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<span>Moyamoya disease</span>
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<span class="page-url print-only">URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/moyamoya-disease/</span>
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<article>
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<a name="start" id="start"></a>
<h1>Moyamoya disease</h1>
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<div class="main">
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="description">
<h2>Description</h2>
<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Moyamoya disease is a disorder of blood vessels in the brain, specifically the internal carotid arteries and the arteries that branch from them. These vessels, which provide oxygen-rich blood to the brain, narrow over time. Narrowing of these vessels reduces blood flow in the brain. In an attempt to compensate, new networks of small, fragile blood vessels form. These networks, visualized by a particular test called an angiogram, resemble puffs of smoke, which is how the condition got its name: "moyamoya" is an expression meaning "something hazy like a puff of smoke" in Japanese.</p><p>Moyamoya disease commonly begins either around age 5 or in a person's thirties or forties. A lack of blood supply to the brain leads to several symptoms of the disorder, including temporary stroke-like episodes (transient ischemic attacks), <a class="image-modal" data-alt="The drawing of the brain shows the vessels that supply the brain with blood. A blockage in one of the vessels that impairs blood flow leads to ischemic stroke." data-caption="" data-credit="Alila Medical Media/Shutterstock.com" data-filepath="images/PX0000YG_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0000YG" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Ischemic stroke" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0000YG_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0000YG_1" title="Show image">strokes<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>, and seizures. In addition, the fragile blood vessels that grow can develop bulges (<a class="image-modal" data-alt="The drawing of the brain shows the vessels that supply the brain with blood. An aneurysm can form on a vessel. Breakage, or rupture, of the aneurysm causes hemorrhagic stroke." data-caption="" data-credit="Alila Medical Media/Shutterstock.com" data-filepath="images/PX0000YC_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0000YC" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Hemorrhagic stroke" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0000YC_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0000YC_2" title="Show image">aneurysms<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>), or they can break open, leading to bleeding (hemorrhage) in the brain. Affected individuals may develop recurrent headaches, involuntary jerking movements (chorea), or a decline in thinking ability. The symptoms of moyamoya disease often worsen over time if the condition is not treated.</p><p>Some people have the blood vessel changes characteristic of moyamoya disease in addition to features of another disorder, such as <a data-pid="14445" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/neurofibromatosis-type-1/">neurofibromatosis type 1</a>, <a data-pid="14439" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/sickle-cell-disease/">sickle cell disease</a>, or <a data-pid="16147" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/graves-disease/">Graves' disease</a>. These individuals are said to have moyamoya syndrome.</p></div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="frequency">
<h2>Frequency</h2>
<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Moyamoya disease was first identified in Japan, where it is most prevalent, affecting about 5 in 100,000 individuals. The condition is also relatively common in other Asian populations. It is ten times less common in Europe. In the United States, Asian Americans are four times more commonly affected than whites. For unknown reasons, moyamoya disease occurs twice as often in females as in males.</p></div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="causes">
<h2>Causes</h2>
<section><div class="mp-content"><p>The genetics of moyamoya disease are not well understood. Research suggests that the condition can be passed through families, and changes in one gene, <i><a data-pid="19515" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/rnf213/">RNF213</a></i>, have been associated with the condition. Other genes that have not been identified may be involved in moyamoya disease. It is also likely that other factors (such as infection or inflammation) in combination with genetic factors play a role in the condition's development.</p><p>The <i>RNF213</i> gene provides instructions for making a protein whose function is unknown. However, research suggests that the RNF213 protein is involved in the proper development of blood vessels.</p><p>Changes in the <i>RNF213</i> gene involved in moyamoya disease replace single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the RNF213 protein. The effect of these changes on the function of the RNF213 protein is unknown, and researchers are unsure how the changes contribute to the narrowing of blood vessels or the characteristic blood vessel growth of moyamoya disease. For unknown reasons, people with moyamoya disease have elevated levels of proteins involved in cell and tissue growth, including the growth of blood vessels (angiogenesis). An excess of these proteins could account for the growth of new blood vessels characteristic of moyamoya disease. It is not clear if changes in the <i>RNF213</i> gene are involved in the overproduction of these proteins.</p></div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="related-genes mp-exp exp-full">
<h3>Learn more about the gene associated with Moyamoya disease</h3>
<ul class="relatedmp">
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/rnf213/">RNF213</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="inheritance">
<h2>Inheritance</h2>
<section><div class="mp- mp-content"><p>Up to 15 percent of Japanese people with moyamoya disease have one or more family members with the condition, indicating that the condition can be passed through generations in families; however, the inheritance pattern is unknown. Research suggests that the condition follows an <a class="image-modal" data-alt="A parent with an autosomal dominant condition passes the altered gene to two affected children. Two other children do not receive the altered gene, and are unaffected." data-caption="" data-credit="U.S. National Library of Medicine" data-filepath="images/PX00009C_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX00009C" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Autosomal dominant inheritance" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX00009C_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX00009C_1" title="Show image">autosomal dominant pattern<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. However, some people who have a copy of the altered gene never develop the condition, which is a situation known as reduced penetrance.</p></div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="synonyms">
<h2>Other Names for This Condition</h2>
<section>
<ul class="bulletlist">
<li>Cerebrovascular moyamoya disease</li> <li>Moya-moya disease</li> <li>Progressive intracranial arterial occlusion</li> <li>Progressive intracranial occlusive arteropathy</li> <li>Spontaneous occlusion of the Circle of Willis</li>
</ul>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="resources">
<h2>Additional Information & Resources</h2>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Genetic Testing Information</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/C0026654/" target="TheNewWin">Genetic Testing Registry: Moyamoya disease</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/C1846689/" target="TheNewWin">Genetic Testing Registry: Moyamoya disease 2</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/C3279690/" target="TheNewWin">Genetic Testing Registry: Moyamoya disease 5</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7064/index" target="TheNewWin">Moyamoya disease</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Patient Support and Advocacy Resources</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://rarediseases.org/" target="TheNewWin">National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Clinical Trials</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=%22Moyamoya disease%22" target="TheNewWin">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/252350" target="TheNewWin">MOYAMOYA DISEASE 1; MYMY1</a></li>
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/608796" target="TheNewWin">MOYAMOYA DISEASE 3; MYMY3</a></li>
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/607151" target="TheNewWin">MOYAMOYA DISEASE 2; MYMY2</a></li>
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/614042" target="TheNewWin">MOYAMOYA DISEASE 5; MYMY5</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Scientific Articles on PubMed</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%28Moyamoya+Disease%5BMAJR%5D%29+AND+%28moyamoya+disease%5BTI%5D%29+AND+review%5Bpt%5D+AND+english%5Bla%5D+AND+human%5Bmh%5D+AND+%22last+1800+days%22%5Bdp%5D" target="TheNewWin">PubMed</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="references">
<h2>References</h2>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<ul>
<li>Achrol AS, Guzman R, Lee M, Steinberg GK. Pathophysiology and genetic factors
in moyamoya disease. Neurosurg Focus. 2009 Apr;26(4):E4. doi:
10.3171/2009.1.FOCUS08302. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19335130" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
<li>Cecchi AC, Guo D, Ren Z, Flynn K, Santos-Cortez RL, Leal SM, Wang GT, Regalado
ES, Steinberg GK, Shendure J, Bamshad MJ; University of Washington Center for
Mendelian Genomics; Grotta JC, Nickerson DA, Pannu H, Milewicz DM. RNF213 rare
variants in an ethnically diverse population with Moyamoya disease. Stroke. 2014
Nov;45(11):3200-7. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006244. Epub 2014 Oct 2. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25278557" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4420622/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li>
<li>Fujimura M, Sonobe S, Nishijima Y, Niizuma K, Sakata H, Kure S, Tominaga T.
Genetics and Biomarkers of Moyamoya Disease: Significance of RNF213 as a
Susceptibility Gene. J Stroke. 2014 May;16(2):65-72. doi:
10.5853/jos.2014.16.2.65. Epub 2014 May 30. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24949311" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4060268/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li>
<li>Hayashi K, Horie N, Suyama K, Nagata I. An epidemiological survey of moyamoya
disease, unilateral moyamoya disease and quasi-moyamoya disease in Japan. Clin
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Epub 2012 Oct 4. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23041378" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
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