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</div><div><span>Rectal biopsy</span></div></div>
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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Rectal biopsy</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>A rectal biopsy is a procedure to remove a small piece of tissue from the rectum for examination.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>How the Test is Performed</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>A rectal biopsy is usually part of <a test="test" href="./003890.htm">anoscopy</a> or <a test="test" href="./003885.htm">sigmoidoscopy</a>. These are procedures to view inside the rectum.</p><p>A <a test="test" href="./007069.htm">digital rectal exam</a> is done first. Then, a lubricated instrument (anoscope or proctoscope) is placed into the rectum. You will feel some discomfort when this is done.</p><p>A <a test="test" href="./003416.htm">biopsy</a> can be taken through any of these instruments.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>How to Prepare for the Test</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>You may get a laxative, enema, or other preparation before the biopsy so that you can completely empty your bowel. This will allow the health care provider a clear view of the rectum.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>How the Test will Feel</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>There will be some discomfort during the procedure. You may feel like you need to have a bowel movement. You may feel cramping or mild discomfort as the instrument is placed into the rectal area. You may feel a pinch when a biopsy is taken.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Why the Test is Performed</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>A rectal biopsy is used to determine the cause of abnormal growths found during anoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or other tests. It can also be used to confirm the diagnosis of <a test="test" href="./000533.htm">amyloidosis</a> (rare disorder in which abnormal proteins build up in tissues and organs).</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Normal Results</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>The anus and rectum appear normal in size, color, and shape. There should be no evidence of: </p><ul><li>Bleeding</li><li>Polyps (growth on the lining of the anus)</li><li><a test="test" href="./000292.htm">Hemorrhoids</a> (swollen veins in the anus or lower part of the rectum)</li><li>Other abnormalities </li></ul><p>No problems are seen when the biopsy tissue is examined under a microscope.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>What Abnormal Results Mean</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>This test is a common way to determine the specific causes of abnormal conditions of the rectum, such as:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./001519.htm">Abscesses</a> (collection of pus in the area of the anus and rectum)</li><li><a test="test" href="./000266.htm">Colorectal polyps</a></li><li>Infection</li><li>Inflammation</li><li>Tumors</li><li>Amyloidosis</li><li><a test="test" href="./000249.htm">Crohn disease</a> (inflammation of the digestive tract)</li><li><a test="test" href="./001140.htm">Hirschsprung disease</a> in infants (blockage of the large intestine)</li><li><a test="test" href="./000250.htm">Ulcerative colitis</a> (inflammation of the lining of the large intestine and rectum) </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Risks </h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Risks of a rectal biopsy include bleeding. </p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Biopsy - rectum; Rectal bleeding - biopsy; Rectal polyps - biopsy; Amyloidosis - rectal biopsy; Crohn disease - rectal biopsy; Colorectal cancer - biopsy; Hirschsprung disease - rectal biopsy</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/9545t.jpg" alt="Rectal biopsy" title="Rectal biopsy" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/9545.htm">Rectal biopsy</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Downs JM, Kulow B. Anal diseases. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. <em>Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease</em>. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 129.</p><p>Gibson JA, Odze RD. Tissue sampling, specimen handling, and laboratory processing. In: Chandrasekhara V, Elmunzer J, Khashab MA, Muthusamy VR, eds. <em>Clinical Gastrointestinal Endoscopy</em>. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 5.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 8/22/2022</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<div id="section-version" class="section-body"><p>Updated by: Debra G. Wechter, MD, FACS, General Surgery Practice Specializing in Breast Cancer, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. </p>
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</div></div><div name="Related MedlinePlus Health Topics" class="section-body" id="section-mtp"><ul class="side-nav"><li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/biopsy.html">Biopsy</a></li>
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