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</div><div><span>Opisthotonos</span></div></div>
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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Opisthotonos</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Opisthotonos is a condition in which a person holds their body in an abnormal position. The person is usually rigid and arches their back, with their head thrown backward. If a person with opisthotonos lies on their back, only the back of their head and heels touch the surface they are on.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Considerations</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>Opisthotonos is much more common in infants and children than in adults. It is also more extreme in infants and children because of their less mature nervous systems.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Opisthotonos may occur in infants with <a test="test" href="./000680.htm">meningitis</a>. This is an infection of the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Viruses, malaria, and syphilis are infections associated with opisthotonos. It may also occur as a sign of reduced brain function or injury to the nervous system.</p><p>Other causes may include:</p><ul><li>Arnold-Chiari syndrome, a problem with the structure of the brain</li><li><a test="test" href="./000768.htm">Brain tumor</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./000716.htm">Cerebral palsy</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./000564.htm">Gaucher disease</a>, which causes a buildup of fatty tissue in certain organs</li><li><a test="test" href="./001176.htm">Growth hormone deficiency</a> (occasionally)</li><li>Poisoning including strychnine, some street drugs, and some medicines</li><li>Metabolic disorders that run in families, such as glutaric aciduria and organic acidemias, <a test="test" href="./001198.htm">Krabbe disease</a>, <a test="test" href="./000373.htm">maple syrup urine disease</a>, and others</li><li><a test="test" href="./003200.htm">Seizures</a></li><li>Severe <a test="test" href="./002350.htm">electrolyte</a> imbalance</li><li>Traumatic brain injury</li><li>Stiff-person syndrome (a condition that makes a person rigid and have spasms)</li><li>Bleeding in the brain</li><li><a test="test" href="./000615.htm">Tetanus</a></li></ul><p>Some antipsychotic medicines can cause a side effect called <a test="test" href="./002215.htm">acute</a> dystonic reaction. Opisthotonos may be part of this reaction.</p><p>In rare cases, infants born to women who drink large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy may have opisthotonos due to alcohol withdrawal.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Home Care</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>A person who develops opisthotonos will need to be cared for in a hospital.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Go to the emergency room or call 911 or the local emergency number if symptoms of opisthotonos occur. Typically, opisthotonos is a symptom of other conditions that are serious enough for a person to seek medical attention.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>What to Expect at Your Office Visit</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>This condition will be evaluated in a hospital, and emergency measures may be taken.</p><p>Your health care provider will perform a <a test="test" href="./002274.htm">physical examination</a> and ask about symptoms to look for the cause of opisthotonos</p><p>Questions may include:</p><ul><li>When did the symptoms start?</li><li>Is the body positioning always the same?</li><li>What other symptoms came before or with the <a test="test" href="./003299.htm">abnormal positioning</a> (such as fever, stiff neck, or headache)?</li><li>Is there any recent history of illness? </li></ul><p>The physical examination will include a complete checkup of the nervous system.</p><p>Tests may include:</p><ul><li>Blood and urine tests</li><li><a test="test" href="./003769.htm">Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture</a> and <a test="test" href="./003625.htm">cell counts</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003786.htm">CT scan of the head</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./002350.htm">Electrolyte</a> analysis</li><li><a test="test" href="./003428.htm">Lumbar puncture</a> (spinal tap)</li><li><a test="test" href="./003791.htm">MRI of the brain</a></li></ul><p>Treatment will depend on the cause. For example, if meningitis is the cause, medicines may be given.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Back arching; Abnormal posturing - opisthotonos; Decerebrate posture - opisthotonos</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Berger JR, Price R. Stupor and coma. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ, eds. <em>Bradley and Daroff’s Neurology in Clinical Practice. </em>8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 5.</p><p>Birch TB, Bleck TP. Tetanus (Clostridium tetani). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. <em>Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. </em>9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 244.</p><p>Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM. Defects in metabolism of amino acids. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. <em>Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics.</em> 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 103.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 4/29/2023</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<div id="section-version" class="section-body"><p>Updated by: Joseph V. Campellone, MD, Department of Neurology, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.</p>
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