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</aside>
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</div>
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||
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<div class="bottom">
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|
||
<section><div class="mp-exp mp-content"><h2>Topics in the Inheriting Genetic Conditions chapter</h2><ul><li><a data-pid="20159" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/runsinfamily/">What does it mean if a disorder seems to run in my family?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20161" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/familyhistory/">Why is it important to know my family health history?</a></li><li>What are the different ways a genetic condition can be inherited?</li><li><a data-pid="20165" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/riskassessment/">If a genetic disorder runs in my family, what are the chances that my children will have the condition?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20167" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/penetranceexpressivity/">What are reduced penetrance and variable expressivity?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20169" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/anticipation/">What do geneticists mean by anticipation?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20171" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/updimprinting/">What are genomic imprinting and uniparental disomy?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20173" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/chromosomalinheritance/">Are chromosomal disorders inherited?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20175" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/ethnicgroup/">Why are some genetic conditions more common in particular ethnic groups?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20177" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/heritability/">What is heritability?</a></li></ul><p><a data-pid="20081" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/">Other chapters in Help Me Understand Genetics</a></p></div>
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</section>
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