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</div><div><span>Parathyroid cancer</span></div></div>
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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Parathyroid cancer</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Parathyroid cancer is a cancerous (<a test="test" href="./002253.htm">malignant</a>) growth in a parathyroid gland.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>The parathyroid glands control the <a test="test" href="./002412.htm">calcium</a> level in the body. There are 4 parathyroid glands, 2 on top of each lobe of the thyroid gland, which is located at the base of the neck.</p><p>Parathyroid cancer is a very rare type of cancer. It affects men and women equally. The cancer often occurs in people older than 30.</p><p>The cause of parathyroid cancer is unknown. People with a genetic conditions called <a test="test" href="./000398.htm">multiple endocrine neoplasia type I</a> and hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome have an increased risk for this disease. People who had head or neck radiation also may be at increased risk. But this type of radiation is more likely to cause thyroid cancer.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Symptoms of parathyroid cancer are mainly caused by a high level of calcium in the blood (<a test="test" href="./000365.htm">hypercalcemia</a>), and may affect different parts of the body. </p><p>Symptoms include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003180.htm">Bone pain</a></li><li>Constipation</li><li><a test="test" href="./003088.htm">Fatigue</a></li><li>Fractures</li><li>Frequent thirst</li><li><a test="test" href="./003140.htm">Frequent urination</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./000458.htm">Kidney stones</a></li><li>Muscle weakness</li><li><a test="test" href="./003117.htm">Nausea</a> and vomiting</li><li>Poor appetite </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Parathyroid cancer may be very hard to diagnose.</p><p>Your health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your medical history.</p><p>About half of the time, a provider finds parathyroid cancer by feeling the neck with their hands (<a test="test" href="./002284.htm">palpation</a>).</p><p>A cancerous parathyroid tumor tends to produce a very high amount of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Tests for confirming a diagnosis of parathyroid cancer may include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003477.htm">Blood calcium</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003690.htm">Blood PTH</a></li></ul><p>Before surgery, you will have a special radioactive scan of the parathyroid glands. The scan is called the sestamibi scan. You may also have a neck <a test="test" href="./003336.htm">ultrasound</a>. These tests are done to confirm which parathyroid gland is abnormal.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>The following treatments may be used to correct hypercalcemia due to parathyroid cancer:</p><ul><li>Fluids through a vein (IV fluids)</li><li>A natural hormone called calcitonin that helps control the blood calcium level</li><li>Medicines that stop the breakdown and reabsorption of bones in the body</li></ul><p>Surgery is the recommended treatment for parathyroid cancer. Sometimes, it is hard to find out if a parathyroid tumor is cancerous. Your provider may recommend surgery even without a confirmed diagnosis. Minimally invasive surgery, using smaller cuts, is becoming more common for parathyroid disease.</p><p>If tests before the surgery can find the affected gland, surgery may be done on just one side of your neck. If it isn't possible to find the problem gland before surgery, the surgeon will look at both sides of your neck.</p><p>Chemotherapy and radiation don't work well to prevent the cancer from coming back. Radiation may help reduce the spread of cancer to the bones.</p><p>Repeated surgeries for cancer that has returned may help:</p><ul><li>Improve the survival rate</li><li>Reduce the severe effects of hypercalcemia</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>Parathyroid cancer is slow growing. Surgery may help extend life even when the cancer spreads.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>The cancer may spread (metastasize) to other places in the body, most often the lungs and bones.</p><p>Hypercalcemia is the most serious complication. Most deaths from parathyroid cancer occur due to severe, difficult-to-control hypercalcemia, and not the cancer itself.</p><p>The cancer often comes back (recurs). Further surgeries may be needed. Complications from surgery can include:</p><ul><li>Hoarseness or voice changes as a result of damage to the nerve that controls the vocal cords</li><li>Infection at the site of surgery</li><li>Low level of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia), a potentially life-threatening condition (presenting as twitching movements or even seizures)</li><li>Scarring</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your provider if you feel a lump in your neck or experience symptoms of hypercalcemia.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Parathyroid carcinoma</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/8890t.jpg" alt="Parathyroid glands" title="Parathyroid glands" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/8890.htm">Parathyroid glands</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/8889t.jpg" alt="Parathyroid biopsy" title="Parathyroid biopsy" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/8889.htm">Parathyroid biopsy</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Asban A, Patel AJ, Reddy S, Wang T, Balentine CJ, Chen H. Cancer of the endocrine system. In: Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Kastan MB, Doroshow JH, Tepper JE, eds. <em>Abeloff's Clinical Oncology</em>. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 68.</p><p>Fletcher CDM. Tumors of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. In: Fletcher CDM, ed. <em>Diagnostic Histopathology of Tumors</em>. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 18.</p><p>National Cancer Institute website. Parathyroid cancer treatment (PDQ) - health professional version. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/parathyroid/hp/parathyroid-treatment-pdq" target="_blank">www.cancer.gov/types/parathyroid/hp/parathyroid-treatment-pdq</a>. Updated July 22, 2020. Accessed May 7, 2024.</p></div></div></section>
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