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<span>Amelogenesis imperfecta</span>
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<span class="page-url print-only">URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/amelogenesis-imperfecta/</span>
<div >
<article>
<div class="page-info">
<div class="page-title">
<a name="start" id="start"></a>
<h1>Amelogenesis imperfecta</h1>
</div>
<div class="page-actions"></div>
<noscript><span class="js-disabled-message">To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript.</span></noscript>
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<div class="main">
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="description">
<h2>Description</h2>
<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Amelogenesis imperfecta is a disorder of tooth development. This condition causes <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Photograph of the inside of a person's mouth with small teeth." data-caption="" data-credit="Elements of Morphology, National Human Genome Research Institute" data-filepath="images/PX00026B_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX00026B" data-sourceurl="https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=384c1789373a700e" data-title="Small teeth (microdontia)" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX00026B_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX00026B_1" title="Show image">teeth to be unusually small<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>, discolored, pitted or grooved, and prone to rapid wear and breakage. Other dental abnormalities are also possible. These defects, which vary among affected individuals, can affect both primary (baby) teeth and permanent (adult) teeth.</p><p>Researchers have described at least 14 forms of amelogenesis imperfecta. These types are distinguished by their specific dental abnormalities and by their pattern of inheritance. Additionally, amelogenesis imperfecta can occur alone without any other signs and symptoms or it can occur as part of a syndrome that affects multiple parts of the body.</p></div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="frequency">
<h2>Frequency</h2>
<section><div class="mp-content"><p>The exact incidence of amelogenesis imperfecta is uncertain. Estimates vary widely, from 1 in 700 people in northern Sweden to 1 in 14,000 people in the United States.</p></div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="causes">
<h2>Causes</h2>
<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Mutations in the <i><a data-pid="17577" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/amelx/">AMELX</a></i>, <i><a data-pid="17579" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/enam/">ENAM</a></i>, <i><a data-pid="17581" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/mmp20/">MMP20</a></i>, and <i><a data-pid="19557" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/fam83h/">FAM83H</a></i> genes can cause amelogenesis imperfecta. The <i>AMELX</i>, <i>ENAM</i>, and <i>MMP20</i> genes provide instructions for making proteins that are essential for normal tooth development. Most of these proteins are involved in the formation of enamel, which is the hard, calcium-rich material that forms the protective outer layer of each tooth. Although the function of the protein produced from the <i>FAM83H</i> gene is unknown, it is also believed to be involved in the formation of enamel. Mutations in any of these genes result in altered protein structure or prevent the production of any protein. As a result, tooth enamel is abnormally thin or soft and may have a yellow or brown color. Teeth with defective enamel are weak and easily damaged.</p><p>Mutations in the genes described above account for only about half of all cases of the condition, with <i>FAM83H</i> gene mutations causing the majority of these cases. In the remaining cases, the genetic cause has not been identified. Researchers are working to find mutations in other genes that are involved in this disorder.</p></div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="related-genes mp-exp exp-full">
<h3>Learn more about the genes associated with Amelogenesis imperfecta</h3>
<ul class="relatedmp">
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/amelx/">AMELX</a></li>
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/enam/">ENAM</a></li>
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/fam83h/">FAM83H</a></li>
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/lamb3/">LAMB3</a></li>
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/mmp20/">MMP20</a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Additional Information from NCBI Gene:</strong></p>
<ul class="relatedmp">
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3694" target="TheNewWin">ITGB6</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9622" target="TheNewWin">KLK4</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/152816" target="TheNewWin">ODAPH</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56796" target="TheNewWin">SLC24A4</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/256764" target="TheNewWin">WDR72</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="inheritance">
<h2>Inheritance</h2>
<section><div class="mp- mp-content"><p>Amelogenesis imperfecta can have different inheritance patterns depending on the gene that is altered. Many cases are caused by mutations in the <i><a data-pid="19557" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/fam83h/">FAM83H</a></i> gene and are inherited in an <a class="image-modal" data-alt="A parent with an autosomal dominant condition passes the altered gene to two affected children. Two other children do not receive the altered gene, and are unaffected." data-caption="" data-credit="U.S. National Library of Medicine" data-filepath="images/PX00009C_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX00009C" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Autosomal dominant inheritance" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX00009C_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX00009C_2" title="Show image">autosomal dominant pattern<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>. This type of inheritance means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. Some cases caused by mutations in the <i><a data-pid="17579" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/enam/">ENAM</a></i> gene also have an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern.</p><p>Amelogenesis imperfecta can also be inherited in an <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Both parents carry one copy of a mutated gene. In the next generation, one child is affected with the condition, two children are carriers, and one is unaffected and not a carrier." data-caption="" data-credit="U.S. National Library of Medicine" data-filepath="images/PX0000A4_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0000A4" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Autosomal recessive inheritance" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0000A4_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0000A4_4" title="Show image">autosomal recessive pattern<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>; this form of the disorder can result from mutations in the <i>ENAM</i> or <i><a data-pid="17581" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/mmp20/">MMP20</a></i> gene. Autosomal recessive inheritance means two copies of the gene in each cell are altered. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.</p><p>About 5 percent of amelogenesis imperfecta cases are caused by mutations in the <i><a data-pid="17577" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/amelx/">AMELX</a></i> gene and are inherited in an X-linked pattern. A condition is considered X-linked if the mutated gene that causes the disorder is located on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes. In most cases, males with X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta experience more severe dental abnormalities than females with this form of this condition.</p><p>Other cases of amelogenesis imperfecta result from new gene mutations and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.</p></div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="synonyms">
<h2>Other Names for This Condition</h2>
<section>
<ul class="bulletlist">
<li>AI</li> <li>Congenital enamel hypoplasia</li>
</ul>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="resources">
<h2>Additional Information & Resources</h2>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Genetic Testing Information</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/C0399368/" target="TheNewWin">Genetic Testing Registry: Amelogenesis imperfecta - hypoplastic autosomal dominant - local</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/C0399376/" target="TheNewWin">Genetic Testing Registry: Amelogenesis imperfecta, hypocalcification type</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/C2673923/" target="TheNewWin">Genetic Testing Registry: Amelogenesis imperfecta type 1C</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/C1845053/" target="TheNewWin">Genetic Testing Registry: Amelogenesis imperfecta type 1E</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5791/index" target="TheNewWin">Amelogenesis imperfecta</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Patient Support and Advocacy Resources</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://rarediseases.org/" target="TheNewWin">National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Clinical Trials</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=%22Amelogenesis imperfecta%22" target="TheNewWin">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/104500" target="TheNewWin">AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECTA, TYPE IB; AI1B</a></li>
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/130900" target="TheNewWin">AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECTA, TYPE IIIA; AI3A</a></li>
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/301200" target="TheNewWin">AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECTA, TYPE IE; AI1E</a></li>
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/204650" target="TheNewWin">AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECTA, TYPE IC; AI1C</a></li>
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/612529" target="TheNewWin">AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECTA, HYPOMATURATION TYPE, IIA2; AI2A2</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Scientific Articles on PubMed</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%28Amelogenesis+Imperfecta%5BMAJR%5D%29+AND+%28amelogenesis+imperfecta%5BTIAB%5D%29+AND+english%5Bla%5D+AND+human%5Bmh%5D+AND+%22last+1080+days%22%5Bdp%5D" target="TheNewWin">PubMed</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="references">
<h2>References</h2>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<ul>
<li>Aldred MJ, Savarirayan R, Crawford PJ. Amelogenesis imperfecta: a
classification and catalogue for the 21st century. Oral Dis. 2003 Jan;9(1):19-23.
doi: 10.1034/j.1601-0825.2003.00843.x. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12617253" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
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