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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Bladder outlet obstruction</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) is a blockage at the base of the bladder. It reduces or stops the flow of urine into the urethra. The urethra is the tube that carries urine out of the body.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>This condition is common in aging men. It is often caused by an <a test="test" href="./000381.htm">enlarged prostate</a>. <a test="test" href="./001275.htm">Bladder stones</a> and <a test="test" href="./000486.htm">bladder cancer</a> are also more commonly seen in men than women. As a man ages, the chances of getting these diseases increase greatly.</p><p>Other common causes of BOO include:</p><ul><li>Pelvic tumors (cervix, prostate, uterus, rectum)</li><li><a test="test" href="./001271.htm">Narrowing of the tube that carries urine</a> out of the body from the bladder (urethra), due to scar tissue or certain birth defects</li></ul><p>Less common causes include:</p><ul><li>Cystocele (when the bladder falls into the vagina)</li><li>Foreign objects in the bladder or urethra</li><li>Urethral or pelvic muscle spasms</li><li>Inguinal (groin) hernia</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>The symptoms of BOO may vary, but can include:</p><ul><li>Abdominal pain</li><li>Continuous feeling of a full bladder</li><li>Frequent urination</li><li>Pain during urination (<a test="test" href="./003145.htm">dysuria</a>)</li><li>Problems starting urination (urinary hesitancy)</li><li>Slow, uneven urine flow, at times being unable to urinate</li><li>Straining to urinate</li><li><a test="test" href="./000521.htm">Urinary tract infection</a></li><li>Waking up at night to urinate (<a test="test" href="./003141.htm">nocturia</a>)</li><li>Urinary incontinence</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Your health care provider will ask about your symptoms and medical history. You will undergo a physical exam. </p><p>One or more of the following problems may be found:</p><ul><li>Abdominal swelling</li><li>Cystocele (women)</li><li>Enlarged bladder</li><li>Enlarged prostate (men) </li></ul><p>Tests may include:</p><ul><li>Blood chemistries to look for signs of kidney damage</li><li><a test="test" href="./003903.htm">Cystoscopy</a> and retrograde urethrogram (x-ray) to look for narrowing of the urethra</li><li>Tests to determine how fast urine flows out of the body (<a test="test" href="./003325.htm">uroflowmetry</a>)</li><li>Tests to see how much the urine flow is blocked and how well the bladder contracts (urodynamic testing)</li><li>Ultrasound to locate the blockage of urine and find out how well the bladder empties</li><li><a test="test" href="./003579.htm">Urinalysis</a> to look for blood or signs of infection in the urine</li><li>Urine culture to check for an infection</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Treatment of BOO depends on its cause. A tube, called a catheter, is inserted into the bladder through the urethra. This is done to relieve the blockage.</p><p>Sometimes, a catheter is placed through the belly area into the bladder to drain the bladder. This is called a suprapubic tube.</p><p>Most often, you will need surgery for long-term cure of BOO. However, many of the diseases that cause this problem can be treated with medicines. Talk to your provider about possible treatments.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>Most causes of BOO can be cured if diagnosed early. However, if the diagnosis or treatment is delayed, this can cause permanent damage to the bladder or kidneys.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Contact your provider if you have symptoms of BOO.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>BOO; Lower urinary tract obstruction; Prostatism; Urinary retention - BOO</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1101t.jpg" alt="Kidney anatomy" title="Kidney anatomy" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1101.htm">Kidney anatomy</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1122t.jpg" alt="Female urinary tract" title="Female urinary tract" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1122.htm">Female urinary tract</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1123t.jpg" alt="Male urinary tract" title="Male urinary tract" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1123.htm">Male urinary tract</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1704t.jpg" alt="Kidney - blood and urine flow" title="Kidney - blood and urine flow" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1704.htm">Kidney - blood and urine flow</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Andersson KE, Wein AJ. Pharmacologic management of lower urinary tract storage and emptying failure. In: Partin AW, Dmochowski RR, Kavoussi LR, Peters CA, eds. <em>Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology.</em> 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 120.</p><p>Berney D. Urinary and male genital tracts. In: Cross SS, ed. <em>Underwood's Pathology.</em> 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 20.</p><p>Boone TB, Stewart JN, Martinez LM. Additional therapies for storage and emptying failure. In: Partin AW, Dmochowski RR, Kavoussi LR, Peters CA, eds. <em>Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology.</em> 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 127.</p><p>Capogrosso P, Salonia A, Montorsi F. Evaluation and nonsurgical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In: Partin AW, Dmochowski RR, Kavoussi LR, Peters CA, eds. <em>Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology. </em>12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 145.</p></div></div></section>
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